土木专业英语摘要翻译

《专业英语摘要翻译》

课程作业

专业：

年级：

姓名：

学号：

**大学土木工程学院

2015 年 6 月

Preparation of C200 green reactive powder concrete and its static-dynamic behaviors C200绿色活性粉末混凝土的制备和它的静力、动力性能的研究

Abstract

In this paper, a new type of green reactive powder concrete (GRPC) with compressive strength of 200 MPa(C200 GRPC) is prepared by utilizing composite mineral admixtures, natural fine aggregates, short and fine steel fibers. The quasi-static mechanical properties (mechanical strength, fracture energy and fiber–matrix interfacial bonding strength) of GRPC specimens, cured in three different types of regimes(standard curing, steam curing and autoclave curing), are investigated. The experimental results show that the mechanical properties of the C200 GRPC made with the cementitious materials consisting of 40% of Portland cement, 25% of ultra fine slag, 25% of ultra fine fly ash and 10% of silica fume, 4% volume fraction of steel fiber are higher than the others. The corresponding compressive strength, flexural strength, fracture energy and fiber–matrix interfacial bonding strength are more than 200 MPa,60 MPa, 30,000 J/m2and 14 MPa, respectively. The dynamic tensile behavior of the C200 GRPC is also investigated through the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) according to the spalling phenomena.The dynamic testing results demonstrate that strain rate has an important effect on the dynamic tensile behavior of C200 GRPC. With an increase of strain rate, the peak stress rapidly increases in the dynamic tensile stress–time curves. The C200 GRPC exhibits an obvious strain rate stiffening effect in the case of high strain rate. Finally, the mechanism of excellent static and dynamic properties gains of C200 GRPC is also discussed.

摘要：

本文，使用合成矿物外加剂、天然细骨料、短细钢纤维制备了一种抗压强度200MPa的绿色活性粉末混凝土（GRPC）。研究了GRPC样本在三种不同养护制度下（标准养护、蒸汽养护、蒸压养护）的拟静力性能（力学强度、断裂能力和纤维矩阵界面粘合强度）。实验结果表明由胶结材料（包括40%波特兰水泥、25%超细炉渣、25%超细飞灰和10%硅粉、4%容积率的钢纤维）制成的C200 GRPC的力学性能比其它的高。相应的抗压强度超过200MPa，抗弯强度超过60MPa，断裂能力超过30000J/m2，纤维矩阵界面粘合强度超过14MPa。根据剥落现象,通过分离式霍普金森压杆研究了C200 GRPC的动力抗拉性能。动力测试结果表明应变率对C200 GRPC相应的动力抗拉性能有重要影响。在动力抗拉应力-时间曲线上，随应变率提高，峰值应力很快提高。在高应变率情况下，C200 GRPC展示了明显的应变率硬化效果。最后，本文也讨论了C200 GRPC良好的静力和动力性能增加机理。

Influence of aggregate and curing regime on the mechanical properties of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)

骨料和养护制度对超高性能纤维加固混凝土力学性能影响的研究

Abstract

A new generation of concrete, ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) has been developed for its outstanding mechanical performance and shows a very promising future in construction applications. In this paper, several possibilities are examined for reducing the price of producing UHPFRCand for bringing UHPFRC away from solely precast applications and onto the construction site as an in situ material. Recycled glass cullet and two types of local natural sand were examined as replacement materials for the more expensive silica sand normally used to

produce UHPFRC. In addition, curing of UHPFRC cubes and prisms at 20 o C and 90 o C has been investigated to determine differences in both mechanical and ductility.The results showed that using more angular sand particles reduces the flowability of fresh UHPFRC. The local natural sand can produce a similar mechanical and ductility of UHPFRC to the silica sand. However,the use of Recycled Glass Cullet (RGC) gives approximately 15% lower performance, i.e. flexural strength,compressive strength and fracture energy. Specimens cured at 20 o C give approximately 20% lower compressive strength, 10% lower flexural strength and 15% lower fracture energy than specimens cured at 90 o C from 1 to 7 days.

摘要：

作为一种新的混凝土，超高性能纤维加固混凝土（UHPFRC）由于突出的力学性能而被发展，在施工应用方面有很大的潜力。本文验证了降低UHPFRC的成本，把UHPFRC从单独预制应用转移到施工场地作为原产地材料的可能性。再生玻璃和两种天然砂代替了更昂贵、通常用来生产UHPFRC的石英砂。此外，研究了UHPFRC立方体和棱柱体在20摄氏度和90摄氏度的养护来确定力学和延性差异。

研究表明使用更多砾砂减少了UHPFRC的流动性。比起石英砂，天然砂可以使UHPFRC产生相似的力学和延性。然而，再生玻璃的使用大约降低了15%的性能，包括抗弯强度、抗压强度和断裂能力。1到7天强度，比起90摄氏度养护下的样本，20摄氏度养护下的样本大约降低20%抗压强度，10%抗弯强度和15%的断裂能力。

Effects of w/c ratio and curing conditions on strength development in

BRECEM concretes

水灰比和养护制度对BRECEM混凝土强度发展的影响的研究

Abstract

The early strength development of ‘BRECEM’ concretes, made from 50:50 mix tures of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs), using 100-mm cubes at w/c ratios of 0.35 and 0.45, has been studied. BRECEM concretes showed good strength development at both w/c ratios whether water cured or air cured. In contrast, longer-term studies with 1-m cubes cured under near-adiabatic conditions have indicated that mass BRECEM concretes of similar binder composition may gain compressive strength relatively slowly. This is primarily due to the heat of hydration of the CAC component, which can lead to temperatures of up to 60 o C, resulting in rapid hydration and conversion of the calcium aluminate component. However, the performance of 40 CAC/60 ggbs concrete under these near-adiabatic conditions has proved to be satisfactory over a period of 5 years, with similar strength development to that of equivalent 100-mm cubes stored under ambient conditions.

摘要：

本文研究了BRECEM混凝土100mm立方体试块的早期强度发展，混凝土用50比50的铝酸钙水泥和高炉矿渣在水灰比为0.35和0.45条件下混合。研究表明两种水灰比的混凝土在水养护和空气养护条件下都能获得比较好的强度发展。另外（同时），长期对近绝热条件下养护的1m立方体试块的研究表明相似粘合物组成的大体积BRECEM混凝土可能比较慢的获得抗压强度。原因主要是铝酸钙水泥组成物的水化作用释放的热量导致温度上升到高达60摄氏度，引起更快的水合作用和铝酸钙成分的转化。然而，5年中，40比60的铝酸钙水泥和高炉矿渣组成的水泥在近绝热条件下的性能令人满意，与外围环境下（水养护、空气养护）

等价的100mm立方体试块有相似的强度发展。

翻译期末作业

浅谈中国菜名的翻译我国悠久的历史和广袤的国土孕育了中国独特的烹饪艺术和丰富的饮食文化。我们国家也以几千年的饮食文化文明于世。随着我国经济飞速发展，与国外交流日益增多，餐饮业也面临着走向世界的机遇和挑战。中国菜名是汉语语汇中承载中国文化最多的语汇之一, 不仅承载着几千年来的中国饮食文化, 还承载着大量的非饮食文化, 如神话、民俗、历史、文学、宗教信仰等等, 在菜名所传达的表层语义背后有着更为深厚复杂的多元文化元素。同时由于饮食与文化的密切联系，这些都大大增大了翻译的难度。 1.首先我们来看一下一些我们常见的错误翻译长期以来，菜名的翻译没有统一的标准，加上译者水平有限和地域差异，并不了解菜式的内涵，致使很多菜名的翻译让人感到不知所云。比如口水鸡slobbering chicken、童子鸡chicken without sexual life、夫妻肺片the couple’s lung 等，这翻译让外国人看了都吓跑了，哪里还有食欲吃饭呢？再如东坡肉poet Dongpo’s braised pork，东坡肉是用蒸的方法做出来的，所以这里应该为Poet Dongpo’s steamed pork 而不是用braised；“鱼香肉丝”较常见的有两种译法，另外也有人译为shredded pork with garlic sauce，前者译法为直译，后者加了简单的解释，虽然看似简单易懂，很直观，但是译者没有弄清楚此菜的配料，川菜口味浓重，很多菜肴的配料都是少不了“川菜之魂”郫县豆瓣酱，鱼香肉丝正是用到此配料，是不用所谓的大蒜酱，所以后者翻译存在误的地方；水煮鱼，也是川菜中的代表作，又麻又辣，有译者翻译为tender stewed fish，这个译法不够全面，应该在后面加上in chili sauce；夫妻肺片译为pork lungs in chili sauce，这个译法的译者应该不明白此菜的来历和主料，夫妻肺片根本不是用猪肺做成的，而且和肺一点都不沾边，此菜的主料都是用牛内脏，所以这个译发讲不通。对于以上的翻译错误我们不能只是一笑而过，我们应该感受到菜名翻译的难度，从而思考怎样才能更好的翻译来达到最佳的效果。

土木专业英语翻译作业

桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院土木工程专业英语外文翻译，中文翻译姓名：马凤志专业：土木应用班级：10级9班学号：3100510939

原文

中文翻译 The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes 压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响 Lin-Hai Han School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China 韩林海，哈尔滨建筑大学，土木与建筑工程学院，海河路202号，邮政信箱，689，哈尔滨，150090 中国 ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported. 摘要：测试二十一钢管混凝土试验，研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。 Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. 对两个参数进行研究，包括长细比和荷载偏心。 It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

专业英语大作业

专业英语大作业一：英译汉翻译范围TCP/IP Illustrated, V olume 1: The Protocols 5.1~5.5 15.1~15.2 第5章RARP：逆地址解析协议 5.1简介 5.2 RARP报文格式 5.3 RARP示例 5.4 RARP服务的设计 5.5小结练习 5.1简介一个拥有本地磁盘的系统通常是从磁盘文件读取配置文件中获取其IP地址。但一个没有磁盘的系统，如X终端或无盘工作站，需要一些其它方式去获得其IP地址。每个系统在网络上都有一个唯一的硬件地址，由网络接口的制造商分配。 RARP的原则是无盘系统从接口卡上读取其独特的硬件地址，并发送RARP请求（网络上的广播帧）要求别人对无盘系统的IP地址（使用RARP回应）进行应答。虽然这个概念很简单，执行往往比ARP更难，在本章后面会描述其原因。 RARP的正式规范是RFC 903。 5.2 RARP报文格式 RARP报文的格式几乎与ARP报文是相同的（图4.3）。唯一的区别是，RARP 的请求或应答帧类型为0×8035，并且在操作层RARP请求值为3、RARP应答值为4。图4-3 ARP在网络上请求与应答报文的格式与ARP一样，RARP服务器请求是广播和RARP应答通常是单播。 5.3 RARP示例在我们的网络，我们可以强制sun主机从网络引导，而不是它的本地磁盘。如果我们在主机bsdi上运行RARP服务器和tcpdump，我们得到如图5.1所示的输出。我们使用-e参数去标记tcpdump的打印硬件地址：

图5.1 RARP请求和应答。该RARP请求是广播（1号线）的，第2行的RARP应答是单播的。第2行的输出，“at sun”,意味着RARP应答包含了主机sun（140.252.13.33）的IP地址。在第3行，我们看到，一旦sun接收其IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP读请求（RRQ）的文件8CFCOD21.SUN4C。（TFTP是简单文件传输协议，我们在第15章进行详细描述）。在文件名中的8个十六进制数字是sun主机的IP地址140.252.13.33的十六进制表示形式。这是在RARP应答中返回的IP地址。该文件名的其余部分，后缀SUN4C表示系统正在引导的类型。 Tcpdump表示第3行是一个长度为65的IP数据报，而不是一个UDP数据报（实际上它确实是），因为我们运行tcpdump命令使用-e参数，看硬件级别的地址。另一点，在图5.1要注意的是在第2行的以太网帧的长度似乎比最小较短（我们所说的是在4.5节60字节）。原因是我们的系统，该系统上运行的tcpdump 发送该以太网帧（BSDI）。该应用程序rarpd，写42字节到BSD分组过滤器装置（14字节的以太网报头和28字节的RARP应答），这是什么的tcpdump收到的副本。但以太网设备驱动程序垫这个短帧的最小尺寸为传输（60 ）。如果我们在另一个系统上已经运行的tcpdump ，长度会是60。我们可以看到在这个例子，当这种无盘系统接收在RARP应答它的IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP请求来读取一个引导映像。在这一点上，我们不会进入其他详细介绍无盘系统是如何引导自己。（第16章介绍了使用RARP ，BOOTP和TFTP无盘X终端的引导顺序。）图5.2表示出了如果有在网络上没有RARP服务器所得到的数据包。每个数据包的目的地址为以太网的广播地址。以太网地址跟随的是目标硬件地址，并按照发送端的硬件地址发送。

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂，形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础，制约武器被称为锚武器/因此，在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩，有四个悬臂式武器，这两者之间跨越的障碍，和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍，因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要，桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常，结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张，而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节，是静定，没有携带混合负载的成员，因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面，这些都是再加入了一根针，通常在迫使工会点外，当插孔删除，并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥，这种不支持的建设，才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力，通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁，是一个在一个弧形拱状，每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译

Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。 A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). 一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC. CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。 Lesson 2 Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). 超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。 It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously. 它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。 Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. 工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。

电子商务专业英语作业翻译

E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used. 电子商务（电子商务或电子商务）是购买和出售的商品和服务在互联网，特别是万维网上的。在实践中，这项和一个新的术语，电子商务，往往交替使用。网上零售，电子零售的术语有时用。 E-tailing or The Virtual Storefront and the Virtual Mall 网上或虚拟商店和虚拟商店 As a place for direct retail shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering, and multimedia prospects, the Web is rapidly becoming a multibillion dollar source of revenue for the world's businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. By early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of dollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Although many so-called dotcom retailers disappeared in the economic shakeout of 2000, Web retailing at sites such as https://www.360docs.net/doc/8712624016.html,, https://www.360docs.net/doc/8712624016.html,, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/8712624016.html, continues to grow. 作为一个直接的零售购物，其24小时供应，全球性的，互动的能力，并提供自定义信息和订购，和多媒体，网络正在迅速成为一个数十亿美元的收入来源，为全球的企业。一些企业已报告了相当大的成功。早在1997年年中，戴尔电脑报告的订单一百万美元一天。1999年初，预计的电子商务业务收入都在数十亿美元的股票和公司认为最善于电子商务暴涨。虽然许多所谓的互联网零售商消失在经济衰退2000，网上零售网站如https://www.360docs.net/doc/8712624016.html,，https://www.360docs.net/doc/8712624016.html,，和https://www.360docs.net/doc/8712624016.html,继续增长 Market Research 市场研究 In early 1999, it was widely recognized that because of the interactive nature of the Internet, companies could gather data about prospects and customers in unprecedented amounts -through site registration, questionnaires, and as part of taking orders. The issue of whether data was being collected with the knowledge and permission of market subjects had been raised. (Microsoft referred to its policy of data collection as "profiling" and a proposed standard has been developed that allows Internet users to decide who can have what personal information.) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语翻译

