考研英语翻译——定语从句

考研英语翻译——定语从句
考研英语翻译——定语从句

考研英语翻译——定语从句

定语可以说是考研英语中最高频的一个考点,其考查方式主要包括现在分词短语做后置定语、过去分词短语做后置定语、to do不定式短语做后置定语、介词短语做后置定语和定语从句。而这几种方式之中考查最多的就是介词短语做后置定语和定语从句,而定语从句又是两者中的“佼佼者”,经统计,就考研翻译这一个题型来说,从1997-2017年这18年的真题中,定语从句就考查过56次,基本上每年5个翻译小题中平均有3个会考到定语从句,更不用说完型、阅读和新题型中那些比比皆是的长难句中所包含的定语从句了。可以毫不夸张地说,定语从句是整个考研英语中最高频的一个考点。对于想要攻克考研英语的考生来说,定语从句是一个绝对无法回避的问题。下面,我就以考研翻译的真题为例,来简要地谈一谈定语从句的翻译。

从语法角度来说,如果定语有一个句子来充当,那么就把这个句子称为定语从句。定语从句的构成包括三个要素:先行词、关系词和从句。

首先看先行词。先行词是指定语从句所修饰限定的那个句子成分,通常都是由名词来充当的。比如,

I have a friend who works in the bank.

这个句子中who 这个连词和works在一起构成句子,用来修饰限定它前面的friend,也就是做friend的定语,所以who引导的是定语从句。那么friend就是先行词,是由名词充当的。

此外,先行词也可以由句子来充当,比如,

My husband likes to dance with other girls, which drives me crazy.

这个句子中which引导的同样是定语从句,但是它修饰限定的并不是前面的某个名词,而是整个句子,这可以通过定语从句的意思来判断,“让我发疯“的是什么呢?是“我的丈夫喜欢和其他女孩跳舞”这件事。

然后看关系词。关系词是引导定语从句的连词,在定语从句中充当句子成分,是连接先行词和后面的从句的桥梁,起着非常重要的作用。这里需要明确的是定语从句的关系词有哪些,指人还是指物,在从句中充当什么成分。清楚了这些,可以帮助考生更好地理解和翻译定语从句。各个关系词从这几个方面可以总结出如下的表格。

关系词先行词属性所充当成分是否可省略

that人/物主语、宾语作宾语时可省略

who人主语、宾语作宾语时可省略

whom人宾语可省略

which物主语、宾语、定语作宾语时可省略

whose人/物定语不可省略

when时间状语不可省略

where地点状语不可省略

why原因(the reason)状语不可省略

as人/物主语、宾语作宾语时可省略

例句:

We live in a house whose windows open to the south.

The teacher could not accept the reason why Tom was late for school.

We drove out of the town by the same road as we had entered by.(as引导定语从句用在the same…as结构中)

Such women as knew Tom thought he was clever.(as引导定语从句用在such…as结构中) As we all know, the population of China is much larger than that of the USA.

The problem is not easy to solve, as has been predicated.(as可以用which来替换)

最后看从句。从句中是缺少语法成分的,缺少的成分就由关系词来充当。

这是从语法角度来分析,对于语法程度比较好的考生,掌握起来还比较容易,也有利于其分析句子,但是对于语法比较薄弱的考生来说,就掌握起来就很难了。那可不可以句子的形式上去直观地判断出定语从句呢?根据近18年翻译真题的考查情况,可以总结出这样几种含有定语从句的句子形式。

定语从句的识别形式:

⑴N.+ which/who/that+从句

⑵N.+句子(连词在从句中作宾语)

⑶N.+介词+which(介词主要为in,by)

⑷N.(表示时间或地点)+when/ where从句

识别出来了定语从句,应该如何去翻译呢?结合定语从句本身的特点、真题的考查和汉语的表达习惯,可以把定语从句的翻译方法总结为“大8小8原则”。这里8指的是定语从句中包含连词在内的单词个数,如果单词个数是小于等于8的,翻译时就采用“前置法”,按照定语和名词的修饰关系,把定语从句放在它所修饰的名词之前,体现在语言形式上就是“定从‘的’N.”。相反,如果单词个数是大于8个单词的,翻译时采用“后置法”,把定语从句放在它所修饰的名词后面,以避免头重脚轻,在语言形式上就是“N.,定从”。这里需要注意的是,在小8原则中,连词是不需要翻译的;在大8原则中,连词是需要翻译出来的,其译法可以是重复先行词或者用代词来代替。以下面两个例句来简单分析一下:

I have a book which values 300 yuan.

I have a book which tells a love story between an arrogant man and a prejudiced woman.

第一个句子运用小8原则来译:“我有一本价值300元的书”。这里没有体现which 这个连词的意思,所以这种情况下连词是不需要翻译的。第二个句子运用大8原则来译:“我有一本数,这本书/它讲述了一个傲慢的男人和一个有偏见的女人之间的爱情故事”。这里which有意义,是“这本书/它”。

这种翻译方法怎么运用到考研翻译的做题当中去呢?举两个例子具体来说明一下。

They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.(2006.50) 这里重点看有关定语从句的部分。这个句子中出现了N.+ which+句子,结合这个形式和句意可以判断which引导的是定语从句,而且定语从句的单词个数又是小于8个的,就可以运用小8原则,在翻译时可以直接把定语从句放到所修饰的名词human problems前面,即“涉及道德判断的人类问题”,这种表达方式从汉语习惯角度也是说得通的。

这是小8原则的运用,再看一下大8原则在真题中的应用。比如,

In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005.47)

这个句子中出现了groups+ which+句子的形式,groups为名词,此语境中是“集团”之意,可以判断which引导的是定语从句,而很显然,这个定语从句是大于8个单词的,就要用大8原则来翻译,可以译成:“集团,这些集团/它们把电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起”,符合汉语的表达习惯。此外,根据前面所说方法,可以判断该句中后部分that引导的也是定语从句,而这个定语从句又是小于8个单词的,因此可翻译到所修饰的名词之前。这样,就需要考虑这样一个问题,that引导的定语从句前面有多个名词,它是修饰哪个名词的呢?根据英语的表达规则可知,有定语(短语/句子)对前面的多个名词进行修饰时,这个定语修饰的是前面所有的名词。这样,该句就可以翻译为:“集团,这些集团/它们把工作上相互联系的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起”。

综上分析,可以看出运用这样的识别方式和翻译方法去解决考研英语中的定语从句这一难度,不对考生的语法基础有很大的要求,具有较强的可操作性。

凯程教育:

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如何选择考研辅导班:

在考研准备的过程中,会遇到不少困难,尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说,通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足,可以大大提高复习效率,节省复习时间,大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班,或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。

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【英语】高三英语翻译试题经典及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1.高中英语翻译题:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed) 2.将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) 3.没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than) 4.家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏,以免遭遇不测。(for fear) 5.虽然现代社会物资丰富,给予消费者更多的选择,但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn) 【答案】 1.I’m accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 2.It’s up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 3.There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 4.Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 5.While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 【解析】试题分析: 1.翻译这句话的时候,注意词组:be ac customed to doing“习惯于做……”。 2.这句话使用了句型:It’s up to you +从句,“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句,it是形式主语。 3.这句话使用了There be句型, nothing 后面是形容词做定语,因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting,还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ,以及词组“参加”:take part in 。 4.这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句,和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do. 5.这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管,虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ,主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。 考点:考查翻译句子 2.高中英语翻译题:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.这场因无视规则引发的事故值得我们深思。(ignore) _________________________ 2.梦想还是要有的,但不努力就不可能实现。(unless) _________________________ 3.正是这次经历才让我明白,我不该太过忙碌而错过生活的恩赐。(It) _________________________ 4.当前有一个非常令人费解的现象:一些年轻父母们宁愿把很多钱投资在早教上,也不愿

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