宏观经济学原理(第七版)曼昆-名词解释(带英文)

宏观经济学原理(第七版)曼昆-名词解释(带英文)
宏观经济学原理(第七版)曼昆-名词解释(带英文)

宏观经济学原理(第七版)曼昆- 名词解

释(带英文)

宏观经济学原理曼昆名词解释

微观经济学(microeconomics ),研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们如何在市场上相互影响。

宏观经济学(macroeconomics),研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

国内生产总值GDP(gross domestic product),在某一既定时期,一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与服务的市场价值。

消费(con sumption),家庭除购买新住房之外,用于物品与服务的支出。

投资(investment),用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出,包括

家庭用于购买新住房的支出。

政府购买(government purchase),地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出。

净出口(net export ),外国人对国内生产的物品的支出 (出口),减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口)。

名义GDP( nominal GDP,按现期价格评价的物品与服务的

生产真实GDP(real GDP,按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产。

(总之,名义GDF是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值,真实GDP是用不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值。)

GDP平减指数(GDP, deflator ),用名义GDP与真实GDF的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标。

消费物价指数CPI (consumer price index),普通消费者所购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。

通货膨胀率(inflation rate),从前一个时期以来,物价

指数变动的百分比。

生产物价指数(producer price index ),企业所购买的一篮子物品运服务的费用的衡量指标。

指数化(indexation ),根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响, 对货币数量的自动调整。

名义利率(nominal interest rate ),通常公布的、未根

据通货膨胀的影响,校正的利率。

真实利率(real interest rate),根据通货膨胀的影响校

正过的利率。

生产率(productivity ),每单位劳动投入所生产的物品和服务的数量。

物质资本(physical capital ),用于生产物品与服务的设备和建筑物存量。

人力资本(human capital ),工人通过教育、培训和经验而获得的知识与技能。

自然资源(natural resources),由自然界提供的用于生产

物品与服务的投入,如土地、河流和矿藏。

技术知识(technological knowledge),社会对生产物品与服务的最好方法的了解。

收益递减(diminishing returns ),随着投入量的增加,每

一单位额外投入得到的收益减少的特性。

追赶效应(catch-up effect ),开始时贫穷的国家倾向于比开始时富裕的国家增长更快的特征。

金融体系(financial system),经济中促使一个人的储蓄与另一个人的投资相匹配的一组机构。

金融市场(financial markets ),储蓄者可以借以直接向借款者提供资金的金融机构。

债券(bond), —种债务证明书。

股票(stock),企业部分所有权的索取权。

金融中介机构(financial intermediaries ),储蓄者可以

借以间接地向借款者提供资金的金融机构。

共同基金(mutual found),向公众出售股份,并用收入来购买股票与债券资产组合的机构。

国民储蓄(national saving)(储蓄)(saving),在用于消

费和政府购买后剩下的一个经济中的总收入。

私人储蓄(private saving),家庭在支付税收和消费之后

剩下来的收入。

公共储蓄(public saving ),政府在支付其支出后剩下的税收收入。

预算盈余(budget surplus ),税收收入大于政府支出的余额。

预算赤字(budget deficit ),政府支出引起的税收收入短缺。

可贷资金市场(market for loanable funds ),想储蓄的人借以提供资金、想借钱投资的人借以借贷资金的市场。

挤出(crowding out),政府借款所引起的投资减少。

金融学(finance),研究人们如何在某一时期内做出关于配置资源和应对风险的决策的学科。

现值(present value),用现行利率产生一定量未来货币所需要的现在货币量。

终值(future value),在现行利率既定时,现在货币量将带来的未来货币量。

复利(compounding),货币量的积累,比如说银行账户上货币量的积累,即赚得的利息仍留在账户上以赚取未来更多的利息。

风险厌恶(risk aversion ),不喜欢不确定性。

多元化(diversification ),通过用大量不相关的小风险代

替一种风险来降低风险。

企业特有风险(firm-specific risk ),只影响一家公司的风险。

市场风险(market risk ),影响股市上所有公司的风险。

基本面分析(fundamental analysis ),为决定一家公司的价值而对其会计报表和未来前景进行的研究。

有效市场假说(efficient markets hypothesis ),认为资产价格反映了关于一种资产价值的所有公开的、可获得的信息的理论。

信息有效(informational efficiency ),以理性方式反映所有可获得的信息的有关资产价格的描述随机游走(random work),一种不可预期的变量变动的路径。劳动力(labor force ),既包括就业者又包括失业者的工人总数。

