语用学重点

1.Levinson将指示分为
人称指示 personal deixis
时间指示time…
地点指示place…
话语指示discourse…
社交指示social…
2.Verschueren：
时间指示temporal deixis
空间指示spatial…
社交指示social…
话语指示discourse…
语用中的移情empathy（交际双方之间的情感及心理趋同）和离情de-empathy（交际双方之间的情感及心理层面的趋异和排他性，甚至对立）
言语行为论的类别：verdictives判决类；exercitives行使类;commissives承诺类;behabitives表态类;expositives阐述类
命题内容条件propositional content condition：a speaker predicts a future act
预备条件preparatory condition：speaker believe that doing something is in hearer’s benefit
真诚条件sincerity condition：speaker intends to do A
基本条件essential condition：speaker undertaken an obligation to do an act
合作原则的四准则：Quantity Maxim，Quality Maxim，Relation Maxim，Manner Maxim
Quantity：make your contribution as information as is required；do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
Quality：do not say what you believe to be false；do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Manner：avoid obscunty of expression；avoid ambiguity；be brief；be orderly.
会话含义五特点：a可取消性cancellability或可废除性defeasibility: the presence of a conversational implicature relies on a number of factors, the conversational meaning of words used the CP, the linguistic and situational contact,ect. If any of them changes, the implicature will also change；
b不可分离性non-detachability：it is means that a conversational implicature is attached to the semantic contact of what is said，not to the linguistic form. Therefore, an impilcature will not be detached from the utterance as a whole；
c可推导性calculability: lmplicatures are calculable, when somebody say sth, which apparently does not make sense at the superficial level, you will not simply think that he’s talking nonsense and stop thinking about it anymore. You will instead try to find out its implied meaning at a deeper level；
d非归约性non-conversationality: it is by definition different from the conventional meaning of words；
e不确定性indeterminacy.
Lakeoff’s politeness rules: don’t persuade others into acception your view; leave room for discussion; strengthen the relationship between each other.
礼貌六原则 tact maxim：minimize：cost to other; maximize: benefit to other.
Generosity maxim: minimize: benefit to self; maximize: cost to self.
Approbation maxim: minimize: dispraise of other; maximize: praise of other.
Modesty maxim: minimize: praise of self; maximize: dispraise of self.
Agreement maxim: minimize: disagreement between self and others; maximize: agreement between self and others.
Sympathy maxim: minimize antipathy between self and others; maximize: sympathy between self and others.
面

子威胁行为face threatening acts FTA
礼貌策略五类：直接性bald on record strategy；正面礼貌positive politeness strategy；负面礼貌negative politeness strategy；间接性implicating record strategy；放弃实施威胁面子的行为refraining from the act.
礼貌原则本体属性剖析：appropriateness适切性；gradations级别性；conflicts冲突性。
暗含前提implicated premise 暗含结论implicated conclusion
代码模式code model（message model）：传播者sender，receiver，message，encoding，decoding，message channel，reference frame，feedback
关联轮提倡的交际模式叫明示-推理交际ostensive-inferential communication
变异性variability，协商性negotiability，顺应性adaptability
礼貌总则GSP grand strategy of politeness
Vagueness：it refers to linguistic units or patterns that are indeterminate and have referencial indefinable.
1.Indexical(指示语) refers to the phenomenon where in understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information, words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotation meaning varies depending on line/ place. .
2.speech act theory（言语行为理论）：speech acts as they express the speaker’s intention. Also, the speech act is a function of sentence meaning.
3.Locutionary act (以言指示行为)： the act of uttering words, phrases, clause. conveying literal meaning;
4.illocutionary act（以言行事行为）：the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. conveying meaning in context
5.perlocutionary act（以言成事行为）the effect of the utterance.
6.conversation implicature（会话含义）：it indicates that the interpretation and inference of an utterance during communication is guided by a set of four maxims.
7.CP（cooperative principle合作原则）：our conversations are characteristically cooperative and participate recognizes a common purpose，or at least a mutually accepted direction. We follow principles of quantity, quality relations and manner.
8.politeness（礼貌）: it refers to proper social conduct and tactful consideration of others. It contrasts with rudeness. What counts as being polite in a given contact is social culturally and historically determined.
9.relevance theory(RT关联论)：Hearers make interpretive inferences that communicate information that is left implicit. A human mind instinctively reacts to an encoded message by considering information thought to be relevant.
10.linguistic adaptation theory（语言顺应论）：in the language selection process, context and structure of language to dynamically generate interactive discourse meaning, the choice of language must actively respond to specific context and language structure.
11.meme（模因）：a type of behavior that is passed from one member of a group to another, not in the genes but by another means such as people copying it.
12.presupposition

（前提）：is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse..
13.performatives（施为句）：performatives are not verifiable; they are uttered to perform a certain act.
14.constactives（表述句）：are statements that either state or describe, and thus verifiable; they have the true-value (true or false).
15.pragmatics（语用学）：is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation.