中医英语课后答案1~21课 李照国

KevinLee.

第一课

一．术语翻译

1.traditional Chinese medicine; TCM

2.basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine

3.clinical experience

4.treatment based on syndrome differentiation

5.miscellaneous diseases

6.Chinese pharmacy

7.four properties and five tastes

8.acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox

9.classical Chinese philosophy

10.sweating therapy; diaphoresis

11.purgation

12.vomiting therapy; emetic therapy

13.the School of Reinforcing the Earth

14.etiology

15.prescription; formula

16.medical practice

17.therapeutic principles

18.herbs cold and cool in nature

19.nourishing yin and reducing fire

20.diseases caused by blood stagnation

二．句子翻译

1.TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s

experience in their struggle against diseases.

2.TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system.

3.TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress,

prevention and treatment of diseases.

4.Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of

theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.

5.Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Yellow Emperor’s

Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore.

6.Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant

monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China.

7.Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.

8.Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/8715043940.html,pendium of Materia Medica is recognized as a monumental work in the history of

Chinese materia medica and a great contribution to the development of pharmacology in the world.

10.Traditional Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs, but also minerals

and animal parts.

11.In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called four great medical schools.

12.Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic

factors and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out by means of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation.

13.Liu Wansu believed that “fire-heat” was the main cause of a variety of diseases and that

these diseases should should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature.

14.Li Gao held that “internal impairment of the spleen and stomach would bring about

diseases”and emphasized that the most important thing in clinical treatment was to warm and invigorate the spleen and stomach.

15.Zhu Danxi believed that “yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient” and

advocated the remedies of nourishing yin and reducing fire in treatment of diseases. 16.Study on Warm Disease is a clinical specialty focusing on the occurrence, progress,

diagnosis and treatment of warm diseases.

17.The School of Warm Disease has developed the rules of treatment of warm disease based

on syndrome differentiation in light of defensive phase, qi phase, nutritive phase, blood phase and triple energizer.

18.Wang Qingren in the late Qing Dynasty corrected mistakes about anatomy made in

ancient medical books and advocated the theory that diseases were caused by blood stagnation.

19.Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has paved a new way for the

development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.

20.Great progress has been made in systematic and experimental study of the basic theory

of traditional Chinese medicine.

第二课

一．术语翻译

1.five zang-organs; five zang-viscera

2.six fu-organs

3.system of meridians and collaterals

4.holism

https://www.360docs.net/doc/8715043940.html,anic wholenss

6.social attribute

7.(of the five zang-organs) open into

8.sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store

9.diagnostics

10.relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi

11.therapeutics

https://www.360docs.net/doc/8715043940.html,mon cold due to wind and cold

13.different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease

14.the same therapeutic method used to treat different diseases

15.balance of water metabolism

16.clearing away heart fire

17.nature of disease

18.treating the left side for curing diseases located on the right side

19.drawing yang from yin

20.treating the lower part for curing diseases located on the upper part

二．句子翻译

1.The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment based

on syndrome differentiation.

2.TCM believes that the human body is an organic whole.

3.The constituent parts of the human body are interdependent in physiology and mutually

influential in pathology.

4.The holism permeates through the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome

differentiation and treatment of diseases.

5.Changes in the natural world directly or indirectly influence the human body.

6.Qi and blood in the human body tend to flow to the exterior in spring and summer and

to the interior in autumn and winter.

7.The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related to the small

intestine.

8.TCM has noticed that the fact that social activity psychologically influences human

beings.

9.According to TCM, the body and spirit coexist, interacting with each other and

influencing each other.

10.Yang qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the daytime and to the

interior at night.

11.Regional differences, to some extent, influences the physiological activities of the human

body.

12.Syndrome is a generalization of pathological changes at a certain stage during the course

of a disease.

13.Treatment based on syndrome differentiation, one of the characteristics of TCM, is the

basic principle in TCM for understanding and treating diseases.

14.Syndrome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the state of

pathogenic factors and healthy qi.

15.Differentiation of syndrome and treatment of disease are two inseparable aspects in

diagnosing and treating diseases.

16.Clinically doctors pay great attention to the differentiation of diseases. But

therapeutically they care more about the differentiation of syndromes because diseases can be cured by treating syndromes.

17.Syndrome can comprehensively and accurately reveal the nature of a disease.

18.Different diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity in

pathogenesis.

19.If the syndrome of middle qi sinking appears in two different diseases, they all can be

treated by the therapeutic method for elevating middle qi.

20.The treatment of diseases in TCM does not only simply concentrate on the difference or

similarity of diseases, but on the difference or similarity of pathogenesis.

第三课

一．术语翻译

1.philosophical concept

2.mutual transformation

3.balance of yin and yang

4.transformation between yin and yang

5.extreme cold turning into heat

6.pathological changes

7.absolute predominance

8.general rule of pathogenesis

9.supplementing what it lacks of

10.eliminating wind and dispersing cold

11.mutually inhibiting and promoting

12.mutually inhibiting and restraining

13.interdependence

14.excess of yin leading to decline of yang

15.contrary and supplementary to each other

https://www.360docs.net/doc/8715043940.html,anic whole

17.impairment of yang involving yin

18.deficiency of both yin and yang

19.deficiency cold syndrome

20.suppressing yang and eliminating wind

三．句子翻译

1.Yin and yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy.

