考研英语作文笔记

1、考研写作总论：评卷实例01、学习方法、复习计划、大纲解读

2、应用文：书信类、告示类

3、段落写作：框架结构、2002真题、启程转合

4、两图写作（00、03、06、07）

5、词汇写作、一图写作（98、01、02、04、05）

6、句子的写作（亮点的设置）、图表作文

评卷实例

一、审题

二、同义替换（词汇：题目中的实词和句型）实词：有实际意义的词，名、动、形容词、副词

虚词：介词、冠词、连词

句型替换：主语改成宾语、主动改成被动、词汇改成词组、改变词性

词汇替换：实词的同义词近义词替换

1、worthy-valuable\precious

想不到的话想一个简单的上义词

2、feelings( relationship\emotion\sentiment\aff ection)

3、mankind humans human race effection 柔情（不能替换love）

probably---possibly\maybe\likely\is considered as

noblest greatest\the most sublime problem:指的是不好的问题issue

技巧一：大量使用物称代词作主语（丰富多变）

技巧二：大量使用主系表结构，主谓宾比较口语化，主系表比较书面化

is of importance=important

技巧三：大量使用精彩词组

技巧四：大量使用精彩词汇（保证正确）the human beings改为us humans

give 后一般加两个宾语

技巧五：大量使用精彩从句小作文3-5个从句，大作文5-7个从句

as is described in the picture，“love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places.”Utmost非常，(亮点)

技巧六：大量使用被动语态

技巧七：大量使用精彩句型

技巧八：大量使用定语状语：adj或adv、词组、介词短语、分词短语（过去、现在）、不定式、从句，people in darker places need more light than other people. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life( and progress删掉)

使用中庸词汇：may、generally、tend to 、be more(less) likely to

a thread of lignt:一线光辉

call forth（唤起；使产生；使起作用）their strength

step out of difficulties:走出困境( 真题里的出现好的词汇不断积累)

