高考阅读理解专项

专题二十三阅读理解

考点知识清单

知识梳理

考点一考点阐释

1．理解主旨要义和理解文中具体信息，可总称为对语篇的理解。

(1)主旨要义，即通过阅读把握文章的结构脉络，提取、分析主要信息，归纳概括主旨大意。文章的主旨大意是指文章的中心思想，作者在文章中要表达的核心内容，也是作者自始至终要说明的问题，反映了作者的写作意图。因此，确定文章的中心思想是正确理解文章的关键。

文章的中心思想可以从段落的中心思想中归纳出来，而段落的中心思想则可以从主题句中得出。确定主题句是获取段落主旨大意的一个有效的办法。

一般说来，在有主题句的段落中，主题句位于段首的可能性最大。因此，在确定主题句的时候，考生应首先注意段落首句。有时，主题句位于段落的中间。主题句位于段末的情况也很常见，在这样的段落中，表述细节的句子在前，概括性的句子在后，并以此收段。因此，掌握文章主旨大意应该从分析篇章结构着手。

(2)文章的深层理解。即作者没有直接说出来，但通过字里行间可以体会到的意思。此类题目要求考生纵观全文，在掌握全文提供的各项信息的基础上，进行正确的逻辑推理，推断作者的意图，人物的动机、目的、性格特征，事件的前因后果，语言中的语气等。推理判断题的答案一般在文中不可能直接找到，但这并不意味着考生可以随意判断，必须充分利用文中所提供的信息进行合乎逻辑的推断。

2．在做阅读理解时，考生经常会遇到不认识的词语或在特定的语言环境中某一学过的单词含有另外的意思。每次遇到生词未必都要查词典，猜词是阅读理解中必备的能力。

3．考生在一定时间内读懂一篇文章不仅要有一定的词汇量，同时还要学会把握文章的结构脉络，理解段落层次之间的相互关系，弄清作者的写作方法。作者还可采用不同的写作方法来组织文章。如：举例法、比较法、分类法等。要准确深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，即句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的逻辑关系。这种题型的考查常反映在考查文章的中心思想、段落大意或指代关系的题目中。

考点二高考阅读理解的特征

1．阅读篇目题材形式特征

(1)科技小品：介绍科普知识、科研动态以及科技成果的开发、特点、用途等。该类文章理论性、逻辑性较强，叙述条理、层次分明。特点是科技词汇较多，句子长且结构复杂难懂；同时，由于文章所介绍的知识对部分考生而言可能是完全陌生的，这就使得科普文章成为令考生比较头疼的一类题材。

(2)说理小品：有理论，有事实。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维、缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。该类文章逻辑性较强，命题往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查考生的思维能力和判断能力。

(3)新闻报道：这类文章有非常鲜明的特点：

①主题突出文章的第一句话或第一段即是对整篇文章的高度概括。以下各句(各段)才是详细介绍(节选段落除外)。

②要点明显写作要点即五个“W”(w hen，where，who，what，how)的表述一目了然。但命题时往往不会几点俱全，而需要考生依据已提供的几个“W”，以及各“W”之间的联系去推出未知的“W”，同时也不排除对细节的理解。

(4)人物传记：以叙述某个人物的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、成长或奋斗历程等

为主。其特点是以时间的先后或事情的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。因此读这类文章时应该抓住时间线索来获取有关信息，即主人翁在某个时间做了什么，然后通过分析推理，综合归纳的方法进行解题。

(5)短篇故事：这类文章一般描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，有人物、时间、地点和事件。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的态度及意图、故事前因或结局的推测等方面着手，考查考生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。

(6)史地文化：涉及某个(或几个)国家、地区、河流、山脉、海洋、城镇等的地理位置以及与之相关的社会生活、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗等方面的情况，相当一部分文章还附有图表供理解或选择。考生必须弄清各个地名、人名之间的相互关系和各个国家或地区之间的位置关系，结合所学的史地知识，选择正确答案。

(7)幽默小品：这类文章是对社会生活、人的性格特点、行为举止的某些可笑的特征进行喜剧性描绘的特殊文体。由于中西方人思维方式的差异，加之考生生活经验或阅历等方面的欠缺，往往不能品味出其幽默所在。因此，解题时需要考生仔细揣摩事情发生的背景和作者的意图，特别要把握文章的最后几句，分析它们与上文的对应关系，找出文章的“幽默点”。