2.Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of

interrelated things or phenomena in nature.

3.The formation, development and changes of all things in the universe are the result of

the movement of yin and yang that oppose to each other and unite with each other.

4.The celestial qi pertains to yang because it is light and lucid, while the terrestrial qi

pertains to yin because it is heavy and turbid.

5.The course of mutual restraint and inhibition between yin and yang signifies their

progress in mutual reduction and promotion.

6.Yin cannot exist alone without yang and vice versa.

7.Separation of yin and yang results in exhaustion of essence.

8.Only through constant reduction, growth and balance can the normal development of

things be maintained.

9.Under given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart.

10.Sprout of things signifies transformation while extreme development of things indicates

change.

11.Yin and yang are indispensable the human body.

12.Functions pertain to yang while substances to yin.

13.If yin and yang fail to promote each other and are thus separated from each other, it will

lead to the end of life.

14.No matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing more

than relative predominance of yin or yang.

15.The so-called healthy qi refers to the structure and functions of the body, including body

resistance against diseases.

16.If any part of the body, either yin or yang, becomes deficient to a certain extent, it will

inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part.

17.Imbalance between yin and yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the occurrence

and progress of a disease.

18.The manifestations of complexion can tell whether a disease pertains to yin or yang in

nature.

19.The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess.

20.Only when appropriate herbs are chosen can excellent therapeutic effects be ensured.

第四课

一．术语翻译

1.the doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phases

2.free development

3.to be generated and to generate

4.restraint in generation

5.Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally.

6.Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping.

7.Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing.

8.over restriction and counter-restriction

9.Wood over restricts earth because it is deficient.

10.promotion, restriction, inhibition and transformation

11.disorder of a mother-organ involving its child-organ

12.insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney

13.blood deficiency in the heart and liver

14.exuberant fire in the heart

15.insufficiency of liver yin

16.declination of kidney yang

17.weakness of the spleen and stomach

18.soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach

19.insufficiency of kidney yin

20.balance between water and fire

二．句子翻译

1.Wood, fire, earth, metal and water are the five most essential materials indispensable to

human existence.

2.The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of

five elements.

3.Water is characterized by moistening and downward flow.

4.The liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation.

5.The spleen pertains to earth because it controls transportation and transformation.

6.The kidney pertains to water because it controls water metabolism.

7.Restriction implies that one thing brings under control or restraint of the other.

8.Since wood generates fire, wood is the generator of fire; since fire generates earth, fire is

the generator of earth.

9.Subjugation or over restriction means to launch a violent attack when a counterpart is

weak.

10.When wood is too strong, it will over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict metal.

11.Since the heart can warm the body, it pertains to fire.

12.The liver stores blood to complement the liver.

13.The kidney stores essence to nourish blood in the liver.

14.The idea that the disorder of a child-organ attacks the mother-organs means that the

disease is transmitted from a child-organ to its mother-organ.

15.The human body is an organic whole. So disorders of the internal organs can be

manifested over the surface of the body.

16.Restriction includes over restriction and counter-restriction, both of which are abnormal

restriction among the five elements.

17.The basic relationships among the five elements are generation, restriction, over

restriction and counter-restriction.

18.The one that generates is the mother-element while the one that is being generated is the

child-element.

19.Clinically the doctrine of five elements is used to decide therapeutic principles and

methods.

20.The doctrine of five elements obviously has certain limitations and is still in need of

further improvement.

第五课

一．术语翻译

1.藏象学说doctrine of visceral manifestations

2.五脏六腑five zang-organs and six fu-organs

3.奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs

4.水谷精微nutrients of water and food

5.传化水谷transmitting and transforming water and food

6.贮藏精气storing essence

7.表里关系internal and external relationship

8.治疗效应therapeutic effects

9.临床实践clinical practice

10.藏而不泻storage without discharge

11.泻而不藏discharge without storage

12.形体诸窍physical build and various orifices

13.开窍(of five zang-organs) open into

14.精神情志spirit and emotions

15.心藏神the heart storing spirit

16.肺藏魄the lung storing corporeal soul

17.肝藏魂the liver storing ethereal soul

18.脾藏意the spleen storing consciousness

19.肾藏志the kidney storing will

20.其华在面the luster manifesting upon the face

二．句子翻译

1.藏象学说是研究人体各个脏腑的生理功能、病理变化及相互关系的学说。The theory of

visceral manifestation studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of viscera and their relations.

2.藏象学说在中医学理论体系中占有极其重要的地位。The theory of visceral

manifestation plays an important role in the theoretical system of TCM.

3.五脏的共同生理特点是化生和贮藏精气。The common physiological function of the five

zang-organs is to transform and store essence.