when引导时间状语从句

使文章生动的三种方法：（主要用于举例论证和图画描述）

1、使用进行时态

2、使用原话（如：我的老师当年告诉

我：……）

3、描述动作（一把屎一把尿带大）

save his or her life(不能仅his life ) spinster老姑娘；未婚女人mistress 情妇

连接两个例子应该用：again，

poor rural area

drops out of school 退学because of poverty a small sum of 一点

finish school完成学业

in\under this circumstances,后面下结论

to sum up 简而言之

in distress

in need of help 需要帮助

don’t hesitate to do sth 毫不犹豫做某事

当and引导两个并列从句，后面的that不能省略

不跑题、语言精彩、结构严谨——满分作文

2012.7.30

写好文章的第一句话和最后一句话

重视文章的第一段和每一段的第一句话

it(物称代词) is universally acknowledged

（被动）that(从句) love is a hot topic（主系表）which（定语从句）is most talked about.主语从句

different ---various diverse

very much---desperately greatly a lot

时态按照动作发生的时间分为：过去时、现在时、将来时

过去时的使用范围：图表描述和举例论证（普遍例子：现在时；自己的亲身经历：过去时）

将来时的使用范围：文章的最后一句话

使用形容词作表语比名词更加书面化

因此hence

不能同时并列使用两个现在分词状语，showing our love by giving our help to others

简单原则，安全第一

考研写作的三大钻石定律

1、错误的复杂句不如正确的简单句（句子

结构、词多变）

2、上了考场写你想到的第二个词汇和句子

3、上了考场写的每一个词和句子最好是背

过的

每点提纲写一段，每点都是主题句

三点提纲：每点提纲改写一下放在每段第一句作为主题句

symbolic meaning/significance

第一段：意义阐释图画描述2-3句which可以引导一个比较长的定语从句place是可数名词

可数名词不能单独出现——变成复数、加冠词、代词

第二段：举例论证图画比较抽象时会考到举例论证（不超过两个，抽象一点，每个例子几句话搞定，关键要恰当）

a:不定冠词，表示一种泛指

第三段：建议措施（基本必考）最好提两点大约200字

动词后介词短语做状语

名词后the best way to show love不定式做定语（看得明白，为什么自己写不出来呢，平时多留意，多积累、学习模仿）2012.7.31

复习计划：

（一）考前复习

1）攻克词汇

2）精研真题：第二遍是研究：词汇（阅读、没有一个词汇不认识）、句子结构、选项

设置（出处、为什么错）、英译汉（提高

阅读和翻译最好的方法:词汇、句子结构

翻译错的地方就是自己的弱点，每类挑

出经典的）、背诵（很花时间，真正提高

自己的实力）

彻底搞透

考研的词汇难在：一词多义，熟词僻义，记住真题里的词的意思

英语是在有用有限的句子结构来表达无限的思想

3）适当模考，考前一个月3套主要是练一下手

（二）写作练习要写有范文的范文，20-30篇

必须要写的10篇作文：06、07两年的小作文已及00-07八年的大作文

（三）时间分配：每天必须至少半个小时研究考研作文，明天开始每天半个

小时大声朗读

每十分的题目做18分钟

1）14:00-14:15写作A节(两分钟审题、一分钟检查：重点单词拼写、标点、时态) 2）14:15——14:50写作B 节

3）14:50——16:00阅读A节每篇约18分钟

4）16:00-16:20完型填空

5）16:20——16:40阅读B节

6）16:40——17:00阅读C节

先做分值大的，再做分值小的；先做简单的，再做难的

一定要全面复习，不要押题

第二节应用文

1学习方法

（一）提高实力：

1、十遍精读：前四遍属于语言

中间四遍属于结构

最后两遍是内容

1）精彩词汇——学过写不出来的；抄在小本上，造一个句子，要有写作

专门的一个本子

2）精彩词组（5个）

3）精彩句型（一个框架3个背会，造句）

4）句子结构：简单句（主干+修饰成分）、从句、时态、冠词（看语法

没意义，看文章）、主谓一致

5）段落结构：总分总，主题句+论证2句（+小结1句与主题句是一样的

不要照抄）段内

6）关联词：小作文3——5个，大作文5——7个

7）同义替换：词汇+句型（不要每段都是主语在最前面：如动名词，介

词短语，不定式,状语从句GRE

Graduate Record Examination 8）代词替换：it that they 物称代词

9）精彩观点（中文都写不出来的）

10）原因建议

考研写作70%靠的是实力，30%靠的是技巧

2、背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善input output

新概念三册中的十大六星级文章：1、12、22、23、27、41、44、50、56、57

3、默写：发现写作弱点

4、中译英：提高写作实力

5、写作：模仿

基础比较好的：先写、中译英（对比语言）、十遍精读、默写。可以不用框架

（二）掌握技巧：万能框架

总结框架的方法：1完全从一篇范文中

总结（风险最大）

2 考研作文写三段，每段来自不同的

范文

3 每段每句话都来自不同的文章

(小作文一个，大作文一个，两个模板)

大纲解读

（一）评价目标

考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私

人和公务信函，备忘录，摘要，报告等，

还能写一般描述性，（大作文图表描述，

最好不要发表议论可以议论最多一句

话）叙述性（举例论证）和说明（表达

说明自己的观点）或议论性（论证驳斥

他人的观点）的文章(全面准备)

私人信函是四级考试的重点

private/personal letter

公务信函是考研、六级、雅思考察的重

点business letter

备忘录memorandum(公司章程)

摘要summary abstract thesis

报告report

1）根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域

1、正式语言formal language

2、非正式语言informal language（少

使用）

(1)缩略形式：缩写、省略I am

looking forward to your reply(公务

信函)

Looking forward to your reply(非正式的

私人信函)

（2）口语表达，感叹号

2）遵循文章的特定文体格式；

正式文体+3-5个非正式语言=半正式文

体

正式文体：大作文、大部分小作文、公

务信函、摘要、报告公务告示（为主）

半正式文体：私人信函、私人告示、备

忘录

非正式文体：考研当中不可能考到

3)做到语法、拼写、标点（考试中只用逗号和句号，引用也是用逗号；冒号是解释；破折号解释转折）正确、用词恰当

4）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一，连贯；

语言的两个评分标准：基本正确（注意

时态、冠词、主谓一致）

丰富多变（词汇+句型）

关联词：小作文3-5个，大作文5-7个

同意替换：(词汇和句型)

代词替换：

（二）试卷结构

A：100-120个词7句号10行就够

了

大作文12句话160-200 大概20行

（三）评分原则和方法

A节：应用文的评分侧重点在于：

（1）信息点的覆盖

信息点指的是三点提纲你是否写到

情景改写第一段

提纲改写在小作文的第二段，顺序不要搞颠倒，而且缺一不可

（2）内容的组织就是文章的结构

（3）语言的准确性

小作文的写作原则讲究简洁明了

（4）格式和语气的恰当

语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组和句子将被扣分

B节：应用文的评分侧重点在于：

(1)内容的完整性，信息点一定要齐

（2）文章的连贯组织性

（3）语法结构和词汇的多样性

（4）语言的准确性

小作文重格式，大作文重丰富多变

考研写作第一大黄金原则：语言最重要，结构第二位，内容第三位

考研写作第二大黄金原则：书写工整，卷面整洁，字迹清晰。考官的映象（如书写较差，一致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次）