失业率(unemployment rate),劳动力中失业者所占的百分比。

劳动力参工率(labor-force participation rate ),劳动力占成年人口的百分比。

自然失业率(natural rate of unemployment),失业率围绕它而波动的正常失业率。

周期性失业(cyclical unemployment),失业率对自然失业率的背离。

丧失信心的工人(discouraged workers ),想工作但已放弃寻找工作的人。

摩擦性失业(frictional unemployment),由于工人寻找最适合自己嗜好和技能的工作需要时间而引起的失业。

结构性失业(structural unemployment),由于某些老动力市场上可提供的工作岗位数量不足以为每个想工作的人提供工作

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案8章

144 WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new In the News box on ―The Tax Debate ‖ has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus. the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. In the previous section on supply and demand, Chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. Chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. Chapter 7 developed welfare economics —the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in Chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. Chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. The purpose of Chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in Chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in Chapter 6. Students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. Students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government. 8 APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION

经济学原理第7版(曼昆)宏观经济学复习重点

第23章 1.对于一个整体经济而言,收入必定等于支出 2.国内生产总值(GDP ) 在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。 GDP通常是一年或一个季度(3个月);衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之内,不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产;只包括现期生产的物品,不包括过去生产的物品;生产并合法出售的所有东西;只包括最终物品的价值;包括有形的物品,也包括无形的劳务;使用市场价格。 3.GDP的四个组成部分是消费(C )、投资(I )、政府购买(G )和净出口(NX )。 (1)逍费是家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品与服务的支出 (2)投资是用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出,包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出 (3)政府购买包括地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出 (4)净出口等于外国对国内生产的物品的购买(出口)减国内对外国物品的购买(进口) 国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口之和 4.真实GDP和名义GDP 真实GDP :按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产(是用不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值) 不受价格变动的影响,反映产的产量的变动 名义GDP :按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产(是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值) GDP平减指数 GDP平减指数是用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标 即GDP平减指数=(名义GDP/真实GDP)*100 通货膨胀率=[(第2年的GDP平减指数-第一年的GDP平减指数)/第一年的GDP平减指数]*100 第24章

1 .消费物价指数CPI 答:指普通消费者购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。 即:CPI =(当年一篮子物品与服务的价格/基年一篮子的价格)*100 计算消费物价指数:固定篮子、找出价格、计算这一篮子东西的费用、选择基年并计算指数、计算通货膨胀率 通货膨胀率:从前一个时期以来物价指数变动的百分比 通货膨胀率=[(第二年CPI-第一年CPI)/第一年CPI ]*100% 生产物价指数:企业所购买的一篮子物品与服务的费用的衡量指标 衡量生活费用中的三个问题。(CPI高估了生活费用的增加) (1)替代倾向。CPI使用了一篮子固定不变的物品。 (2)新产品的引进。CPI基于固定不变的一篮子物品和服务,没反映出因引进新物品而引起的货币价值的增加。 (3 )无法衡量质量的变动。 GDP平减指数与CPI的差别: (1)GDP平减指数反映国内生产的所有物品与服务的价格, CPI反映消费者购买的所有物品与服务的价格 (2)CPI比较的是固定的二篮子物品与服务的价格和基年这一篮子物品与服务的价格,GDP平减指数比较的是现期生产的物品与服务的价格和基年同样物品与服务的价格 2.根据通货膨胀的影响矫正经济变量 今天美元的数量=T年美元的数量* (今天的物价水平/T年的物价水平) 指数化:根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响对货币数量的自动调整 真实利率和名义利率 名义利率指通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响校正的利率(货币数量) 真实利率指根据通货膨胀校正的利率(货币购买力) 真实利率=名义利率-通货膨胀率

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案22章

WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new Case Study on Left-Digit Bias has been added and a new In the News feature on "Can Brain Science Improve Economics" has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to examine problems caused by asymmetric information. the market solutions to asymmetric information. why democratic voting systems may not represent the preferences of society. why people may not always behave as rational maximizers. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 22 is the last chapter in the microeconomics portion of the text. It is the second of two unrelated chapters that introduce students to advanced topics in microeconomics. These two chapters are intended to whet their appetites for further study in economics. The purpose of Chapter 22 is to give students a taste of three topics on the frontier of microeconomic research. The first topic addressed is asymmetric information , a situation when one person in an economic relationship has more relevant knowledge than the other person does. The second topic is political economy , the application of economic tools to the understanding of the functioning of government. The third topic addressed is behavioral economics , the introduction of psychology into the study of economic issues. 22 FRONTIERS OF MICROECONOMICS