(1)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including Canada and the United States, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. (1)混凝土和钢筋混凝土在每个国家都被用作建筑材料。在许多国家，包括加拿大和美国，钢筋混凝土是一种主要的工程结构材料。 (2)The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction. (2) 钢筋混凝土建筑的广泛存在是由于钢筋和制造混凝土的材料，包括石子，沙，水泥等，可以通过多种途径方便的得到，同时兴建混凝土建筑时所需要的技术也相对简单。 (3)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, building of all sorts, underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. (3)混凝土和钢筋混凝土被应用于桥梁，各种形式的建筑，地下结构，蓄水池，电视塔，海上石油平台，以及工业建筑，大坝，甚至船舶等。 (4)Reinforce concrete structures consist of a series of individual members that interact to support the loads placed on the structure. The floor of concrete buildings is often built of concrete joist-slab construction. (4)钢筋混凝土结构由一系列单独构件组成，这些构件通过相互作用共同抵抗施加在结构上的荷载。混凝土建筑的楼层通常采用肋梁楼盖的形式。 (5)A series of parallel ribs or joists support the load from the top slab. The reactions supporting the joists apply load to the beams, which in turn are supported by the columns. (5)一系列的平行梁肋或次梁抵抗其上楼板传来的荷载，次梁的反力作为荷载施加在主粱上，主粱则支承在柱上。 (6)The slab transfers load laterally to the joists, and serves as the top flange of the joists, which act as T-shaped beams that transmit the load to the beams running at right angles to the joists. (6)楼板将荷载垂直传递给次梁，并且作为上翼缘和次梁一起形成T形截面梁，将荷载传递给与次梁正交的主粱。 (7)Some floors of have a slab-and-beam design in which the slab spans between beams, which in turn apply loads to the columns. (7)一些楼层被设计成梁板结构，即楼板直接支承在相邻的主粱上，主粱再将荷载传递到柱上。 (8)Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage or temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. (8)混凝土的抗压能力很强但抗拉能力很弱。因此，当荷载、受约束的收缩或温度变化所引起的拉应力超过其抗拉强度时，混凝土中的裂缝就会开展。 (9)The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a form or mould in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete. (9)钢筋混凝土构件的制作需要一个与构件形状相同的模子，其必须具有足够的强度以抵抗湿混凝土的重量和流动压力。 (10)The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting

专业英语翻译作业译文

专业英语翻译作业译文 1.科学家们认为，这样微弱的粒子正则轨道实际上是不存在的。的想法现在已被事实否定了。 2.虽然小行星很小很微弱，天文学家已经知道很多关于它们的大小，形状和组合物，通过使用各种直接和间接的技术。例如，它是已知的许多小行星的亮度的周期性变化。 3.随着疾病的进展，大肌肉也稳步增长疲软。如果不治疗，患者变得瘫痪有呼吸非常困难，并最终死亡。 4.将信息从计算机的一部分转移到另一个取决于电流进行了线。 5.只有两件事是天文观测----站立的地方和地方看需要。 6.太阳风严重扭曲地球磁场，把它拖了一个长长的尾巴。 7.使用计算机，我们组成了一系列的合成歌曲的混合自然音节为不同的模式。 8.苍头燕雀的显示，找出正确的声音模仿的本能，这表明本能学习鸟类作为他们发展他们的歌曲一样重要。 9.We know from the fossil record that our ancestors and other intelligent creatures,the australopithecines,branched off from an apelike creature 2.5 million to 3 million years ago ,and coexisted until the australopithecines died out a little less than a million years ago.Stone tools and other evidence at campsites that date form about 2,000,000 B.C.indicate that some form of australopithecine performed human activities ------ making tools,sharing food and working together. 我们知道从化石记录我们的祖先和其他智能生物，猿，分枝从远古的生物2500000到3000000年前，南方古猿和共存直到死了比一百万年前少了一点。石器和露营地，日期约2000000 b.c.表明某种形式的南方古猿表现人类活动------制作工具的其他证据，分享食物，一起工作。 10.properties of metals Metals are of great use to mankind because of their useful engineering properties. Strength is one of the important properties of metals .It enables them to resist external loads without incurring structural damages.Metals, possessing toughness, a property of absorbing considerable energy before fracture,bend rather than break. Another property of metals is elasticity.Because of their elasticity,metals subjected to an external load are distorted or stained, and return to their original dimensions when the load is released if the load is not too great. Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking. That is why some metals, such as copper and aluminum, can be drawn erom a large into a smaller diameter of wire.