词汇学

词汇学
词汇学

英语词汇学第五章课后练习及答案

Questions and Tasks

1. What is reference?

2. What is concept?

3. What is sense?

4. What is motivation? Does this theory contradict the theory of 'arbitrariness' and

'conventionality' concerning the relationship between linguistic symbols and their senses?

5. What are the four types of motivation? Explain them with examples.

6. Match the words in Column A with those in Column B.

A B

apes sing/twitter

birds gibber

cattle coo

crickets gobble

doves chatter

foxes bleat

geese howl

sheep laugh

wolves cry

monkeys yelp

pigs gabble

hyenas(鬣狗) grunt

turkeys low

swans chirp

7. What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?

8. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?

9. What connotations do you think the word atomic might have for each of the following people?

a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power.

b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima.

c. A student of nuclear physics.

10. All the words talkative, articulate(明确表达) , gossip, garrulous(喋喋不休) , rambling(说话

散漫的;不连贯的) , fluent, gabby(<口>健谈的;饶舌的) , mouthy(话多的,唠叨的) can describe a person's ability of speech. What impression do you obtain of the person with the use of each of the words?

11. Put the following groups of words under Appreciative, Neutral and Pejorative. Note that not

words of every group fit neatly under the three categories.

a. fastidious(爱挑剔的;难讨好的) , fussy(过分苛求的;难以取悦的;爱挑剔的), particular

b. critical, fault-finding, picky(过分讲究的;好挑剔的;吹毛求疵的)

c. fad(时尚,一时的狂热) , vogue(时尚,时髦物;流行,风行) , style

d. cunning(狡猾的;灵巧的,熟练的) , artful(狡猾的,欺诈的;熟练的,有技巧的), sly(狡

猾的,诡诈的<口>灵巧的,巧妙的)

e. unstable, fickle(感情异变的,无常的), capricious(任性的,反复无常的;变换莫测的)

f. backward, developing, underdeveloped

g. encourage, instigate(唆使,怂恿) , promote

h. clique(派系,小集团) , gang, group

12.What are semantic features?

13. What are the merits and demerits of componential analysis?

14. Try to analyze the following words in terms of semantic opposition ( ± HUMAN), (±MALE),

[±ADULT), (± BOVINE)(牛的;牛类动物) , [±GALLINE)(禽类) .

bull cow calf

rooster hen chicken

英语词汇学第五章练习答案

1. Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world.

( or : Reference is the relationship between language and the world. )

2. Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the

objective world.

3. The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the

language. It is often used to substitute meaning.

4. Motivation explains the relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, or the

logical reason why a certain word has a certain meaning.

As mentioned earlier, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. Motivation seems to contradict the theory. The answer is "yes and no". By "yes", we mean all the mono-morphemic words in a language are non-motivated except a few onomatopoeic words which imitate the natural sounds or noises. By "no", we mean many multi-morphemic words are motivated, for in many causes the meaning of the whole word is the combination of the morphemes. The morphemic structure explains the meaning.

5.The four types of motivation are onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation. Onomatopoeic motivation explains onomatopoeic words whose meaning is based on the pronunciation of the words such as miaow, thump, peng, etc. ; morphological motivation explains the words whose morphological structure throws light on their meaning, such as profiteer (profit + -eer), darkroom (dark+room), (deconstruction (de + construct- + -ion) , etc. ; semantic motivation explains the figurative meaning of words whose literal meaning suggests the figurative meaning such as the tongue of fire, the mouth of the river, the face of the earth; etymological motivation explains the words whose meaning is closely related to their origins such as banting(therapy for keeping slim by going on a diet discovered by Doctor Banting) and Brille (language used by the blind created by Brille).

6.apes—gibber

cattle—low

doves—coo

geese—gabble

wolves—howl

pigs—grunt

turkeys—gobble

birds—sing/twitter

crickets-chirp

foxes—yelp

sheep—bleat

monkeys—chatter

hyenas—laugh

swans—cry

7.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of meaning which shows grammatical relationship such as part of speech of words, plural forms of nouns, tense of verbs, etc. and lexical meaning inc ludes all the rest of the meanings of a word apart from the grammatical meaning, i. e. conceptual meaning and associative meaning.

8. Conceptual meaning is fundamental, universal and stable whereas associative meaning is secondary, contextual, open-ended or indeterminate, thus changing.

9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with atomic, such as "benefit", "energy' etc.

b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II might have all the negative associations with atomic, such as "suffering", "killing", "death", "horror", et

c.

c. To a student of nuclear physics, atomic might be associated with "mystery", "science", "knowledge", etc.