第一眼看是否了解英文写作规范（写满、段落3段，两头小中间大）

第二眼看是否跑题：看每段第一句话是否是主题句

如：第一段：图画生动地描述了

第二段：这个图画的目的是，含义是

第三段：在我看来

第三眼对文章进行扫描加查看

考研写作两大黄金原则

1印象原则2语言结构内容原则

3、应用文

书信类应用文

（一）写作格式

1、称呼

（1）写给机构：

a不认识负责人Dear Sir or Madam,

Dear Sir/Madam, To whom it may

concern写给政府机关的(用逗号，不能

使用冒号)

b 认识负责人

Dear Mr. /Ms. President（总统、董事

长、总裁、大学校长会长、主席）

/Professor/Manager/Editor

Dear President (Michael) Wang,

Principal n。校长；资本；委托人，当

事人；主犯adj首要的；最重要的区

别

principle n。原理，原则；主义，道义；本质，本义；根源，源泉

（2）写给个人

a关系不亲密，就是1的b

b关系亲密Dear Michael

（1）题目中没有出现人名Dear

Sir or Madam，

（2）题目中出现人名Dear

Mr.Wang Dear +人名

2正文3段、7句、3-5关联词、3-5从句、100-120词

（1）第一段：2句

a自我介绍（公务信函）两个角度：工作人员I am a staff member from your company/corporation

(2)I am a freshman/sophomore（philosophy）/junior/senior/undergraduate(本科生)/graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University

b 写作目的（开门见山）

I am writing the letter in purpose of ordering some books/resigning from my current post/positon（职位）

（2）第二段：3句（书信的中心）没什么

万能模板，就是改写就行了

a改写提纲一：1句（就是写作目的，改写一下）

b改写提纲二：1句

c改写提纲三：1句

（3）第三段

a表示感谢（私人建议信除外）投诉信（他人伤害了你，为了解决问题，也要表示感谢）和建议信有区别

(1)My appreciation to you for your generous

help is beyond words

Appreciate(欣赏；感激、重视

(2)words fail me when I want to express my

sincere gratitude to you

(3)I take this opportunity to show my

heartfelt appreciation for the kind

assistance you rendered me

b 期待回信

I am looking forward to your reply/hearing from you soon

I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience

Your prompt attention to my inquiry(探究；调查；质询) would(比will客气) be highly appreciated

小作文常用的三个词：would could please Intellectual inquire

2、落款

第一行：结尾客套Yours sincerely

第二行：签名Li Ming

(一)写作格式

英文的写作格式分为两大类：缩进式

（建议使用）：称呼顶格，落款两行

齐头式

英式英语和传统英语的写法：段间不空

行，（每段）首行缩进（4个字母）

分类1、大纲样题：订购信

detailed information详细的信息

Dear Sir or Madam

As引导原因状语从句

现在进行时可以表示将来的时态candidates:候选人、申请人，参赛人

place an order of 考研写作凑字数的四种方法

1）展开细节

2）结合自身

3）虚构情况（会什么写什么）

4）说明后果（主要针对投诉

信）

with due consideration of 充分考虑到

简洁的管理词particular accounts as regard 关于什么的详细信息

terms (方式、方面、术语、学期)of payment 付款方式

after-sell service售后服务

I wonder if:我想知道，if引导宾语从句

或whether

it is convenient:使用物称代词作主语，主系表结构，形容词做表语都是取得高分的技巧。

EMS:特快专递

Express mail service

Headquarters单复数都要加s

Session n会议；开会；学期

I would like to(大作文用should比较多)

书信类应用文

分类以2005年真题为例

三点提纲：1告诉你的决定2说明原因3做出道歉

写作目的，第一点的提纲I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position

书信作文的第二种写法：高分少用废话

1、每段第一句话改写提纲（一

句）

2、每段第二部分，两点情况或者

两点原因（2句）

3、每段第三个部分，小结（1句）the primary reasons are as follows主系表extra work加班night shift 夜班

support经济上的支持

that how what引导主语从句

meet the requirement of

I feel terribly sorry for the inconvenience I have caused 道歉信，变相出题（两种结合）2005年辞职信加道歉信

2006年真题

project hope希望工程1995、2001

donate捐款donation

render提供，给予provid；economic经济的aid

department concerned:相关部门

To whom it may concern,至有关人士

As介词放句首引导状语从句

I am writing to request if you can help me find a potential beneficiary受益人of Project Hope.

