机械毕业设计英文外文翻译115电动平衡叉车 - 副本
附录A
Tray selection and with the shelves, forklift match
First, the selected tray Size:
When used plastic pallets, according to the requirements of the project, the selected size will be different.
1. First, consider the specifications and packaging of goods placed in the plastic tray method. For example: the European standard turnover box size is 600 * 400mm, 1200 * 1000mm pallet in place a layer of 5 in 1200 * 800mm layer placed on the tray 4, the general stacking 5 layers.
2. Consider the pallet loading tools (such as containers, trucks, etc.). For example: If you are working round-trip or one-time use, you need to give priority to the width of 2300mm of integrated container shipping, for 1200 * 1000mm pallet, length 1200mm and width 1000mm to use a combination of place, must be selected to enter the fork 4. The tray on the 1200 * 800mm, 800mm width direction with two side by side. The pallet of 1100 * 1100mm width by 1100mm, placed 2, 2, or 4 to enter the fork into the fork can be.
3. If used in the warehouse shelves, shelves to consider the size of width and depth, usually select the shelves each placed two trays of each cargo space, and allow access to the space of about 200mm. In depth direction
as far as possible to give large size, this does not produce plastic pallets carrying capacity of the stringent requirements in order to save procurement costs.
4. If the use of automated warehouse shelves, in addition to meet the above requirements, but also take into account the slip coefficient of the tray, the tray bottom with transmission equipment and chain, into the fork height, carrying capacity on the shelves, permanent deformation, length of surface deflection, the position of bar coding and RFID chips placed on other factors.
5. Use plastic trays should also consider the size of generality, the size of the domestic common international standard for the 1210, 1208 European standard and T11 Japanese standard tray.
Second, the choice of single and double-sided:
1. Single use plastic pallets only one side, the surface grid of two peace-plate, the bottom of Sichuan fonts, font, or nine square field pad feet, according to carrying capacity and the use of different occasions into shelf series, standard series and ultra-light series of three standards.
2. Sided plastic tray that the same structure on both sides of the tray, the surface grid plate of peace are two sides to exchange used, based on carrying capacity and the use of different occasions, the shelves are divided into two series and standard series standards.
3. Use double-sided tray or trays should be based on the appropriate
storage, loading and unloading equipment and state (such as the library type, rack type, stacking or placing the state, etc.) to determine.
4. For the small footprint of the ASRS or high shelves, or electric stacker forklift to move vertically oriented occasion, single-sided double-sided shelf series shelf series of trays and trays can be chosen.
5. If the three-dimensional library or load up on the shelves of 1T, but there is no ceiling shelves, the proposed shelf tray with built-in pipe. Steel structure steel tray built an effective solution to the product on the shelf load the greater the greater the weight, the old problem of high cost, more importantly, about the use of square steel tube wall thickness of 2mm rigid, reaching the shelves (ASRS) are horizontal and vertical deflection ≤ 10mm stringent requirements, while reducing the permanent deformation and reduce costs.
6. For the area, mainly the large and the level of the occasion, if the manual handling hydraulic pallet truck is suitable for use single-sided tray. For stacking of goods to the bottom of the tray above and below the cargo coincide, the swastika with the end of double-sided tray or tray-type side is better. If using self-moving motorized pallet trucks are suitable for articles not connected with the bottom of the nine feet single tray.
Third, the load requirements
1. Dynamic load refers to the use of electric forklift or a manual hydraulic
pallet truck can lift the maximum weight allowed. General shelf tray to load-bearing 1.5T-2T, the standard load-bearing pallet can 1T, lightweight tray dynamic load 0.5T.
2. Static load refers to the stacking, the bottom of the plastic tray can bear maximum weight. General shelf tray to load-bearing 6T-8T, the standard load-bearing pallet can 4T, lightweight tray static 1T.
3. Shelf load refers to the plastic tray packaging on the shelves when the maximum allowable weight. Must pay attention to dynamic load, static load, load library shelf load and establish the difference between carrying capacity and shelves of different structures, closely related to ambient temperature and storage period. General heavy trays on a shelf in load-bearing beams 0.7T-1T, standard tray loading 0.4T-0.6T.