10. talkative:implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)

articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)

gossip:indulging in idle talk or rumors about others (negative)

garrulous: talking too much about trivial things (somewhat negative)

rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)

fluent:speaking easily, smoothly and expressively (positive)

gabby:inclined to chatter (negative)

mouthy:overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)

11.

No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative

a. particular fastidious/fussy

b. critical fault-finding/picky

c. vogue/style fad

d. artful cunning/sly

e. unstable fickle/capricious

f.developing backward/ underdeveloped

g. encourage/promote instigate

h.group clique/gang

12.Semantic features are the minimal semantic components of words which are abstracted from the words. These features are used to describe the sense of each words.

13. Componential analysis (CA) is useful mainly in three aspects. First, CA reveals the semantic features of the sense of a word and helps one grasp the conceptual meaning of the word. Second, CA can help show the synonymy of two words by giving them both the same components. Third, CA can help tell whether a collocation or syntactic structure is acceptable or not.

However, problems are obvious. First, CA is appliable only to concrete words which have definite referents, but not to abstract words or words expressing abstract ideas or concepts. Second, CA is useful in revealing the conceptual meaning, but helpless in showing the figurative meaning of words.

14.bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]

cow [-HUMAN -MALE + ADULT +BOVINE]

calf [-HUMAN ±MALE -ADULT + BOVINE]

rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]

hen [-HUMAN -MALE + ADULT +GALLINE]

chicken [-HUMAN ±MALE ±ADULT +GALLINE]

词汇学学习心得

现代汉语词汇学学习心得 本篇文章分为二个部分,第一部分主要来谈谈学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获,第二部分阐述我在学习了这门课程后对于如何进行对外汉语词汇教学的一些思考。 一.学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获 对于现代汉语词汇我们不是第一次接触了,早在大一的现代汉语课上就已经有所涉及。但那都是很笼统的讲到,并没有做具体的分析研究,到了大三下学期才单独开设了现代汉语词汇学这门课程。在上这门课程前,就听学姐学长讲过词汇学很难,在学了这门课之后深有体会。记得在一开始的练习中就碰到了困难,如分析哪些是词自己就有点糊涂了,原因是自己还没有弄清楚词的具体该概念,即确定词的的一般方法,尤其是在扩展法上会出现问题。但后来经过讨论,老师讲解,自己终于有所领悟。虽然在学习的当中会碰到很多难题,但通过一学期的学习,自己也有很多收获。 首先来谈谈教材,我们词汇学选符准青的《现代汉语词汇》增订本就是一本很好的教材。它的编订很合理,内容很详细,每章后都附有练习,有助于我们巩固我们所学的知识。除了解决词汇学中的一般问题,另外还提出了很多疑难问题让我们注意,这是其他教材很难做到的。例如第一章节疑难问题就提出具有争议的问题,如何确定述补结构(吃饱打倒)等是不是词的问题,这些疑难问题对于我们真正把握词的概念,拓展我们的思维有很大帮助。 其次,我也非常庆幸遇到一位优秀的老师来教授我们这么课程。老师

有着扎实的专业基础知识和丰富的对外汉语教学经验,所以知道怎样使我们很好的接受那些词汇学知识,更重要的是我们能够将学到的知识理论应用于实际。在学习的过程,老师并没有像填鸭子似地把知识抛给我们,而是时不时的给我们提一个问题,让我们去思考,虽然最后我们的答案并不尽人意,但至少给了我们一个锻炼思考能力及分析问题的机会。在学习过程中老师一直强调我们不要读死书,要学会思考,这本书固然有它的优点,也存在一定的缺点,我们要取其精华,剔其糟粕。例如在学习第七章词汇划分问题上,老师就告诉我们书上的词汇划分不科学,对于基本词汇和一般词汇的定义模糊,但在基本词汇的特点上有可取之处,基本词汇具有普遍性,稳固性和构成新词的基础,这一点很可取。 再者,学习这门课程后我认识到词汇学的重要性,词汇学最为一门单独的专业课程开设是很有必要的。现代汉语词汇是不断丰富发展变化着的。社会生活的发展,包括新事物的出现,旧事物消灭,阶级斗争的发展;人的思想意识的发展;语言内部各个因素的相互作用等等。现代汉语词汇是历代积累传承下来的大量词语和和不断产生的大量词语组合起来的整体。学习现代汉语词汇有着十分重要的意义,它让我们意识到词汇的重要性,提高我们的表达能力、语言能力,而且有助于语文教学,词汇教学在语文教学中占有重要位置。要引导学习者掌握丰富的词语,正确理解词语的意义,正确运用词语,就要利用现代汉语词汇学所学的各种知识。因此,一定要通过自身的努力学好掌握好这门学问。 最后,通过这门课程的学习,我对怎样才能学好现代汉语词汇学有了一些体会。虽然这门课程即将结束,但学问是无穷无尽的,这门课程只是为我们打开了学习词汇学的一个窗口,在平时我们还应当坚持课后自主学习,因此掌握一些学习词汇学的方法尤为重要。