I wonder whether it is convenient for you if two things regarding(关于，介词做定语)the child are taken into account

Intend to 计划

It will be better if he or she is

Abject poverty 极端贫困

I would like to help the recipient of my assistance annually until he graduates from college,

The money will cover his tuition fee and other expenses at school.

I will correspond with him写信frequently 加分词汇so that he can seek advice whenever he needs. your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.钻石句型

书信类应用文——备忘录:上级对下级或同级之间的半正式书信。

memo:备忘录，memorandum

report报告:下级对上级的正式书信，与备忘录写法完全一样，对象不同。

备忘录，报告与书信的区别

1格式不同

Date: January 20,2007

To:

From：

Subject:(实词要大写:动词名词形容词；虚词小写)Computer Training of the Staff

书信类应用文一般不用谢题目，索赔信备忘录和报告要写题目

2写法不同

备忘录和报告：每点提纲必须各写一

段，只有一种写法

as引导方式状语从句

as we discussed earlier this week,

illiteracy 文盲

make up a plan 计划for training our

employees in the new field.

In-house

In turn 轮流

Put them through the program餐具

Proposal plan program计划

Prior先前的

Course

书信类应用文——摘要

怎么写摘要：三点

1、不超过原文三分之一，可少不可多

2、不要评论，不要照抄

3、写法：改写每段首尾句

告示类应用文

表示“告示”的词：post, notice ,bulletin

讲两点：

1、写作格式：a标题

b日期（标题右下方）c正文（1-3段，3-6句，0-1个从句，时态现在时和将来时）d、署名

2、分类a通告、通知

b启示c其他

journal:杂志社

journey长途跋涉、旅行

提示:题目注意大小写；related to相关的p82

段落写作——真题透视结合历年考题讲解1991前两段是“观点陈述”

1992：每年考题是中性话题、次热门话题代沟：generation gap 新新人类：new human being

1993,广告现象1评论现象要“有利有弊”，双赢：win-win deal

1994：on making friends

1、the need for friends 2 true

friendship 3 my principle in

making friends

haste makes waste欲速则不达loyal 忠诚loyalty（n。）sincere 真诚sincerity n

easygoing随和

noble character 品格高尚

1995年：希望工程project hope提纲开始出现陷阱

1996年good health

importance of good health现状说明ways to keep fit

my own practices建议措施

轻松、专注、高效率、命由天、事在人为，尽力而后以

词汇积累

进行体育锻炼：do physical exercises

保持乐观keep optimistic, pessimistic饮食均衡：well-balances diet,减肥:go on a diet 按时吃饭：regular meals

97年后再也不考提纲作文了

97年第一次考到图表

即使是两点提纲最好也写成三段lead to grave consequences viewpoints

criticizing their view 评价他们的观点

make full use of

表达积累：good wine needs no bush 酒好客自来gurantee保证egg shell蛋壳egg white 蛋清yolk 蛋黄

all-round圆的normal正常的regular规则的nor weird 不奇怪的duty责任abnormal不正常的trend趋势

1999年图表第三大经典考题wildlife集合

2000年图画第三大经典考题（可持续发展——sustainable development）

induce归纳

千万不要独出心裁

the set of 这组

作文的备考

1次热点话题

2以图画作文为主

考研论说文框架结构

三段：160-200词第二段：5句第三段4句12句，5-7个关联词，5-7个从句

第一段：3句；

第一段（2-3句），引言段，起始段淘金段

第一段第1句话：总体描述（1句）第三次课——小结

应用文（书信类。告示类）

段落写作（真题透视、框架结构）

第四节：两大内容

框架结构——考研论说文框架结构

（一）第一段：写3句

1总体描述：人物+动作+环境

以下以历年真题

2004年冲刺make a final spurt

跑道race track

05年

人物：5个，人物超过两位进行分类

football field球场

两幅图需要概况一下

关于足球的表达striker前锋forward

球员footballer goalkeeper守门员footballgame 足球比赛

射门goal

准备射门：be ready to finish

守门defend，keep the goal

任意球freekick，he is ready for freekick

图里无动作和环境时，描述包括：人物+服装+表情

2、挖掘细节词，串连成句1-2句两幅图，把每幅图各写一句话，可以描述每幅图里的人物、动物、动作和环境

2000年fishing-boat捕鱼船

2002年ribbon发带accessary佩戴物

03fade凋谢。文字说明：将文中的汉语翻译06 hair style发型

3、文字说明、象征寓意发表议论

1句

以上是第一种写法，针对大部分同

学

第二种写法——针对基础特别好

的同学

1总体描述

2挖掘细节词、串连成句

第三种写法——把第三部分（象征

寓意）提前

（二）第二段——主体段（5句话）

1、主题句（1句）——写图画的

象征寓意(文章的中心思想)

大作文中不可缺少的四样1描述；2寓意（首段尾或二段首句写两句，承上启下）3、分析（分析意义和原因）；4评论（写成建议、措施、归纳、结论）

2、论证（写3句）——小重点

写论证的三大层面

a第一层面——五大角度（讲原因）

背景backgroud举例：

互联网internet：背景——全球化

globalization globalize

global village

事实fact

反方观点（others opinion）

英文写作讲究：欲扬先抑，欲进则

退

☆原因（reason）

互联网流行的原因：速度快，信息

量大，工作生活不可缺少（相关就

可以，会什么写什么）

后果（consequence）

互联网：优点：提高工作效率

改善人民生活、推动社会进步

缺点：浪费时间、有不良网站、有

大量病毒和网络黑客b，六种手段

因果论证（cause and effect）英文属于前果后因

分类论证classification

定义（自问自答）和解释

定义——什么是互联网

解释：换一个角度把主题句说一遍统计statistics和事实fact

统计强调：用数字来说话according

to,….survey(data/figure)study by…. 举例论证exemplification

2006年举例：超女、大长今numerous examples can be giving, but this will suffice

illustration例子

这个例子case清楚clear地证明了（a case in point）——小结

正反对比

compare——比较（相同点）contrast——对比（不同点）

125最常用

第一二层面——五大角度：写原因第二层面——六种手段：讲故事c创作原则——联系现实

要点：以小见大（出题深刻），把握象征寓意（不要停留在表层含义），个体想为群体——考虑图中人物个体所代表的群体，具体想为抽象——具体事物想象成抽象的含义

“联系现实”07年为例

3、小结1句话

小结的写法

第二段结构：总分总

第三段——建议措施段、结论段写4句

第一部分：结论句

第二部分：针对双方提建议，任何问题都有提两个

97年1政府应该控制2人们少吸烟98关于承诺的话题：任何问题应讲到双方

1母鸡代表一方——公司：公司不

要夸大其词

2政府、人们代表一方

Filial piety孝顺

与年轻人相对的是政府社会

第三部分：包装结尾，展望未来

英文中三大优秀句型：倒装句、强调句、虚拟语气

1、倒装句。有9中写法，指谓语

放在主语前面

2、虚拟语气早就该that后面的句

子使用一般过去时态

启程转合：涉及到考研作文的结构和关联词

启：启动观点、开篇点题

考研作文——第一段就是“启”；每段第一句话也是“启”

承：观点承接、正面论证

正面论证常用：分类

小作文：讲究四个字——简洁明了first(ly) second(ly) third(ly)/lastly

大作文讲究文采，使用有难度的关联词：“第一”——in the first place;第二——in the second place;

on the one hand on the other hand; for one thing for another 第三：the last but not the least, more importantly .even worse

转：观点转折、反面论证（针对基础好的同学）nevertheless，unfortunately，yet。In comparison/by contrast

合：文章结尾，合并归纳

表示：“合”的关联词：末段首句，二三段尾句

第三段第一句话使用一个表示：因此的关联词，总结文章

第二段和第三段最后一句话使用一个表示“因此”的关联词，总结段落

表示“因此”的关联词as a consequence, consequently,accordingly,hence

小结

考研作文：第一段——“启”

第二段——“承”和转

第三段——合

每段内部

第一句话（主题句）——“启”

中间——正方论证

最后——合

建议，写成启承合的结构

第一段——图画描述（启）

第二段——意义阐释（承）

第三段——建议措施（合）

每段内部：写成启承合的结构

第一句话（主题句）——启

中间（论证/描述）——承

最后（小结）——合

大作文模式就是固定的，一句话可以用在文章第几段第几句话

框架结构、启程转合和真题透视——段落写作要讲的三个内容

两图写作（重点）03年

主谓一致：主语（set），单数

保护shelter、shelter form可怕的：threatening

the flower soon fades and withers, with the petals cast about on the ground, petals 花瓣

学好英文的三个词：学习兴趣、正确方法，坚持不懈

cast about散落一地

第二段to begin with段间连接词；不定式短语作状语

to begin with ,the purpose of the drawings is to show us that the flower growing in the green house cannot withstand the test of the storm

对第一句话的讲解——图画的表层含义（让步否定表层含义，不是

主题句）delicate 娇弱的dedicate 奉献

is naturally associate with :和……联系起来（联系现实）

to be specific:具体来讲

the only children独生子女epitomizes缩影

：the delicate flower is naturally associated with young people, to be specific, the only children in our current society; the greenhouse epitomizes parents’doting care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children from the storms, or the harsh reality. Once the young people begin to seek independence(寻求独立) and accept challenges from the real world, they are found too spoiled (宠坏、惯坏)to be strong enough in the face of difficulties.

第三段——建议措施

第一句话：整篇文章的结论句accordingly, it is vital(重要的) for us to derive（获得衍生导出）positive（negative消极的）implication from these thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand, we can frequently use them to enlighten(启发、启蒙、教导Enlightenment启蒙运动) the youth to be more independent in life. On the other hand, parents should be sensible enough(充满理智)to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems. only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate(培养)strong personality and ability, and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world.

梦想是一步步实现的2006年真题高分作文

trace追求

while然而copy模仿hairdresser 理发师

idol偶像feel satisfied with tracers barely仅仅

keep step with 与……同步entirely完全地coincidence：巧合this kind of social phenomenon is not entirely a coincidence. There are reasons accounting for （解释、占多大比例）

dull and desperate一种平行排比的修辞手段

Frankly speaking, this social phenomenon is very dangerous to the whole society. Some young men spend most of their time decorating(装饰打扮). As a result, they don’t have enough time to study or work, then they are always left behind. Moreover, it is harmful to the establishment建立、建设of a harmonious society和谐社会

第四段（归纳结论）

to draw a conlusion（得出结论）we don’t deny that people should have their idols to admire, but in a sensible way.理性的方式

a proper outlook of the world世界观

第五次课——英语全攻略

1、培养兴趣

听说方面：英文歌曲、原版电影读写方面

2、掌握方法

听力——听写

口语——跟读、模仿

阅读——背诵

写作——中译英

一图写作：

fact, renson, belief. view, opinion,news,conclusion,idea后都加that引导的同位语从句

it goes without saying that

因果关系because=in that>since,as>for

考研写作于政治一般无关costume少数名族服装，古装，演出服

are characteristic of 具有……特征，（首段可以用）

minority nationality少数民族opening-up 改革开放

越来越多的expanding mounting increasing（ly）副词修饰形容词become international走向国际化make a fuss：大惊小怪international cultural exchanges have become more and more frequent

inevitably不可避免地

认为assume

exert施加力量，运用，影响every effort to

promote economy发展经济general public公众

be confronted with面临encounter遭遇

nowadays, “national culture or international culture” has become a matter of great concern for the general public in our society, especially for those who are confronted with this problem.

正面论证：obviously

indicate显示

be beneficial有好处的beneficiary

be exposed to 接触

acquire

live peacefully precious heritage遗产

belong to属于

the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind.

中英思维差异

中式思维：情感分段、读者领会、迂回模式

英式思维：逻辑分段、作者交代、直来直去（总分总）

2004

关于旅行的词汇：travel指各种旅行trip特指某一旅行，短途旅行tour特指观光旅游journey路上的长途跋涉；voyage海上旅行

同义词的联系

mansion大厦

he has successfully settled the puzzle of “stopping or going on”which might have confused many others.

Confucian儒家的，Confucianism 儒家Buddhism佛家文化、Taoism 道家文化；Christianity 基督教

With the increasing pace of modern life, perhaps no change has characterized the past decade more dramatically than that of people’s view on their own life. It is generally agreed upon that people have to adjust themselves to this new change,

Adjust oneself to 使某人适用

Set new goals

Daily life日常生活

Obsessed with沉迷lose the chance失去机会

佳句：if one is obsessed with the

success he has achieved, he would lose the chance to pursue new success. what is more, he may become the slave of his success,

to sum up 合的关联词

carry out 开展；campaign战役。竞选publicizing 号召、宣传、have a burning desire 渴望

in my opinion, it is necessary to carry out a nation-wide campaign publicizing people who have a burning desire for more and ever greater achievement when they are already well-known.

一图写作

通过学习对真题范围的学习，进行积累，精彩词汇、词组

finishing line终点

主要的，关键的key

striking鲜明的

convey=illustrate:表达

apparent明显be satisfied with满足

the market economy and competitive society drives many people studying hard for higher academic degrees,

academic degrees学历academic qualification 学历

seek the opportunities寻求机会spare no effort不遗余力

we should spare no efforts improving ourselves, master high technology and professional skills theory理论theoretical knowledge 理论知识practical skills实践技能make full use of 充分利用

devote ourselves to society he was denied higher education for historical reasons没有获得高学历be content with 满足

the finishing point is just a new starting point

句子的写作

钻石句型，主要针对大作文

1现状说明（发表议论）

a when asked about…,most people believe that…,but other people consider it differently

b. when it comes to…,people’s opinion differ. Some hold the opinion that…,while others claim that…

c. there is no consensus of opinions among people as to the role of …some people claim that…,while others believe that…

关联词可以放在主语和谓语之间作为插入语

d. there is a general discussion today about the issue of …those who criticize argue that…They believe that…but people who advocate…on the other hand ,argue that

e. most are of opinion that…but I personally believe that…

f.now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that…

g. now, it is generally acknowledged that…,but I doubt whether….

2图表描述

a in 1990，it increased（rise. jump. skyrocket. shoot up）/decreased (decline. fall. Reduce.Drop. Dive. 急剧下降sink缓慢下降)from….to…

b．by comparison with 1998, it increased/decreased by…

c. the figure has nearly doubled, compared with that不能省略of last

year

d it has increased/decreased almost thre

e times, compared with…

e. the number is twice as much as that of 1990

f. it accounts for…percent of the total.

g. the number was….,less/more than a half/third/quarter of the 1990 total

1.原因列举

a the phenomenon/change in

results/arises from the fact

that…

b. one may regard the

phenomenon as a sign

of/reponse to…

c. there are many

causes/reasons for the dramatic

growth/decrease.

Firstly,…secondly…finally,…

d. a number of factors can

account for the change in…

e.

f. why are/do /did…？for one

thing,…for another,…perhaps

the primary reason is…

g….is also responsible for the

rise/decrease in…

2观点陈述

a.the advantages of A out

weigh any benefit we gain

from B

b.Good as A is, it has its own

disadvantages. For one ting,

it….; for another, it…

c.Although A has

enormous/substantial/consi

derable advantage over B,

it cannot compete with B

in…

d.A’s advantage sounds

ridiculous/means nothing

when B’s advantage are

considered.

3,利弊说明

a．Although a lot of people believe that…, I doubt/wonder whether the argument bears much analysis/close examination

b. as opposed to widely held ideas, I argue that…c．Although the popular belief/idea is that…,a current study /survey indicates that…d. they may be right about., but they seem to neglect/fail to mention the fact that…

e. although it widely accepted that…,it is unlikely to be true that….

f. it is true that…,but this is not to say that….

g. there is absolutely no reason for us to accept/resist that…

f. it is true that…,but this is not to say that…

g, there is absolutely no reason for us to accept/resist that…h. what these people fail to understand/consider/mention is that…

i. you may say that…it probably will. But….

j. it is one thing to believe that…, but it is quite another to say that…

第三段

1、归纳结论

a、from what has been

discussed above，we

may safely draw the

conclusion that…

b、all the evidence supports

an unshakable

conclusion that…

c、It is high time that we

place great emphasis

on…

d、It is high time that we

put an end to the

undesirable phenomenon

of…

e、There is no denying that

further attention must be

paid to the problem of…

2、建议措施

a、It is necessary that

effective actions

should be taken to

prevent the situation.

b、Hence, it is

imperative for us to

take drastic

measures/steps.

c、We should appeal to

the authorities to

make strict laws to

control this problem.

d、We should

enhance/cultivate the

awareness of people

that this issue is vital

for us

e、Only in this way can

we solve the problem.

f、I believe we humans

can overcome this

difficulty and we will

have a brighter future

图表作文

a great deal of

图表表态一定要明确

call on号召人们

every year there are two hundred billion dollars “burnt” in the cigarette “fire”

Every year there are three million people “buried” in the cigarette “tomb”

Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several possible reasons for this.

With the development of the industry, the natural balance and the ecological environment are destroyed. The deforestation has become more and more serious. cSo some of the wildlives become homeless and extinct.

Take practical actions

图表作文

1、黄金句型

a、according to chart/graph

as can be seen from the table

as shown in diagram

it is clear/apparent form figure/statistics

b、the chart reveals that…

graph shows

table suggests

diagram

c、from the (statistics /information) given

in the (table/ graph/ chart), we can (estimate/ see/conclude) that….

d、The (number/figure/ percentage) of

(nearly/almost/more than ) (doubled/tripled), (as compared with/as against)( those/ that不可以省略)of last year

e、The

(figure/number/percentage )(increased/dro

pped/decreased)( more than/almost/about)(six times/twice/two and a half times), compare d with…

f、The (percentage/number) is (twice/4

times/half) as much as (that those) of 1990.