4.六腑的共同生理特点是受盛和传化水谷。The common physiological function of the six

fu-organs is to receive, transport and transform water and food.

5.脏病多虚，腑病多实。Diseases of the zang-organs are often of deficiency in nature while

diseases of the fu-organs are frequently of excess in nature.

6.脏实者可泻其腑，腑虚者可补其脏。Excess of zang-organs can be treated by purging the

corresponding fu-organs while deficiency of fu-organs can be treated by reinforcing the related zang-organs.

7.皮肤受凉而感冒，会出现鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽等症状。Common cold due to invasion of cold

into the skin is often characterized by stuffy nose, running nose and cough.

8.肾的精气有促进骨骼生长的作用。Kidney essence is helpful for promoting the growth of

skeleton.

9.心与小肠相表里。The heart and the small intestine are internally and externally related

to each other.

10.五脏与形体诸窍联接成一个整体。The five zang-organs, the body and all the orifices

form an organic whole.

11.脾开窍于口，其华在唇四白。The spleen open into the mouth and its luster is manifested

over the lips.

12.五脏的生理活动与精神情志密切相关。The physiological functions of the five

zang-organs are closely associated with the state of spirit and mind.

13.五脏的生理活动统率全身整体的生理功能。The physiological functions of the five

zang-organs play a leading role in the physiological functions of the whole body.

14.五脏的生理功能之间的平衡协调是维持机体内在环境相对恒定的重要环节。The normal

relationship between the five zang-organs and the body and all the orifices is key to the relative stability of the internal environment of the body.

15.五脏与形体诸窍的联系维系着机体内外环境之间的相对平衡协调。The normal

relationship between the five zang-organs and the body and all the orifices maintains the relative balance between the internal environment and external environment of the body.

16.精神情志和思维意识活动的失常也会影响五脏的生理功能。Disorder of spirit, emotions

and mental activity affects the physiological functions of the five zang-organs.

17.藏象学说的形成虽有一定的古代解剖知识为基础。The formation of the doctrine of

visceral manifestation was, to a certain extent, based on the knowledge of anatomy in ancient times.

18.有诸内，必形诸外。The state of the internal organs must be manifested externally.

19.藏象学说对脏腑的认识大大超越了人体解剖学的脏腑范围。The knowledge about the

viscera in the doctrine of visceral manifestation has exceeded the scope of that in modern

anatomy.

20.藏象学说中的脏腑不单纯是一个解剖学的概念，而是概括了人体某一系统的生理和病理

学的概念。The viscera in the doctrine of visceral manifestations are not simply anatomic concepts, but the concepts that are used to generalize the physiological functions and pathological changes in the whole body.

?language points

1.所以《素问五脏别论》说：所谓五藏者，藏精气而不泄也，故满而不能实。六腑者，

传化物而不藏，故实而不满也。所以然者，水谷入口，则胃实而肠虚；食下，则肠实而胃虚。故曰，实而不满，满而不实也。So in the chapter of special discussion on five zang-organs in su wen, it was described that “the so called five zang organs refer to organs that only store essence but not excrete it; that is the reason why they can be full but not solid. The six fu-organs are in charge of transporting and transforming food, So they can be solid but not full. The reason is that the stomach becomes full and intestines remain empty when food is taken into the stomach through the mouth; the intestines become solid and the stomach gets empty when food is transported downward. That is what to be full but not be solid and to be solid but not to be full means.

2.精气为满，水谷为实。五脏但藏精气，故满而不实；六腑则不藏精气，但受水谷，故实

而不满也。Essence is characterized by fullness and food by solidness. Since the five zang-organs only store essence, they can just be full, but not solid; the function of six fu-organs is to receive food and but to store essence, they can only be solid but not full.

第六课

一．术语翻译

1.the heart governing blood and vessels

2.sufficiency of heart qi

3.rosy complexion

4.sufficiency of blood

5.unsmooth vessels

6.lusterless complexion

7.thin and weak pulse

8.the heart storing spirit

9.sweat and blood sharing the same origin

10.ascending, descending, going out and going in

11.dispersion, purification and descent

12.regulating water passage

13.the spleen governing transportation and transformation

14.nutrients of water and food

15.stoppage of water and fluid

16.acquired base of life

17.regulating qi activity

18.upward adverse flow of liver qi

19.innate essence

20.the kidney receiving qi

二．句子翻译

1.The main physiological function of the heart is to control blood vessels and govern the

mind.

2.The vessels are the passages in which blood flows.

3.Sufficient heart qi, abundant blood and smoothness of vessels are prerequisite to normal

circulation of blood.

4.Pathological changes of the heart can be observed from the tongue.

5.The respiratory function of the lung directly influences the production of thoracic qi.

6.Failure of the lung to disperse inevitably leads to dyspnea, chest oppression, cough and

panting.

7.Hypofunction of the lung in regulating water passage will lead to production of phlegm

and retained fluid due to stagnation of water.

8.The pathological changes of the lung are mainly manifested in the nose and throat.

9.Transportation and transformation of water and food means to digest food and absorb

nutrients from food.

10.Failure of the spleen to transport normally refers to hypofunction of the spleen in

transporting and transforming the nutrients of water and food.

11.The spleen is the acquired base of life and the source of qi and blood production.

12.All diseases are caused by weakness of the spleen and stomach.

13.The main physiological function of the liver is to control free flow of qi and store blood.

14.Stagnation of qi will affect blood circulation as well as distribution and metabolism of

body fluid.

15.Insufficiency of blood or failure of the liver to store blood will cause scanty menstruation

or even amenorrhea.

16.Sufficient blood stored in the liver and normal function of the liver to regulate blood

enable the limbs to get necessary energy for their movement.

17.The kidney governs growth, development and reproduction.

18.The essence stored in the kidney includes innate essence and acquired essence.

19.If the function of the kidney to receive qi is normal, breath will be smooth and even.

20.Though urine is discharged from the bladder, it depends on qi transforming activity of

the kidney to accomplish such a discharge.

第七课

一．术语翻译

1.extraordinary fu-organs

2.isolated fu-organ

3.digest water and food

4.anus

5.remaining part of liver qi

6.upper energizer

7.separating the lucid from the turbid

8.residue of foods

9.The large intestine governs thin body fluid

10.bile

11.The small intestine governs thick body fluid

12.primary digestion

13.essential qi

14.the seven important portals

15.The gallbladder is responsible for making judgment

16.discharge waste

17.occurrence of menstruation

18.epiglottis

19.morphological hollowness

20.transporting and transforming water and food

二．句子翻译

1.The gallbladder excretes bile to promote the small intestine to digest food

2.The main physiological function of the gallbladder is to store and excrete bile.

3.Bile is transformed from the essence in the liver.

4.The main physiological function of the stomach is to receive and digest water and food.

5.After primary digestion, the food in the stomach is transferred to the small intestine. The

nutrient of food is then transported and transformed to nourish the whole body by the spleen.

6.Food is further divided into nutrient and residue after further digestion in the small

intestine.

7.The small intestine also absorbs large quantity of liquid when it absorbing nutrients

from food.

8.The so-called “lucid”refers to the nutrients of water and food while the so-called

“turbid” refers to the residue of food.

9.If the function of the small intestine to separate the lucid from the turbid, the activity of

defecation and urination will be normal.

10.The main physiological function of the large intestine is to receive the waste part of

foodstuff transmitted down from the small intestine, absorb part of the liquid from the waste and transform the rest part into feces to be discharged from the anus.

11.The bladder stores and discharge urine through the function of qi transformation of the

kidney.

12.The stomach and the spleen are internally and externally related to each other.

13.The upper energizer functions as a sprayer.

14.The middle energizer functions as a fermentor.

15.The lower energizer functions as a drainer.

16.The extraordinary fu-organs are morphologically similar to the fu-organs and

functionally similar to the zang-organs.

17.The common function of the six fu-organs is to transport and transform water and food

and discharge waste.

18.The intelligence and memory of man are associated with the function of the brain.

19.The brain is the house of the primordial spirit.

20.The uterus is the organ where menstruation takes place and fetus is conceived.

第八课

一．术语翻译

1.innateness

2.nutrients; refined substance

3.blood circulation

4.water metabolism

5.way of qi movement

6.ascending, descending, exiting and entering movements of qi

7.normal function of qi activity

8.primary motive force of life

9.warming and nourishing the viscera

10.qi of the viscera and meridians

11.qi activity

12.qi transformation

13.innate qi

14.acquired qi

15.healthy qi

16.pathogenic factors

17.primordial qi

18.thoracic qi

19.nutritive qi

20.defensive qi

二．句子翻译

1.Qi is the most essential substance to constitute the body.

2.Qi in the body is derived from innate qi that is transformed from the kidney essence

inheriting from the parents, and acquired qi from both food nutrients that are transformed by the spleen and stomach and fresh air that is inhaled by the lung.

3.The innate essence depends the essential qi stored in the kidney to takes effect.

4.The nutrients from water and food are transformed and absorbed through the function

of the spleen and stomach in transportation and transformation.

5.Qi is a sort of refined substance with powerful activity.

6.Body temperature is maintained with the warming function of Qi.

7.In terms of its defensive function, qi mainly protects the whole body and prevents

exogenous pathogenic factors from invading the body.

8.Qi prevents blood and body fluid from losing.

9.Failure of qi to control blood may lead to various kinds of bleeding.

10.Qi transformation refers to changes caused by qi movement.

11.Qi flows all through the body to promote and stimulate various physiological functions

of the body.

12.The organs and tissues like viscera and meridians are all the places where qi ascends and

descends as well as exits from and enters into the body.

13.If qi stops ascending, descending, exiting and entering, it will lead to an end of life

activities.

14.The primordial qi is the most essential and important qi and is the primary motive force

of life.

15.Innate weakness or improper care after birth or prolonged illness will lead to deficiency

and decline of the primordial qi, and consequently causing various diseases.