学习《英语词汇学》的心得体会

学习《英语词汇学》的心得体会 外语系:张颖

词汇学学习之初,有必要去澄清一些关于词和词汇的基本概念。词语 word 是一个难以捉摸的概念,需要在开始就认真关注。发音和意义之间的关系,声音和形式之间的关系,词语和词汇之间的关系。词语是什么?多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。争议较大。尽管已经提出了很多的定义,没有一个是最好的。学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。当我们谈起一个词语,我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。在这个角度,一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。当根据口语定义的时候,词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合,是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。根据语义学家的意见,一个词是一个意义单位。语法学家,则认为一个词是在句中起作用的自由形式。等等。总结起来,词语的定义包含以下几点: (1)一个最小的自由形态 (2)一个发音的集合体 (3)一个意义单位 (4)能独自影响句子的形式 因此,我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式,拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。” 所有一种语言中的词构成了它的词汇。术语“词汇”使用在不同的地方。他不仅用来代表一种语言中的单词总数,他还能代表所有特定历史时期的单词,例如古代英语词汇,中古词汇和现代英语词汇。我们也用他来代表所有特定方言的词汇,一本书的词汇,一种学术的词汇和一个人的词汇。英语是高度发展的世界语言之一。自然词汇是最大最丰富的之一。今天的英语笼统估计词汇量超过 100万。许多学者认为写作的许多困难实际上是缺乏表达词汇造成的(Raimes 1985 ,Zamel 1983) 。内容贫乏、词不达意、上下文不联贯、句型单调等都与词汇贫乏有直接的联系词汇在语言能力中至关重要。词汇量的大小直接影响听说读写各项能力的发展。语言能力在本文中指运用语言进行交际的能力 ,主要表现在听、说、读和写四个方面。文秋芳(1993)的研究表明词汇学习可以促进英语水平的提高。学生只有具备了充足的词汇量 ,才能读懂和听懂 ,从而也有可能为写作提供“可理解的输入”。学生的词汇量越大 ,阅读和听力的水平就越高。 词汇是构成语言的基本要素之一,词汇对于英语学习者来说,其作用极其重要,可以说是建立每一个学习者英语王国的基石。因此作为英语专业的专业必修

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号:[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析

《英语词汇学教程》(2004 年版)练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.

大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习资料整理 权威版 后附试题

2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany,吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic,冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic,古希腊语- Greek

词汇学的基本知识

词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问,它是传统语言学(语法、语音、词汇)的一个分支。词汇学的 主要研究的内容是:词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系(同音、同 义、反义等)。 一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位,它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一 定的困难,因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言,许多虚词和量词是 不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充,一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去,剩写的也是词。如:“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词 和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语,不能插入的是 词(意义不能变)。比如:钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃 了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词,“白菜”插入后意思变了,它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变,可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入,“鸡蛋”可 以插入,但“鸡蛋”的频度很高,可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入,但两个语素的组合是固 定的,把这类词做为离合词(理发、洗澡、打仗等)。 一个语素(有意义的汉字)能独立运用就是词。(米、吃、红、个、从) 两个语素组合后,意义不是它们的简单相加,就是词。(钢笔、金鱼、) 两个语素组合后,不能扩展插入词,就是词。(钢笔,白菜) 两个语素组合后,虽能扩展插入词,但它们是不能用别的语素替换的,则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。 两个语素组合后,虽能扩展插入词,但它们的使用频度很高,且大家约定俗成认为它是词。(“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语)。 综上所述,汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念,词是反映概念的,但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。 比如,“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念,“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词可以从不同的角度分类: 1.语法分类——实词、虚词(词类) 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇(基本词汇)、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象,在书面语中广泛运用。它来源 于古代的典故,有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分(乘风破浪——愿乘长风,破万里浪),有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等(刻舟求剑、狐假虎威),有的增加个别字(短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接)。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加(汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说);多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加,有的意思是约定俗成的(高山流水——表示知己知音),有的是取字面的比喻义(水落石出——比喻真相毕露了)。

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