g、The (rate/number) was x percent,

(less/more) than (half/ a third/quarter) of

the 1998 total.

h、By comparison with 1990,it (shot up/

jumped/increased/rose/decreased/dropped

/fell) (by x percent/from x to y percent/ to

x percent)

i、It has 现在完成时,表示迄今为止

（reached/approached/risen to）

(something of plateau/x percent/ an

average of x percent) (in the past few

years/ in 1998)

j、It accounts for 15 percent of the total.

k、by 1998,(less than/more than/almost/about/over/as many as/nearly)

(one half/third of ,three-quarters of, x

percent of/ one out of five/ one in four)

(housewives/graduates/young couples/the

number of students)

l、A has (almost/nearly; about/over) (a quarter; half/twice; one third) (as many

students as/as much money as)B

m、A has(about/approximately;

exactly/precisely) the same

(number/proportion/amount) of

(students/money) as….

n、必须掌握(during the period 1970-1999/form 1910 to1074/since

1980/since the early 1980s)….there

(was/has been) (sudden/sharp/dramatic/a

marked/steady/slight/gradual/fall)

(jump/rise/increase/fluctuation/decrease/d

ecline/reduction/drop) in (the number of

people who/personal income/college

population)

o、the number of…(increased/jumped/rose/decreased/dec

lined/dropped/fell./fluctuated)

(suddenly/rapidly/slowly;

dramatically/significantly/slightly/gradual

ly/sharply) (from 1988 to 1990/during the

five-year period)

p、there (was/has been) (x accidents/suicides;

a x percent increase/decrease) (in since)

March, (an increase of 3 percent in a

three-month period/ up from x percent for the same period last year)

q、that is the (second-highest; third-lowest) rate in history.

r、The (number/percentage) remained (steady/stable/unchanged) (during the decade/between 1990 and 1995/from 1990 to1995)

s、The (percentage/figure) reached (a peak/a high point/ a low point/the bottom) (in March/ at 20%)

t、The figure (reached/picked) 90 percent, the highest level ever recorded since 1960 7个必须掌握：1 3 4 14 15 18 19

2001年大纲样题

第一段：观点陈述以下这篇可以全文背诵The majority of people would agree that cigarette smoking has serious problems. Yet the tobacco corporations insist that they contribute greatly to the world economy by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers

第二段：数据论证总-分-总

personally, I assume that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good.图表作文首先明确表态To begin with, smoking is responsible for 对什么负责，是造成。。。。的原因many fatal diseases such as lung cancer, heart attacks, to name only a few. According to the recent survey, tobacco consumers烟民account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three million people die from smoking-related illnesses every year. The fact tha t the output of tobacco production is reduced from 14.364 billion pounds in 1994 to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995also indicates that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. In addition, tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures, 200 billion US dollars is due to smoking every year. Obviously, the total loss of money around the globe substantially exceeds the

gain in industry.

Due to. Owing to由于

Substantially （极大）Exceed

第三段：归纳结论

in conclusion(末段首句)，as the ecomomic development aims at making our life better, we cannot sacrifice our health for short-term financial benefits. If we have to spend more and more money providing medical services for those who suffer from smoking-related illnesses. the notion of promoting economy via tobacco production is not justifiable.正确的it is high time that (要使用一般过去式)we fought for the total tobacco ban,全面戒烟

aims at目的是；sacrifice牺牲

column chart

pie chat: take up, make up

two sections,

this pie chart consists of two parts

表格图的写法：首尾呼应

1、3段应该背下来

what is shown in the table above indicates that dramatic changes have taken place in the daily expenses in Xi’an from 1995 to 1999. The expenses on food have declined by 30% while those on clothing and recreation have increased respectively by 9% and 7%. The statistics of rise and fall seem to exist in isolation but closely related to each other.

There are two factors accounting for these changed. Development in economy is an essential one in five years. The increased income resulting from economic growth plays a vital role in the less expense on food. Hence, a small percentage of total income is enough to cover food expenses. Another one is the changes in life style. When food presents no worry to the average,people begin to focus more of their interest on handsome appearance and happy leisure time. As a result of such a shift, spending on clothing and recreation increase s主谓一致

year by year

第三段预测趋势

From the analyses made above, we may come to the conclusion that people’s living standards in Xi’an have been constantly improved between 1995 and1999. with the further growth in economy and more changes in life style, the tendency indicated in the table will continue in the better direction.

课后复习

1、通读教材、消化笔记：1-2月

2、十篇精读，背诵默写中译英：12月前经

典范文

3、总结框架、考前模考：1月

平时紧张起来，考试时就轻松了