4. Shelf load permanent deformation of the plastic tray and deflection have certain requirements, national standards for the maximum deflection 30mm, but this was partial width. We recommend using the deflection on the shelf no more than 20mm of plastic pallets. If the automatic warehouse, the requirements of the degree of deflection even more stringent, generally require less than 10mm. Cheng Machinery silver mesh)
附录B
电动平衡叉车是以直流电源（电瓶）为动力的装卸及搬运车辆。据国外资料统计，日本1992年电动叉车产量就已经超过了叉车总量的1/3。在德国、意大利等一些西欧国家，电动叉车所占的比例达到50%左右。电动叉车的迅速发展主要得益于各生产厂家的不断进步。产品外形大多采用了流线型设计，造型更加美观。主要生产厂家实现了规模生产和零部件专业化生产和装配流水线作业。加工精度、自动化程度都提高了。在新材料、新工艺方面，最重要的体现是晶体管控制器（SCR和MOS管）应用。它的出现使电动叉车的使用性能得到很大的提高，从总体上说，电动叉车的耐用性、可靠性和适用性都得到显著提高，完全可以与内燃机叉车相抗衡。
本文主要评述市场上销量较大的四支点电动平衡叉车的结构特
点及发展。
车体是叉车的主体结构，一般都是由5mm以上钢板制成，其特点是无大梁，车体强度高，可承受重载。
就电瓶在叉车车体上的放置位置而言，有两种不同的制造技术。即电瓶安置于前后桥之间或后桥之上。
这两种技术代表了叉车设计的两种最优选择，且各有优缺点，稳定性好，但是车体内的可利用空间较小，因此限制了电瓶的容量，这对于载重量不超过3t的叉车并不突出，但对于那些运动情况复杂，8h 工作时间内电瓶容量要求高的大吨位叉车就变得严重了。
采用大容量电瓶，以延长电动叉车的持续工作时间，从而扩大电动叉车的使用范围，这是各叉车制造商共同追求的目标。
例如，STILL公司的R60/40系统叉车，由于采用了第一种技术，其最大的电瓶容量为80V，870A.h;69.6kW.h,而CARER公司的R40叉车由于采用第二种技术，电瓶容量达到960A.h;76.8kW.h（高出了10.35%）。在LINDE公司采用第一种技术的E40系列叉车上可安装电瓶的最大容量为735A.h,58.8kW.h。同样规格的CARER公司叉车，由于采用了第二种技术，可安装电瓶的最大容量增加30.6%。
第二种情况，当电瓶布置在叉车后桥上时，叉车的重心提高了，整机稳定性受到影响，由于叉车的高度增加，司机的座位提高，因而司机在操作时视野更开阔，特别是搬运体积大的货物时就更适用了。当电瓶安置在后桥上，电机和液压泵的维修更方便，因为拆走电瓶和脚踏板后，电机和液压泵便一目了然。
目前，国内企业生产的电动叉车，大多采用的是第二种技术，而国外企业则两种情况都有。
2 门架
目前，国内外电动叉车大部分已经采用宽视野门架，起升液压缸由中间放置改为两侧放置。液压缸的放置位置有两种：一种是液压缸位于门架后面，如抚顺叉车厂和TOYOTA的电动叉车；另一种是液压缸位于门架外测，如南京华瑞电动叉车和BALKANCAR叉车。CARER公司的R40/45系列电动叉车的液压缸位于门架外侧，
R50/60/70系列叉车的液压缸则位于门架后面。
门架一般分为标准型、两节型或三节型。国内叉车的起升高度一般在2~5m之间，且以3m及3m以下的居多，而国外电动叉车的起升高度一般在2~6m之间，由于仓库的立体化程度高，因此起升高度3m 以上，电动叉车的需求量比国内高得多。
3 驾驶室
由于多数电动叉车用于室内搬运，因此一般没有封闭的驾驶室，只安装起防护作用的护顶架。世界上比较先进的电动叉车，如：LINDE 的E20新型叉车驾驶室，按先进的人机工程学原理开发研制，采用舒适的液压减振悬挂式座椅，能够根据驾驶员的身高和体重进行调整。双踏板加速系统在叉车改变行驶方向时无需转向，方向盘立柱的倾角可根据驾驶员的要求进行调节。中心液压操纵杆集门架的升降和前后于一体。所以这些新设计都大大地减轻了驾驶员的劳动强度。
4 驱动系统
驱动系统是电动叉车的关键部件之一。各种叉车在驱动系统的结构上存在很大的差别，有单电机布置形式上也存在差别，如国内抚顺产的叉车，其电机轴与驱动桥为丁字型结构，而国外TOYOTA和BALKANCAR叉车的驱动电机轴与驱动桥却是布置的，结构紧凑。LINDE的E20电动叉车和CARER的P50叉车的前轮驱动是由两个独立的电机来完成的，电机与驱动轴平行放置，结构紧凑。由于是双电机驱动，加速和爬坡性能好，牵引力大，采用了电子整速系统，替代原来的机械差速系统，使用性得到了很大的提高。
5液压系统
电动叉车一般都采用单独的电机，带动齿轮泵，从而为其门架工作系统的提升和倾斜提供液压动力。目前国产叉车，由于没有实现液压电机的调速，液压电机在启动后，只能高速转动，不会随着功能和压力的改变而自动调节，多余的流量只能通过溢流阀流回油箱，造成能量浪费。国外新型叉车，如LINDE的E20电动叉车，采用了先进的液压脉冲控制技术，液压泵脉冲控制器能够根据液压回路的反应，自动平衡电机速度与用油量，从而节约电能，这种控制的优点是电源利用率高，无电压峰值，液压系统的噪声低，液压元件的磨损也低，从而大大地提高了整车的可靠性和使用寿命。
6 制动系统
一般的电动叉车主要采用机械式停车制动和液压式行车制动。停车采用手制动，行车采用脚制动。
NISSAN公司BX系列电动叉车制动系统装有一个主导真空增压器，可保证任何时候都有足够的主动压力，既增加了制动的安全性，又减轻了驾驶员的劳动强度。
CARER电动叉车采用液压制动系统。膨胀型制动有外部控制，并采用动力辅助制动（与动力转向系统的动力形式相同）。
SCR 和MOS管的使用，使电瓶叉车的制动能量再生成为可能。能量再生过程也就是一个电子制动过程，电子制动在以下三种情况下产生：
（1）松开加速器控制踏板时。
（2）踏下反向的加速器踏板时。
（3）踏下液压制动踏板的第一级时。