16.The thoracic qi is accumulated in the chest and functions to invigorate the heart and

regulate heart rate and the rhythm of heartbeat.

17.The nutritive qi comes from the nutrients transformed from water and food by the

spleen and stomach.

18.The nutritive qi is distributed in the blood vessels and flows to the whole body as part of

the blood.

19.The defensive qi flows outside the blood vessels with strong force and high speed.

20.The nutritive qi pertains to yin because it maintains inside the body while the defensive

qi pertains to yang because it governs the surface of the body.

第九课

一．术语翻译

1.qi promoting the production of blood

2.qi promoting the flow of blood

3.qi commanding blood

4.blood carrying qi

5.blood generating qi

6.qi promoting the production of body fluid

7.qi promoting the flow of body fluid

8.qi commanding body fluid

9.body fluid carrying qi

10.body fluid generating qi

11.body fluid and blood sharing the same origin

12.exhaustion of qi due to loss of body fluid

13.exhaustion of qi due to hemorrhage

14.loss of qi due to profuse sweating

15.Normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of blood while stagnation of qi causes stagnation

of blood.

16.Qi commands the blood and the blood carries qi.

17.Normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of body fluid while stagnation of qi causes

stagnation of body fluid.

18.nourishing qi to stop collapse

19.Sweating therapy should be not be used to treat patients suffering from hemorrhage.

20.Sweating therapy should not be used to treat hemorrhage.

二．句子翻译

1.Qi, blood and body fluid are the basic substances for maintaining life activities.

2.Since qi pertains to yang because it is active in nature while the blood pertains to yin

because it is static in nature, the relationship between qi and the blood can be

understood according to the relationship between yin and yang.

3.The production of blood depends on the qi transforming activities of several viscera.

4.The idea that qi commands the blood means that qi governs the blood and keeps it to

flow inside the vessels.

5.The blood and body fluid depend on each other and transform into each other

physiologically and influence each other pathologically.

6.Both the blood and body fluid, pertaining yin in nature as compared with qi, are liquid

substances that nourish and moisten the body.

7.The spleen and stomach play an important role in the production of body fluid.

8.The blood is composed of fluid and nutritive qi. That is why fluid is an important part of

the blood.

9.The metabolism of body fluid is characterized by opening and losing activities under the

promotion and transformation of qi.

10.The body discharges fluid through urination and sweating.

11.The body fluid transforms into qi, the mechanism of which is the same as that of the

blood in generating qi.

12.Pathologically excessive consumption of body fluid and profuse fluid oozing from the

vessels will lead to emptiness of the vessels.

13.Sweating therapy cannot be used to treat patients with deficiency of blood and

insufficiency of body fluid because profuse sweating will further consume body fluid. 14.The blood and body fluid not only depend on each other and transform into each other,

but also share the same source of production. That is to say that they all come from the nutrients of water and food.

15.Metabolism of fluid depends on qi to promote and transform.

16.The state and flow of qi influence the movement of body fluid.

17.Clinically herbs for supplementing qi are often used together with other ones to treat

patients with blood deficiency.

18.The production, distribution and discharge of body fluid depend on the lung, spleen,

kidney and triple energizer to transform qi.

19.If qi fails to command body fluid because of deficiency, it will lead to abnormal

discharge of urine and sweating with the manifestations of incontinence of urine, enuresis and profuse sweating, etc.

20.Qi can promote the production and flow of the blood and command the blood. That is

why it is said that “qi is the commander of the blood”.

第十课

一．术语翻译

1.theory of meridians and collaterals

2.system of meridians and collaterals

3.transporting qi and blood to the whole

body

4.being connected with the viscera and

limbs

5.running routes

6.twelve regular meridians

7.the regions through or along which the

meridians run and the order by which the meridians are connected with each other

8.(of a collateral) pertaining to a certain

meridian

9.eight extraordinary vessels (meridians)

10.branches of the twelve regular

meridians

11.divergent collaterals

12.skin divisions of the twelve regular

meridians

13.tendons of the twelve regular meridians

14.qi of meridians

15.syndrome differentiation of meridians

and collaterals

16.meridian conduction

17.meridian manifestations

18.blockage of meridians

19.soothing meridians and activating

collaterals

20.collateral pricking and cupping therapy

二．句子翻译

1.Meridians are the pathways for qi to circulate in the whole body.

2.The meridians, which are the major trunks in the system of meridians and collaterals,

mainly run in the deep regions of the body. The collaterals, which are the branches of the meridians, run in the shallow regions of the body or just beneath the skin.

3.The twelve regular meridians start from and end at certain points, run through or along

certain regions, follow certain orders to connect with each other, distribute in the limbs with rules and are directly associated with the internal organs.

4.The eight extraordinary vessels include the governor vessel, conception vessel,

thoroughfare vessel, belt vessel, yin heel vessel, yang heel vessel, yin link vessel and yang link vessel.

5.The twelve branches of meridians, which stem from the twelve regular meridians, start

from the four limbs, run deep in the viscera and emerge from the shallow region of the neck.

