英语国家概况

英语国家概况
英语国家概况

英国

第一章土地与人民

一、究竟英国应该叫什么?

英国的官方全称是the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

United Kingdom 常被用于政府会议和外交事务中,然而人们日常使用的Britain British 却是使用错误的术语,不能完整的指代一个拥有四个独立行政区划的联盟:英格兰England苏格兰Scotland威尔士Wales 北爱尔兰Northern Ireland。

前三者组成了大不列颠Great Britain,基于位置上的关系;北爱尔兰则指爱尔兰北部五岛。这四个部分都有自己独一无二的特性,历史,语言和文化,自己的足球俱乐部,并且就苏格兰而言,拥有自己的法律和教育系统。尽管在四个地区中,英格兰是最为人所知并且是占据主要部分的地区,单纯用England来指代英国还是too young。

英格兰是四个区域中最大的,人口最稠密的区域,总的来说就是最富的地方,就好像有些人用德州人来概括美国人,用巴伐利亚人来指代德国人一样。

不列颠群岛The Britain Isles也是一个地理名词,由两个主岛和数百小岛组成。大不列颠Great Britain是两个住岛中更大的一部分,另一个是爱尔兰岛。在爱尔兰岛Ireland上另一个国家是爱尔兰共和国the Republic of Ireland / Eire,它占据了这个岛上剩余的领土(岛的南部)。1949年起独立,首都是都柏林Dublin。

但是,这还不算完。在爱尔兰海Irish Sea上的马恩岛The Isle of Man(岛上有无尾猫,是这个国家的标志)和在英格兰南部的由Jersey, Guernsey和其他临近的小岛组成的海峡群岛Channel Islands都常被错认为是英国的一部分。他们的居民说英语,他们的生活方式也几乎与大不列颠住岛上的人们的一致。然而他们的的确确不是英国的一部分(突然想到钓鱼岛是中国的怎么回事= =!)也不是欧盟的成员。与之相对的是,他们却是英国皇家的属地,英国政府打理他们的外教事务和制定防卫政策。或许我们不能说这些岛上有属于欧盟的民族和自由的公共服务机制吧。(这句是什么鬼= =)

英国是世界上的主要国家。大约一百多年前,由于帝国主义的扩张,英国拥有了世界上四分之一的人口和领土。它不仅在北美有殖民地,在亚洲、非洲和澳大利亚也有。但是两次世界大战削弱了英国的实力。英国的殖民地接连独立,日不落帝国逐渐瓦解并在1931年被英联邦(the British Commonwealth / the Commonwealth of Nations)所取代。

英联邦是独立国家之间的联系,包括了曾经的英国殖民地,其成员经济上紧密联系在一起并且之间享有某些贸易协定。英联邦没有特殊的权力,是否加入英联邦由各国自由决定,到1991年为止英联邦一共有50个成员国。

二、英国的国旗

英国的国旗常被叫做米字旗Union Jack或者Union Flag(非正式),由红白蓝三色组成,the Cross of St. George ( England), St. Andrew

(Scotland) , St. Patrick (Ireland),它的长宽比为1:2。

不过最早的大不列颠国旗只是白蓝色的St. Andrew (Scotland) 和红白色的the Cross of St. George ( England)的合体,这面国旗将英格兰的红色十字叠加在苏格兰的白色十字上,其余的地方填充了蓝色。Union Jack米字旗是英国所有旗帜中最重要的,它代表着英国飘扬在世界各地。在某些领域,比如军队,舰队,皇家等其他领域上,Union Jack 会与其他的国旗相融合。比如,有的行政规划的旗子就是由英国的蓝旗和红旗组成的。同时Union Jack也是英联邦成员:澳大利亚、新西兰、斐济和图瓦卢的一部分,同时也是美国的夏威夷州澳大利亚的New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia, 和加拿大三大主要省份British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario旗帜的一部分。

