言语交际中性别差异的分析

Contents

摘要 ............................................................................................................................... I Abstract ........................................................................................................................... I I

Chapter 1 Introduction (1)

1.1 Research Backgrounds (1)

1.2 Research Significance (1)

1.3 Research Structure (2)

Chapter 2 Literature Review (3)

2.1 Gender Language (3)

2.1.1 The Relationship between Gender and Language (3)

2.1.2 Gender Language (4)

2.2 The Theoretical Basis of Gender Language Differences (4)

2.2.1Deficit Theory (4)

2.2.2Dominance Theory (5)

2.2.3Difference Theory (6)

2.2.4Conversation Analysis (CA) Theory (7)

2.3 Research of Gender Differences (8)

2.3.1 Research of Gender Differences Abroad (8)

2.3.2 Research of Gender Differences in China (12)

Chapter 3The Pragmatic Analysis on Gender Differences in Communication (14)

3.1 Gender Differences in the Application of Cooperative Principle (14)

3.1.1 Cooperative Principle (14)

3.1.2. Gender Differences in the Application of Quantity Maxim (16)

3.1.3. Gender Differences in the Application of Quality Maxim (17)

3.14.Gender Differences in the Application of Relation Maxim (19)

3.1.5. Gender Differences in the Application of Manner Maxim (21)

3.2 Gender Differences in the Application of Politeness Principle (23)

3.2.1 Politeness Principle (23)

哈尔滨师范大学硕士学位论文

3.2.2 Gender Differences in the Application of Tact Maxim and Generosity

Maxim (25)

3.2.3. Gender Differences in the Application of Approbation Maxim and

Modesty Maxim (26)

3.2.4. Gender Differences in the Application of Agreement Maxim (27)

3.2.5. Gender Differences in the Application of Sympathy Maxim (29)

3.3 Gender Differences in Employing the Face-saving Strategies (32)

3.3.1 Face Theory (32)

3.3.2 Gender Differences in the Application of Face Theory (33)

Chapter Four Causes of Gender Differences in Language Use (36)

4.1 Physiological Factor (36)

4.2 Psychological Factor (38)

4.3 Social Factor (40)

4.4 Cultural Factor (41)

4.5 Power and Dominance (43)

4.6 Gender Role (44)

4.6.1 Psychological Analysis Theory (45)

4.6.2 Cognitive Development Theory (46)

4.6.3 Social Learning Theory (46)

4.6.4 Family and Parents (48)

4.6.5 Partnership (49)

4.6.6 School Education (49)

4.7 Some Other Factors of Affecting Gender Language (51)

4.7.1 Different Cultures and Races (51)

4.7.2 Age (52)

4.7.3 Situation and Environment (53)

Chapter Five Ways to Avoid Misunderstanding in Inter-gender Communication. 55

5.1 Miscommunication (55)

5.2 Increasing Mutual Knowledge (55)

5.3 Learning to Be Open and Flexible (56)

5.4 Recognizing Gender Differences in Communication (56)

Chapter Six Conclusion (58)

Contents

6.1 Summary (58)

6.2 Limitations (59)

6.3 Suggestions (59)

Bibliography (61)

攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文 (64)

哈尔滨师范大学学位论文独创性声明及授权使用声明 (65)

Acknowledgements (66)

III

摘要

语言性别差指在对不同语言变体形式和表达方式进行选择时，语言使用者会因性别的不同而做出不同的选择。这是一个受到语言学家广泛关注的话题。大量研究表明，性别因素以特定的方式影响着人们的言语行为。语言的性别差异会导致人们在跨性别交际中出现障碍。因此对于性别语言的研究有助于我们减少交流障碍，从而实现和谐的两性交流。

在社会语言学和语用学理论框架下，本文从电视剧中选择一些对话作为语料，采用比较法、理论阐述法、观察描述法和案例分析方法分析了对话中的性别差异。通过详细分析男性和女性在会话中对语用原则中的合作原则、礼貌原则以及面子理论的遵守与违反，本文探讨了男女在语言使用中所存在的一些差异。通常来讲，女性在交流中会表现得更加合作一些，会更加遵循合作原则和礼貌原则，从而使交流得以顺利地进行。而男性则经常违反合作原则和礼貌原则，他们会相对自我一些，不会过多地注意某些原则。在面子保全理论方面，女性总是采用各种保全面子的策略去保全他人的面子，比如积极的礼貌策略、消极的礼貌策略或者非公开的面子威胁行为，尽最大可能避免或者减轻对他人面子的威胁；而男性则不是这样子，他们总是忽略别人的面子，进而公开威胁他人的面子。

除此之外，本文还重点分析了导致语言性别差异的成因。文章分别从生理、心理、社会、文化、性别角色以及权势等其他的角度来分析产生性别语言差异的成因。研究表明这其中社会原因是产生性别语言差异的主要原因。另外，本文还指出，性别语言差异可能会导致跨性别交际中出现误解障碍。鉴于此，本文提出了一些减少跨性别交流障碍的具体方法，以期为实现和谐的两性交流做出一点贡献。

关键词：性别语言, 合作原则, 礼貌原则, 面子理论, 成因