对于LINDE的E20和CARER的P50电动叉车，当初次或者轻轻
踏下制动器时，牵引电机将变成一台发电机，将电能补送回电瓶，而不象一般叉车制动时将能量白白地浪费掉。只有在进一步制动时，液压制动才真正起作用。这种制动系统的优点是延长了每次充电后的工作时间，减少了制动系及传动元件的磨损，也减少了维修的停工时间，因而降低了使用成本。
7转向系统
平衡叉车都采用后轮转向，且工作范围小，转向运动频繁。如果采用机械转向，则驾驶员的工作强度会很高。如果采用液压动力转向，则劳动强度会大大降低。因此，现在市场上销售的叉车基本上实现了动力转向。国内电瓶叉车的液压转向一般是转向电机在叉车工作过程中不停地满负荷运转，因此造成了不必要的能量浪费，以及电机和液压减的磨损。但是，LINDE 和NISSAN等公司的电瓶叉车，其动力转向则更进了一步，即通过方向盘不动时，则转向电机不工作。此功能不但节约能量，还延长了再次充电后的可工作时间，缩短了转向电机的空转时间，因此也减少了电机和液压泵的磨损。
日本小松公司的电瓶叉车采用EPS速度传感器动力转向。该系统是“负荷感应型”转向，带有一个伺服制动和动力液压转向型优先配给阀。动力转向系统使用提升电机的动力，能自动选择转向所需的最佳力。
8 电控及其自我诊断和液晶显示系统
电气控制是显示电动叉车技术水平的一个重要因素。因此，随着电子技术的发展，电瓶叉车的电控也日趋完善。电动机控制器的发展主要经历了以下几个阶段：
（1）电池直接启动，仅靠复杂的调整或电池的放电控制。
（2）电阻器启动。控制能量损失大，只可有限地分解速度。
（3）晶闸管控制器（也叫可控硅控制器）控制。
晶体管控制使可靠性大大提高。
（4）双极晶体管控制。与晶闸管相比，使用更加简单，但是电路的可靠性要求比较高。
（5）MOS场效应管（即金属-氧化物-半导体场效应管）控制。门极驱动电流小，并联控制特性好，正向电压降较小，开关损失降低，MOS场效应管比双极晶体管的控制特性更好。由于减少了元器件，并采用全封闭装置，可靠性大大提高。通常SCR（可控硅）控制器的插座电压为1~1.5V，而MOS场效应管控制器的插座电压0.25V。MOS 管场效应管的工作效率更高，允许的最高速度更大，操作噪声更小，保护措施更强，所以的用户电源都有防短路保护装置，并且具有独特的三项安全保护措施，即软件自动保护措施，硬件自动保护和硬件自我诊断保护。
晶体管斩波器在叉车上的成功应用，除了实现无级调速和再生性制动外，还增加了自我故障诊断和液晶数字显示功能。
日本小松公司电动叉车装有液晶显示控制器，用各种符号作代表，具有可读性。指示器对可能出现的错误向驾驶员发出警报，包括松开和锁定停车制动器，安全空挡联锁装置和电瓶的过量放电，显示出各
种数据包括电瓶放电量，电解液量，工作时间和行驶速度等，可以随时向驾驶员报告可能出现的故障，大大方便了叉车的维护与保养。同时，可以向驾驶员提供行驶速度和叉车载重量等参数，也为驾驶员的科学操作提供了依据，从而延长叉车的使用寿命。
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机械专业毕业论文外文翻译
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology(机械类英文文献+翻译)
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译204机电一体化
附录 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology,
机械类毕业设计外文翻译
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
机械类外文翻译
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
机械类英文参考文献
Int J Interact Des Manuf(2011)5:103–117 DOI10.1007/s12008-011-0119-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Benchmarking of virtual reality performance in mechanics education Maura Mengoni·Michele Germani· Margherita Peruzzini Received:27April2011/Accepted:29April2011/Published online:27May2011 ?Springer-Verlag2011 Abstract The paper explores the potentialities of virtual reality(VR)to improve the learning process of mechanical product design.It is focused on the definition of a proper experimental VR-based set-up whose performance matches mechanical design learning purposes,such as assemblability and tolerances prescription.The method consists of two main activities:VR technologies benchmarking based on sensory feedback and evaluation of how VR tools impact on learning curves.In order to quantify the performance of the technol-ogy,an experimental protocol is de?ned and an testing plan is set.Evaluation parameters are divided into performance and usability metrics to distinguish between the cognitive and technical aspects of the learning process.The experi-mental