三、皇家徽章

盾牌徽章显示英格拉(纹章中的3条红色绶带豹子或)与苏格兰(或狮子双边线型盾纹章)和爱尔兰(湛蓝的竖琴或弦银色),这是源于维多利亚女王时代(1837年)盾牌由吊袜形状带包围,意味着“心怀邪念者蒙羞”。右侧是一只守卫者庄严加冕金狮子,左边是角,蹄,鬃毛和簇绒和金头饰项圈和链子都是金色的独角兽,代表了英格兰和苏格兰分别。上面是正面的全面方向盘,象征着至高无上的皇权(?)旁边有貂皮、金色的地幔和一只四足站立正面朝前的带有皇冠的守护狮。这代表着“上帝赋予我权力”,最早是出现在理查一世,的卷轴上。徽章的下方是大地,叫compartment,散落着英格兰(玫

瑰,)苏格兰(蓟),爱尔兰(三叶草)和威尔士(韭菜)的花卉和植物的徽章。

四、地理

英国是个小岛国,总面积244,100平方千米。自北向南延伸1000千米,最宽的地方有大约500千米。它四面环海,位于欧洲北海岸的大西洋沿岸上,所以它境内没有75英里(大约120千米)的地方里海更远,并且这给英国带来了丰富的资源。英国的海岸线很长,并且很好,有深水港。海上航线离内陆远,提供了良好的海上运输。南部的英吉利海峡将英国与欧洲大陆其他国家分开,北海在其东。在英格兰和法国之间的的英吉利海峡是个狭窄的海峡,最窄的地方叫做多弗海峡,只有3千米宽。1985年英法两国政府决定在这建造一座海底隧道连接两块陆地,工程耗时8年,隧道叫做“Chunnel”,1994年开放。

无论从哪种维度看英国这个国家都是在中间的维度。这里没有极端的额距离,大小,高度,身高,气候和动植物种类。也没有延绵的高山,广阔的大湖和浓密的森林。它最高的山(Ben Nevis in Scotland)是珠穆朗玛峰(西方也叫Mr. Everest)的六分之一,最大的湖(Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland)是苏必利尔湖的215分之一,但是它有一个很著名的景点,the Lake District湖区。它以自然和美丽的风景出名,里面包含了15个湖。那里是19世纪注明诗人威廉姆?华兹华斯,塞缪尔?泰勒?柯勒律治和罗伯特?骚塞的故乡。它境内最长的河塞汶河Severn仅为尼罗河的12分之一长,但在冬季英国的河流不结冰。它

们在英国的经济中起到了重要作用。伦敦,利物浦,拉哥拉斯都通过这条河入海。除此之外,在东部的the Tweed, the Tyne, the Tees, and the Thames rivers 流入北海North Sea。著名的the Thames是英国第二长但是最重要的河流。英国只有420钟动物和1400种植物,少数是英国独有的。

1.英格兰

英格兰在大不列颠岛上占据了南部最大部分的位置,威尔士在他的西边,苏格兰在他的北边。占据了130,000km2的面积和岛上60%的人口。西南部和西部除了Severn谷和Cheshire-Lancashire平原(字利物浦周围)其余大部分都是高原。

2.苏格兰

苏格兰有78,760km2,他在不列颠岛的北部,有许多山,湖和小岛。哪儿有3种自然地带,北部的高山,中部的低地和南部的山地。高地,海拔在300-1200及以上是野生多岩多山地的高原,高原和海岸线交错分布,尤其是在西海岸。Ben Nevis是英国境内最高的山就在这儿。高地的西部和Hebrides群岛是非常美丽的地区。

3.威尔士

威尔士在大不列颠岛的西部

4.北爱尔兰

五、气候

1.温带气候

英国的天气好像是臭名昭著并且臭名远扬了,因为它变化之迅速与其

不可预测性。但是气候学家却把这形容为温和的,甚至有些认为这是让人喜欢的。事实上,他的气候冬天温和,夏季凉爽,并且全年有稳定的降水,这是十分让人喜欢的。它全年的温差不大,冬季平均气温在4-6°,夏季在12-17度。所以在其冬季也可以看见绿草成茵。但是讨厌降雨的人一定会反对并引用一句古老的名言“夏冬季唯一的不同只是降水的温度而已”。

2.影响英国气候的因素

英国的纬度范围在北纬50-60°。比我国的黑龙江省的位置还要靠北,但是与之相比却有着更为温和的气候,这里主要有3个因素:

①海水环绕平衡四季温差,冬季使陆地保温,夏季使之降温。因为海水的增温和降温作用相对缓慢,所以它会有以上效果。

②全年盛行的西南风和西风给冬季带来了暖湿气流。

③北大西洋暖流途径北爱尔兰岛western coast of the British Isles沿岸的影响。

尽管英国是海洋性气候,但是它也被冷空气光顾着,有经常性的阴天和暴风雪。天气天天变化,所以很难预报,以至于有时候人们能够经历四季天。春季早晨能够晴好,一小时后乌云就能够降临。如此实例不胜枚举。据说是天气对英国人的性格有影响,比较谨慎。比如即使晴天英国人出门也会带伞,不过大部分时候是不要带伞的毛毛雨。

3.英国全年有稳固的降水。多达1000mm,东南部沿岸地区

750-1250mm除了东南部一小块地区之外。西部则多达1250-2000mm,

西北部某些地方甚至高于2000mm.来自北部季风爬上高原的时候上升造成了降水,下降的时候温度升高到东部降水自然就少了。

所以英国是西北多降水,东南少,水库就不得不建在高原地区,比如Central Wales, the Lake District 和Scottish Highlands,因此水资源能够更好的被利用。

六、人口

像他的大多数欧洲邻居一样,英国是一个拥挤的国家。在2005年中,统计其人口达6020万,大致等于法国人口,但是它只有法国的一般大。所以这是一个人口密度很大的国家,有250人/㎞2,并且分布不均。城市化程度很高,90%的人生活在城市,10%的人生活在农村。另一方面,它境内也有一些贫瘠多山地带,尤其在北爱尔兰,几乎是无人区。

英国有6000,0000(>5400,0000)的人口集中在英格兰,所以那的人口密度>380人/㎞2。

现在英国的人口比以前多多了。南北人口的迁移,有很多苏格兰人,威尔士人,爱尔兰人在英格兰居住,他们带来了他们特有的生活方式。但是他们之间的性格和语言方面的差异仍然明显。事实上他们仍然保有自己本地区的语言和文化。

1.英格兰人

英格兰人士盎格鲁-撒克逊人,而威尔士,苏格兰和爱尔兰人是凯尔特人。凯尔特人是来自德国,并广泛分布在法国,西班牙和英国的人种。他们在700BC来到不列颠岛

英语国家概况的复习资料

英语国家概况考试题型如下: 1.选择题(30 X 1’) 2.填空题(20 X 1’) 3.简答(10 X 2’)--必须回答完整的句子 4.分析题(6 X 5’)-- 必须回答完整的句子 总分100 分 主要内容包括: 一.U.S. Geography 1.Full name of U.S.. 2.Number of States: 50 states. 3.After President Jefferson brought the Louisiana territory from France there was a desire for territorial expansion among many frontier men. 4.The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. The fourth largest countries. 5.Taxas is the largest mainland state of the U.S.. Alaska is the largest state of the U.S.. 6.Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. 7.America’s movies are mostly made in Hollywood near the city of Los Angeles in south California. 二.U.S. People 1.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US is the Blacks (Afriican-Americans). 2.The “first Americans” were the Indians. 3.The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. 4.The first permanent settlement in North America was established in today’s V erginia in the year of 1607. 5.The “Three Faiths” in the U.S. refer to: ?Protestan ?Catholic ?Jewish 6.The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. 7.American society is a stratified one in which power, wealth and pestige are unequally distributed among the population. 8.WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.

英语国家概况

英语国家概况-Land and people I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island:England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置: Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部,与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地,东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

英语国家概况课后题总结和答案

Chapter 1 land and people are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth The British Isles,Greant Britina and England are geographical names, no the official names of the country,while the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian. the geographical position of Britian Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands. Britain have a favourable climate why Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate---winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole has a small range of temperature,too. are the factors which influence the climate in Britain Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest

英语国家概况

英语国家概况》期末复习题(含答案) (第I卷客观题共45分) 1. 选择题(共30 分; 每题1 分) U.K. 1. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on ___ . D A. passing the bills B. advising the government C. political parties D. public attitude 2. The policies of the Conservative Party in Great Britain are characterized by pragmatism and . D A. government intervention B. nationalization of enterprises C. social reform D. a belief in individualism 3. Oxford University is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. 4. Cabinet members are chosen by ___ in Britain. B A. the monarch B. the Prime Minister C. the Archbishop D. the Lord Chancellor 5. English belongs to the Germanic group of Indo-European family of languages. 6. The Severn River is the longest river in Britain. 7. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except ___ . A A. Trooping the Color B. Queen 's Christmas message C. Boxing Day D. Christmas pantomime 8. Among Britain q'uaslity press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “ BigThree with the exception of The Observer. 9. In 2012, Britain had a population of about 63 million. 10. The two main islands of the British Isles are Great Britain and Ireland. 11. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once said that, “ Britain and tht e dUSntiates will stand side by side ”. 12. The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it ___ . A A. set up the National Health Services B. improved public transportation C. abolished the old tax system D. enhanced the economic development 13. Margaret Thatcher go'v s ernment introduced the biggest changes in British economic policy since World War II. 14. Charles Dickens is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19 th century. 15. The three principle features of the climate of Britain are the following EXCEPT ___ . C A. the frequent fog in winter B. the large number of rainy days C. extreme coldness even in summer D. changeability all the year round 16. Samuel Johnson 'dsictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of spelling in English. 17. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of Latin and Greek words to English. 18. __ was not among the four self-governing dominions in the British Empire. C A. Australia B. Canada C. India D. the Union of South Africa 19. Of the following sectors in Britain, service industry has experienced spectacular growth si nee the end of World War II. 20. Cambridge has more Nobel Prize winners than any other institution in Britain.

英语国家概况

《英语国家概况》补充材料 A:名词解释补充 The Pilgrim Fathers(英国清教徒): This is given to those members who made the first crossing on the famous Mayflower, which landed at Plymouth harbor in December 1620. Jacksonian democracy(杰克森式民主):It is used in American politics to describe the period when the “common man” participated in the government, occurring after Jeffersonian democracy. The Progressive Movement(革新运动):It was a reform movement that reached its height in the early 20th century. This arose as a response to the vast changes brought by industrialization. The Union Flag(英国国旗):Also known as the Union Jack. It is the national flag of the UK. It symbolizes the 4 administrative nations, the England, Scotland, Wales and the Northern Ireland. The red cross stands for England, the diagonal Red Cross stands for Ireland and the diagonal white cross stands for Scotland. British Commonwealth(英联邦):Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations. It includes the UK and the 40 or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states. It was formally established in 1931. European Union(欧盟):It is an economic and political union established in 1993. The establishment of the European Union expanded the political scope of the European Economic, especially in the area of foreign and security policies, and provided for the creation of a central European bank and the adoption of a common currency. Domesday Book(末日审判书): The written record of a census and survey of English landowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086. Stonehenge(巨石阵):A group of standing stones on a plain in the southern England. The arrangement of the stones suggests that it was used as a religious center and also as an astronomical observatory. Julius Caesar(凯撒大帝):He is a roman general, statesman and historian. He invaded British, conquered the army of his political enemy Pompey, and pursued other enemies to Egypt. He returned to Rome, and was given a order by the people to rule as dictator until he was murdered. Protestantism(新教): One of the 3 major branches of Christianity, originating in the 16th century Reformation in Europe. Margaret Thatcher(撒切尔夫人): She is the first British female Prime Minister who held the office of PM Longer than anyone else in the 20th century. She was elected in 1979, shored up a Conservative-led government, favored privatization plans. Her nickname is “The Iron Lady”; she was elected to three consecutive terms and resigned in1990 Keynesian(凯恩斯主义): The economic theories of economist Keynes, who advocate government monetary and fiscal programs, designed to increase employment and stimulate business activity. Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂):A famous church located in London, where English monarchs are crowned and distinguished English subjects are buried. The Poets’ Corner conta ins the graves of great English writers. Grammar school: Originally meant to educate the young in Latin grammar and that of another European language. These schools in modern UK are intended to teach a highly academic class and teach students to deal with abstract concepts. The American Revolution(独立战争): Also known as the War of Independence, it began in 1775 and ended in 1783. It ended 2 centuries of British rule for most of the North American colonies and created the United States of America.

英语国家概况课程标准

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