6.The branches of the yang meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the

body and finally merge into the meridians proper. The branches of the yin meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the body and merge into the yang meridians that are internally and externally related to the yin meridians.

7.Collaterals can be divided into three categories, i.e. divergent collaterals, superficial

collaterals and minute collaterals.

8.The minute collaterals are the smallest collaterals. That is why they are literally called

grandson-collaterals.

9.According to the theory of meridians, tendons of meridians where qi of the meridians

stays, accumulates, dissipates and associates with other parts of the body in the musculature and joints.

10.Similarly pathological changes of the viscera can manifest over the surface of the body

through meridians.

11.The Plain Conversation says, “Liver disease is characterized by hypochondriac pain

involving the lower abdomen…and lung disease is characterized by panting, cough, adverse flow of qi and pain in the shoulders and back.”

12.Generally speaking, cough due to disorder of the lung meridian is accompanied by lung

distension, chest oppression and pain in the superclavicular fossa; cough due to disorder of the kidney meridian is often accompanied by throbbing sensation in the heart like being hungry and frequent fear.

13.The theory of meridians studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of

meridians and their relationships with the viscera.

14.The main physiological function of the twelve meridians is to strengthen relationship

between the two meridians that are internally and externally related to each other.

15.The skin of the whole body is the region over which the functional activities of the twelve

meridians are manifested.

16.Since the three yang meridians of hand and the three yang meridians of foot are

connected with each other over the head, the head is the place where all kinds of yang meets.

17.Therapeutically, the acupoints located in the meridians that are internally and externally

related to each other can be used alternately.

18.Qi and blood in the meridians circulate in cycles.

19.Under pathological condition, meridians become the pathways that transmit pathogenic

factors and manifest pathological changes.

20.Clinically the places where symptoms manifest and the regions through or along which

the meridians run and associate with the viscera are taken as the evidences for diagnosing diseases.

Lesson 11

ⅰ.

1.six exogenous pathogenic factors

2.improper diet and overstrain

https://www.360docs.net/doc/8715043940.html,mon cold due to wind-cold

4.diarrhea due to damp-heat/damp-heat

diarrhea

5.five endogenous pathogenic factors

6.pathogenic wind attacking the exterior

7.migratory arthralgia/joint pain

8.wind being the leading pathogenic

factor

9.attacked/invaded by pathogenic cold

10.decline of yang qi

11.cold tending to stagnate by nature 12.stagnation of interstitial space

13.spasm and contraction of muscles and

tendons

14.pathogenic dampness obstructing the

spleen

15.inactivation of spleen-yang

16.production of endogenous heat due to

yin deficiency

17.extreme heat producing wind

18.internal impairment due to yin

deficiency

19.improper diet

20.engorgement

ⅱ.

1. Etiology refers to the cause of diseases resulting from imbalance (between yin and yang) within the body.

2. The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for exogenous pathogenic wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire.

3. Exogenous pathogenic wind invades the body through the skin, hair and muscles, producing syndrome of exogenous wind.

4. The exogenous diseases caused by pathogenic wind are characterized by sudden onset and rapid transmission.

5. Pathogenic cold attacks the skin and muscles and leads to the stagnation of defensive-yang, which is called “cold damage”.

6. Endogenous cold is a pathological manifestation of insufficient yang qi failing to warm the body.

7. The attack of pathogenic summer-heat on the body usually leads to a series of yang

symptoms, such as high fever, dysphoria, flushed cheeks and full pulse.

8. Pathogenic summer-heat usually accompanies pathogenic dampness to invade the body.

9. Exogenous dampness is primarily caused by such external pathogenic factors as humid climate, moist location and drenching or wading.

10. Endogenous dampness is a morbid state due to dysfunction of the spleen and retention of water and fluid.

11. Attack of exogenous dryness on the body tends to consume body fluid and leads to deficiency of yin-fluid.

12. Pathogenic dryness tends to attack the body through the mouth and nose, so it is liable to damage lung fluid.

13. Pathogenic fire-heat tends to consume the body fluid and leads to deficiency of it.

14. Pestilence is a kind of highly contagious pathogenic factors, characterized by sudden onset, severe conditions, fulminating infection and widespread transmission.

15. The seven abnormal emotions often directly impair their related internal organs, leading to disorder of visceral qi, disharmony between qi and blood, and consequently bringing on diseases.

16. Improper diet mainly impairs the spleen and stomach, leading to dysfunction of them.

17. Overstrain will impair qi, and eventually lead to deficiency of qi, fatigue and weak constitution.

18. Phlegm and fluid are both pathological substances caused by retention of water and fluid.

19. The diseases caused by blood stasis vary according to the location and cause of the stasis.

20. Pain caused by blood stasis is usually marked by stabbing, fixed and unpalpable pain that worsens in the night.

Lesson 12

ⅰ.

1.occurrence, development, and

changes of disease

2.(body )constitutional state

3.dysfunction of qi and blood

4.various pathological changes

5.exuberance or decline of pathogenic

factors and healthy qi/ strength contrast between pathogenic factors and healthy qi

6.deficiency or excess changes of

disease /transformation between deficiency and excess during a disease

7.the human body’ resistance against

diseases

8.feverish sensation over the five

centers (palms, soles, and chest) 9.deficiency complicated with excess 10.turnover of disease/prognosis of

disease

11.relative predominance of yin or

yang

12.extreme changes of five emotions

13.depletion of essence causing

deficiency

14.mutual consumption of yin and

yang

15.true heat and false cold; false cold

and true heat

16.stagnation of qi activity

17.disorder of fluid metabolism

18.endogenous cold/ cold originating

from the interior

19.fluid consumption producing

dryness

20.stirring of endogenous

wind/disturbance of endogenous

ⅱ.

wind

1.The course of many diseases is a process of combat between pathogenic factors and

healthy qi as well as the ebb and flow of their strengths.

2.Predominance of pathogenic factors leads to excess while depletion of essence results

in deficiency.

3.Healthy qi triumphs over pathogenic factors, leading to improvement of or recovery

from an illness.

4.Yang deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient or hypofunctional yang qi

failing to warm the body.

5.Yin deficiency refers to the morbid state of depleted essence, blood and fluid leading

to relative hyperactivity of yang.

6.Loss of yin or yang refers to the critical state of sudden, profuse loss of yin-fluid or

yang-qi.

7.The disorders of qi include insufficient production of qi, excessive depletion of qi,

hypofunction of qi and abnormal movements of qi.

8.The topical stagnation of qi may lead to such symptoms as distension, pain, or even

blood stasis and retention of water, fluid, or phlegm

9.Qi adverseness refers to the morbid state of abnormal ascending and descending of

qi and adverse, upward flow of visceral qi.

10.Blood deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient blood failing to nourish the

body.

11.Blood stasis refers to the morbid state of slow and unsmooth flow of blood.

12.Blood heat refers to the morbid state of heat in the blood hastening the blood flow.

13.Blood stasis due to qi stagnation means that the unsmooth flow of qi leads to

disturbance of blood circulation.

14.Impairment of thin-fluid often develops to depletion of thick-fluid, and depletion of

thick-fluid is a result of insufficient thin-fluid.

15.Qi stagnation due to fluid retention refers to the morbid state of disturbance of fluid

metabolism and retention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid lead to stagnation of qi.

16.Stirring of endogenous wind refers to a morbid state due to hyperactivity of yang qi

within the body.

17.Endogenous dampness is mostly caused by deficiency of the spleen, so it is also called

“dampness due to spleen deficienc y”.

18.Endogenous dryness can be manifested in any organs or tissues, especially the lung,

stomach and large intestine.

19.The prolonged deficiency of yin-fluid of the lung often involves the kidney and

results in simultaneous deficiency of the lung-yin and kidney-yin.

20.The obstruction of the urinary bladder is called “uroschesis” and the incontinence of

urine is called “enuresis”.

Lesson 13

ⅰ.

1.spirit, complexion, and physical conditions

2.mental activities

3.sufficient essence and abundant qi

4.apathetic facial expressions

5.normal complexion and varied normal

complexion

6.convulsion of the limbs

7.stirring of wind due to damp-heat

8.interior sinking of pathogenic toxin

9.scaly skin/ squamous and dry skin

10.hunger without appetite

https://www.360docs.net/doc/8715043940.html,bined use of the four diagnostic

methods

12.facial expressions

13.favorable prognosis

14.dispiritedness

15.five colors indicating diseases /

diagnostic significance of five colors

16.facial distortion

17.flaming of deficient fire

18.retention of heat in the large intestine

19.uncoated tongue/ mirror-like tongue

20.pulse manifestations

ⅱ.

1.Inspection is a diagnostic method of observing general or local changes of spirit,

complexion and physical conditions.

2.The listening-smelling method refers to an approach to diagnosis by listening to the

voices of the patients and smelling the odors emitted from the patients.

3.Inquiry is a diagnostic method used to understand the occurrence, development, present

subjective symptoms and other things concerning the diseases by asking the patients or their companions.

4.Pulse-taking and palpitation refer to the diagnostic method of feeling the pulse and

palpating the stomach and abdomen, foot and hand as well as other regions of the patients.

5.Local pathological changes may involve the whole body and the viscera, which can be

manifested in various aspects.

6.The four diagnostic methods were developed gradually in the long-term medical

practice.

7.“With spirit” is a manifestation of sufficient essence, abundant qi, and full vitality.

8.“Without spirit” is a manifestation of impaired essence, deficient qi, and dispiritedness.

9.“False spirit” is a false manifestation of temporary vitality during the critical stage of a

disease.

10.Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions.

11.Bluish color indicates cold syndrome, pain syndrome, blood stasis and infantile

convulsion.

12.Inspection of physical conditions can provide information about the state of visceral qi

and blood, strength contrast between yin and yang or pathogenic factors and healthy qi, as well as prognosis and location of the diseases.