VR-based set up is tested on students in mechanical engineering through the application of the protocol. Keywords Mechanical product design·Virtual reality·Experimental protocol·Learning curve· Mechanics education 1Introduction Modern society is dominated by continuous scienti?c and technical developments.Specialization has become one of the most important enablers for industrial improvement.As a result,nowadays education is more and more job-oriented and technical education is assuming greater importance.In this context both university and industry are collaborating to create high professional competencies.The?rst disseminates M.Mengoni(B)·M.Germani·M.Peruzzini Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche,60131Ancona,Italy e-mail:m.mengoni@univpm.it knowledge and innovative methods while the second pro-vides a practical background for general principles training. The main problem deals with the effort and time required to improve technical learning,while market competitiveness forces companies to demand young and high-quali?ed engi-neers in short time.Therefore,the entire educational process needs to be fast and ef?cient.Novel information technolo-gies(IT)and emerging virtual reality(VR)systems provide a possible answer to the above-mentioned questions.Some of the most important issues,in mechanical design?eld,are the investigation of such technologies potentialities and the evaluation of achievable bene?ts in terms of product design learning effectiveness and quality.While IT has been deeply explored in distance education,i.e.e-learning,VR still rep-resents a novelty. VR refers to an immersive environment that allows pow-erful visualization and direct manipulation of virtual objects. It is widely used for several engineering applications as it provides novel human computer interfaces to interact with digital mock-ups.The close connection between industry and education represents the starting point of this research. Instead of traditional teaching methods,virtual technolo-gies can simultaneously stimulate the senses of vision by providing stereoscopic imaging views and complex spatial effects,of touch,hearing and motion by respectively adopt-ing haptic,sound and motion devices.These can improve the learning process in respect with traditional teaching meth-ods and tools.The observation of students interpreting two-dimensional drawings highlighted several dif?culties:the impact evaluation of geometric and dimensional tolerances chains,the detection of functional and assembly errors,the recognition of right design solutions and the choice of the proper manufacturing operations.These limitations force tutors to seek for innovative technologies able to improve students’perception.