曼昆版经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)第七版课后题与答案

二十三章 1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分(如果有影响的话)?并解释之。 A.家庭购买了一台新冰箱。 答:家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP 中的消费(C)部分,因为家庭用于家用电器的支 出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B.杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。 答:杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP 中的投资(1)部分,因为家庭住宅能长期供人 居住,提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长,因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在 投资中。 C.福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。 答:福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP 中的投资,因为销 售中间物品存货时,企业的存货投资是负的,因而减少了当期的GDP。 C.你买了一个比萨饼。 答:我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP 中的消费(C),因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消 费的非耐用品类中。 D.加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路。 答:加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G),因为修建高 速公路是政府的行为。 E.你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。 答:我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX),因为法国红酒是进口食 品,它的购买增加了美国的进口。 F.本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。 答:本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX),因为本田公司是一家日本企业,它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口,使NX 增加 2.GDP组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP 的定义,解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内? 答:因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务,从宏观经济的角度看,转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入,但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP 是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入,所以,不把 转移支付包括在政府购买内。 6.考虑以下美国GDP的数据: A.1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意:增长率是一个时期到下一个时期百 分比的变动。 答:1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是5.86%。 B.1996 年到1997 年间,GDP平减指数的增长率是多少? 答:1996 年到1997 年间,GDP平减指数的增长率是1.8%。 C.按1992 年的价格衡量,1996 年的实际GDP是多少? 答:按1992 年的价格衡量,1996 年的实际收入是69654.5 亿元。 D.按1992 年的价格衡量,1997 年的实际GDP是多少? 答:按1992 年的价格衡量,1997 年的实际收入是72419.7 亿元。

经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.

曼昆经济学原理英文版第11章

Examine why people tend to use common r esour ces too much Consider some of the impor tant common r esour ces in our economy Consider some of the impor tant public goods in our economy Lear n t he def ini ng characteristics of public goods and common r esour ces Examine why private markets fail to pr ovide public goods See why the cost-benefit analysis of public goods is both necessar y and dif ficult An old song lyric maintains that “the best things in life are free.” A moment’s thought reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind. Na-ture provides some of them, such as rivers, mountains, beaches, lakes, and oceans.The government provides others, such as playgrounds, parks, and parades. In each case, people do not pay a fee when they choose to enjoy the benefit of the good.Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis. Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets, where buyers pay for what they receive and sellers are paid for what they provide. For these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers. When goods are available free of charge,however, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. In this chapter we examine the problems that arise for goods without market prices. Our analysis will shed light on one of the Ten Principles of Economics P U B L I C G O O D S A N D C O M M O N R E S O U R C E S 225

曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照

十大经济学原理。 曼昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理,他们分别是: 十大经济学原理一 :人们面临权衡取舍。人们为了获得一件东西,必须放弃另一件东西。决策需要对目标进行比较。 People Face Trade offs. To get one thing, you have to give up something else. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another. 例子:这样的例子很多,典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择,军事上所占的资源越多,可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。同样,政府用于生产公共品的资源越多,剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少;我们用来消费的食品越多,则用来消费的衣服就越少;学生用于学习的时间越多,那么用于休息的时间就越少。 十大经济学原理二 :某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。 The Cost of Something is what You Give Up to Get It. Decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions. 例子:某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响,因此金矿开采的成本很低。但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等,是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值?尽管货币价值成本可能会很小,但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失,因此机会成本事实上可能很大。 十大经济学原理三 :理性人考虑边际量。理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。 Rational People Think at Margin. A rational decision-maker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost. 例子:“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。例如,人在饥饿时吃一个包子的边际量(此时又叫边际效用)比在温饱时吃一个包子的边际量要大。 十大经济学原理四 :人们会对激励作出反应。当成本或收益变动时,人们的行为也会发生变动。 People Respond to Incentives. Behavior changes when costs or benefits change. 例子:比如一个学生,如果老师在课堂上表扬了他,他会感到很高兴,然后会更加努力,也可能因受表扬而骄傲退步。 十大经济学原理五 :交易能使每个人状况更好。交易使每个人专攻于他或她最擅长的领域。通过和他人的交易,人们可以购买更多样的产品和服务。

曼昆版经济学原理宏观经济学分册第七版 课后题及答案

章三二十并解释之。)?(如果有影响的话1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分 A.家庭购买了一台新冰箱。答:家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP中的消费(C)部分,因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B.杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。答:杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP中的投资(1)部分,因为家庭住宅能长期供人居住,提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长,因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在投资中。福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。C.答:福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP中的投资,因为销 GDP。售中间物品存货时,企业的存货投资是负的,因而减少了当期的 C.你买了一个比萨饼。答:我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP中的消费(C),因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消费的非耐用品类中。101号高速公路。D.加利福尼亚重新铺设了答:加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号 高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G),因为修建高速公路是政府的行为。..你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。E答:我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX),因为法国红酒是进口食品,它的购买增加了美国的进口。.本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。F答:本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX),因为本田公司是一家日本企业,它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口,使NX增加2.GDP 组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP? 的定义,解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内答:因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务,从宏观经济的角度看,转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入,但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入,所以,不把转移支付包括在政府购买内。的数据:GDP6.考虑以下美国 A.1996年 到1997年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意:增长率是一个时期到下一个时期 百分比的变动。。.86%1997答:1996年到年间名义收入增长率是5?平减指数的增长率是多少GDP年间,1997年到1996.B. 。.8%GDP平减指数的增长率是1年间,答:1996年到1997? GDP是多少年的价格衡量,1996年的实际C.按1992亿元。5年的实际收入是69654.答:按1992年的价格衡量,1996? 是多少年的实际GDP1997D.按1992年的价格衡量,亿元。772419.答:按1992年的价格衡量,1997年的实际收入是? GDP增长率是多少1996年到1997年间实际E.。97%.1997年间实际收入增长率是3答:1996年到并解释之。增长率?GDPG.名义GDP增长率高于还是低于实际H.答:名义收入增长率高于实际收入增长率,因为名义收入中运用的是现期价格,实际收入运用的是基期价格,因而名义收入增长率高于实际收入增长率。.二十四章.假设人们只消费三种物品,如下表所示:1?物价总水平变动的百分比是多少A.这三种物品每一种价格变动的百分比是多少?答:网球价格变动的百分比 为0,网球拍价格变动的百分比为50%,加多力饮料价格变。50%100%动的百分比是。物价总水平变动的百分比是B.相对于加多力饮料,网球拍变得更昂贵了还是更便宜了?相对于一些人的福利,另一些并解释之。?人的福利有什么变动.答:相对于加多力饮料,网球拍变得更便宜了。相对于爱喝加多力饮料的人来说,爱因为网球拍和网球的价格上涨幅度小于加多力饮料的上涨幅度。打网球的人的福利增加了,5.用以下海一种情况说明在编制CPI中会出现什么问题?并解释

曼昆经济学原理第五版答案英文ch30

曼昆经济学原理第五版答案英文ch30

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. WHAT’S NEW: The section on capital flight has been updated to include Asia and Russia. The topic of “The Twin Deficits in the United States” is now briefly discussed in the main text. There is a new In the News box on “How the Chinese Help American Home Buyers.” LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to build a model to explain an open economy’s trade balance and exchange rate. how to use the model to analyze the effects of government budget deficits. how to use the model to analyze the macroeconomic effects of trade policies. how to use the model to analyze political instability and capital flight. KEY POINTS: 1. To analyze the macroeconomics of open economies, two markets are central―the market for loanable funds and the market for foreign-currency exchange. In the market for loanable funds, the interest rate adjusts to balance the supply of loanable funds (from national saving) and the demand for loanable funds (from domestic investment and net foreign investment). In the market for foreign-currency exchange, the real exchange rate adjusts to balance the supply of dollars (for net foreign investment) and the demand for dollars (for net exports). Because net foreign investment is part of the demand for loanable funds and provides the supply of dollars for foreign-currency exchange, it is the variable that connects these two markets. 2. A policy that reduces national saving, such as a government budget deficit, reduces the supply of loanable funds and drives up the interest rate. The higher interest rate reduces net foreign investment, which reduces the supply of dollars in the market for foreign-currency exchange. The dollar appreciates, and net exports fall. 30 A MACROECONOMIC THEORY OF THE OPEN ECONOMY