13.Vomiting is caused by adverse rising of stomach qi.

14.Bulgy tongue is usually caused by retention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid.

15.Mirror-like tongue is primarily caused by depletion of stomach yin and impairment of

stomach qi.

16.Yellow tongue coating is caused by fumigation of pathogenic heat and usually indicates

interior syndrome and heat syndrome.

17.Greasy tongue coating, usually caused by interior accumulation of damp-turbidity and

stagnation of yang qi, mainly indicates retention of phlegm-fluid, damp-turbidity, food,

damp-heat and obstinate phlegm, etc.

18.Pressing diagnosis includes pulse-taking and palpation.

19.The variation of pulse that reflects the state of a disease is known as morbid pulse.

20.Clinically, only combined use of the four diagnostic methods can enable one to perform

the correct diagnosis.

Lesson 14

1. 脉诊是中医的一种非常神奇而典型的诊法。Pulse-taking is a miraculous and typical Chinese diagnostic method.

2. 脉诊非常复杂，形成一个独特的诊法体系。Pulse-taking is so complicated that it has developed into a unique diagnostic system,.

3. 脉分为三个部分，即寸、关、尺。The pulse id divided into three parts known as cun, guan and chi,

4. 诊脉的最佳时间是清晨太阳升起的时候。The optimal time of pulse –taking is in the morning when the sun rises.

5. 诊脉时患者应该放松，呼吸平稳，情绪稳定。

During pulse –taking the patients should relax himself, breathe naturally, and keep in calm.

6. 诊脉时，大幅应该冷静，注意力集中，呼吸平稳。

When taking pulse, the doctor should keep in calm, breathe naturally, and focus on the whole process.

7. 一种或几种脉象就可揭示一种典型的疾病。One or several pulse manifestations would reveal a typical disease.

8. 浮脉属阳，往往表示外感六淫所指之疾。

The floating pulse pertains to yang and commonly indicates diseases caused by invasion of the six exogenous pathogenic factors.

9. 脉象浮儒，表明有中暑。A floating –soggy pulse indicates sunstroke.

10.脉象浮芤，表明有出血。A floating–hollow pulse indicates bleeding.

11. 沉脉属阴，表明有七情内伤。The sunken pulse pertains to yin and indicates internal damage due to the seven abnormal emotions.

12. 脉象沉滑，表明有消化不良。A sunken-slippery pulse indicates indigestion.

13. 中医主要依靠脉诊诊断疾病，并且认为分析脉象能够预测疾病。Traditional Chinese medicine relies on pulse taking to diagnose diseases, and it holds that the analysis of pulse manifestations can predict the occurrence of disease.

14. 支气管疾病的脉象浮小，说明容易治愈。

If the pulse manifestation in bronchus diseases is floating and small it will be easily cured. 15. 有出血时，脉象芤、小、缓，预后良好。

If hollow, small and slow pulse manifestation during bleeding, the prognosis will be favorable.

16.患者若有雀啄或屋漏脉象，说明病情危重。Sparrow-pecking pulse and roof-leaking pulse indicate unfavorable prognosis.

17. 鱼翔脉和虾游脉象征患者生命垂危。

Fish-swimming pulse and shrimp-darting pulse indicate that the patient is in critical condition.

18.脉象的季节性特点为春弦、夏洪、秋毛、冬石。The seasonal characteristics of pulse manifestation are wiry in spring, surging in summer, floating in autumn, and sunken in winter.

19. 胖人的脉象特点是沉急。The pulse characteristics of over-weighted people are sunken and hastening.

20. 婴儿脉象数，一息七至。The pulse manifestation of infant is characterized by rapidity and there are seven beats in one respiration.

Lesson 15

ⅰ.

1.辨证论治treatment with syndrome

differentiation/ treatment according to syndrome differentiation

2.表里同病disease involving both

exterior and interior/ simultaneous disorder of exterior and interior

3.寒热错杂simultaneous occurrence of

cold and heat/ mixture of cold and heat 4.里邪出表regression of interior

pathogenic factors to the exterior

5.真寒假热true cold and false heat

6.恶寒与恶热aversion to cold and

aversion to heat

7.口淡不渴tasteless sensation in the

mouth without thirst

8.寒邪郁而化热transformation of

stagnated pathogenic cold into heat

9.外感表虚exterior-deficiency syndrome

due to exogenous pathogens

10.五心烦热feverish sensation over five

centers

11.病位与病性location and nature of

disease

12.虚实夹杂mixture of deficiency and

excess/co-existence of deficiency and excess

13.外邪入里invasion of exterior

pathogenic factors into the interior 14.寒证化热cold syndrome transforming

into heat syndrome

15.真假寒热true heat and false cold

16.热证转寒heat syndrome transforming

into cold syndrome

17.舌淡苔白而润滑pale tongue with white,

moist and slippery fur

18.脉数无力rapid and weak pulse

19.潮热盗汗tidal fever and night sweating

20.神昏谵语coma with delirium