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案15章

stic Competition WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: There are no major changes to this chapter. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: what market structures lie between monopoly and competition. competition among firms that sell differentiated products. how the outcomes under monopolistic competition and under perfect competition compare. the desirability of outcomes in monopolistically competitive markets. the debate over the effects of advertising. the debate over the role of brand names. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 16 is the fourth chapter in a five-chapter sequence dealing with firm behavior and the organization of industry. The previous two chapters developed the two extreme forms of market structure —competition and monopoly. The market structure that lies between MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 16

经济学原理英文版复习题

复习题: 一、True or False: 1. Government policies that improve equality usually increase efficiency at the same time. 2. A rational decisionmaker takes an action if and only if the marginal cost exceeds the marginal benefit. 3.Trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best, thus increasing each individual's productivity. 4. the production possibilities frontier shows the opportunity cost of one good as measured in terms of the other good. 5. When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of the first good in terms of the second good increases as more of the second good is produced. 6. For a country producing two goods, the opportunity cost of one good will be the inverse of the opportunity cost of the other good. 7. If a country has the comparative advantage in producing a product, then that country must also have the absolute advantage in producing that product. 8.An increase in the price of pizza will shift the demand curve for pizza to the left. 9. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the right. 10. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. 11. Suppose that when the price rises by 10% for a particular good, the quantity demanded of that good falls by 30%. The price elasticity of demand for this good is equal to 1/3. 12. Demand is inelastic if the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. 13.A price ceiling is a legal minimum on the price at which a good or service can be sold. 14. A price floor set above the equilibrium price is not binding. 15 .The equilibrium of supply and demand in a market maximizes the total benefits to buyers and sellers of participating in that market. 16. Efficiency is related to the size of the economic pie, whereas equality is related to how the pie gets sliced and distributed. 17. When markets fail, public policy can potentially remedy the problem and increase economic efficiency. 18. As the size of a tax increases, the government's tax revenue rises, then falls. 19.Because the supply of land is perfectly elastic, the deadweight loss of a tax on land is very large. 20.In principle, trade can make a nation better off, because the gains to the winners exceed the losses to the losers.

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案章

? the factors that determine a country’s productivity. ? how a country’s policies influence its productivity growth. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 12 is the first chapter in a four-chapter sequence on the production of output in the long run. Chapter 12 addresses the determinants of the level and growth rate of output. We find that capital and labor are among the primary determinants of output. In Chapter 13, we address how saving and investment in capital goods affect the production of output, and in Chapter 14, we learn about some of the tools people and firms use when choosing capital projects in which to invest. In Chapter 15, we address the market for labor. The purpose of Chapter 12 is to examine the long-run determinants of both the level and the growth rate of real GDP per person. Along the way, we will discover the factors that determine the productivity of workers and address what governments might do to improve the productivity of their citizens. KEY POINTS: ? Economic prosperity, as measured by GDP per person, varies substantially around the world. The average income in the world’s richest countries is more than ten times that in the world’s poorest countries. Because growth rates of real GDP also vary substantially, the relative positions of countries can change dramatically over time. ? The standard of living in an economy depends on the economy’s ability to produce goods and services. Productivity, in turn, depends on the amounts of physical capital, human capital, natural resources, and technological knowledge available to workers. ? Government policies can try to influence the economy’s growth rate in many ways: by encouraging saving and investment, encouraging investment from abroad, fostering education, promoting good health, maintaining property rights and political stability, allowing free trade, and promoting the research and development of new technologies. ? The accumulation of capital is subject to diminishing returns: The more capital an economy has, the less additional output the economy gets from an extra unit of capital. As a result, while higher saving leads to higher growth for a period of time, growth eventually slows down as capital, productivity, and income rise. Also because of diminishing returns, the return to capital is especially high in poor countries. Other things equal, these countries can grow faster because of the catch-up effect. ? Population growth has a variety of effects on economic growth. On the one hand, more rapid population growth may lower productivity by stretching the supply of natural resources and by reducing the amount of capital available for each worker. On the other hand, a larger population may enhance the rate of technological progress because there are more scientists and engineers. CHAPTER OUTLINE: I. Economic Growth around the World 2. Growth rates are also reported in the table. Japan has had the largest growth rate over time, 2.65% per year (on average). Use Table 1 to make the point that a one-percentage point change in a country’s growth rate can make a significant difference over several generations. The powerful effects of compounding should be used to underscore the process of economic growth.

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