(8)图形表格：无文字表述或只有少量的文字表述，要求考生依据所提供的图表进行理解或描述。常见的图表有流程图、地图、演示图、直方图、平面图等。阅读时必须弄清图表中各部分的对应关系，同时针对题目要求进行有目的地识读。

2．阅读理解题的题型

(1)事实细节题此题型要求考生根据文章所提供的直接信息选择正确答案，考生一般可以点接从文章中找到明确的答案，此题型难度较小，属于浅层理解题。但是做题时需要十分仔细，能迅速从文中找到相对应的信息并作出选择。

(2)主旨大意题此题型要求考生在理解全文后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想，考生需要分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论，从而找出能概括义章主旨的题目和中心思想。

(3)推理判断题此题型要求考生根据全文所提供的事实及自己的一些常识为依据，进行合理的逻辑推测，判断作者的意图、人物的动机、目的，以及性格特征、事件发生的前因后果。

(4)猜测词义题此题型要求考生通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的语义。

事实上，不少的题目往往是跨类型的，做这样的划分只是为了便于说明问题而已。

考点三近年阅读理解题的命题特点

1．高考阅读理解难度适中，加大了对深层理解的考查

阅读理解的难度适中，虽偶尔会出现难度较大的文章，但其题目相对简单。但全国卷并不能代表整个高考英语的命题趋势，随着自主命题省份的增多，且在这些自主命题的省份中，其阅读理解的难度略高于全国卷，主要体现在：①文章的字数有所增加；②推理判断题的数量增多；③生词有所增加；④应用性文章比重加大。所以要引起广大考生的注意。

2．体裁多样化，内容时代化

首先，题材与体裁呈多样化，不再以记叙文为主，还涉及说明文、议论文等一些文章；其次，内容新颖，贴近时代、贴近生活、贴近学生，文章涉及最新的科学知识、哲理、新闻报道、历史文化等方面的内容。

3．所选材料的语言结构较为复杂，文中长难句增加

从最近这几年的阅读理解试题来看，在阅读材料中增加了各种各样的句型结构，主要表现在简单句、并列句、复合句等句型的综合应用方面。另外还有省略句、倒装句、插入语等，结果是“句中套句”，结构相当的复杂。

4．从试题的设计来看，对表层意义理解的考查有所减少，而深层含义的试题则有所增加，重视对思维能力的考查。

5．在上海、浙江及湖南的高考卷中分别出现了段落配对题和阅读填空题，这是随着高考改革以来出现的新型考查形式，对考生的能力有了更高一步的要求。

6．高考阅读理解的命题趋向

(1)命题上，试题将会在稳中求变，篇目稳定在五篇，词量稳定在2000～2500之间，随着自主命题省份的增加，试卷的难易程度也会适当地有所变化，但是每分钟70词左右的阅读速度是不会降低的。

(2)试题的选材将会更贴近考生的生活，如：现代世界经济、科技进步、环境保护、社会公德等方面的内容；在语言上更地道、更贴近真实的语言环境。

(3)阅读材料的来源以最新的杂志、网络上的文章为主。特别强调实用性，如新闻报道、广告等方面的内容。

(4)在试题的命题题型上会适当地增加推理判断题、主旨大意题等深层次的理解题。

考点四高考阅读理解的考查形式

1．猜测词义类试题

英语词语的意义非常丰富，语境不同，词义也不同。阅读理解题中经常设计此类题型，以考查考生对某个词或短语的含义的准确把握。常见的设问形式有：

(1)The author uses the word“…”to mean______________．

(2)The word“…”in paragraph…refers to_____________．

(3)According to the passage，“…”probably means_____________．

(4)The underlined word“…”means_____________．

(5)The underlined phrase“…”means_____________．

[例] For years we have been told that encouraging a child’s self-respect is important to his or her success in life．But child experts are now learning that too much praise can lead to the opposite effect．Praise-aholic kids who expect it at every turn may become teens who seek the same kind of approval from their friends when asked if they want to go in the backseat of the car．The implication(含义)of saying“You are the prettiest girl in class，”or talking about the goals she succeed but not her overall effort，is that you love her only when she looks the best，scores the highest，achieves the most．And this carries over to the classroom．

Social psychologist Carol Dweck，PhD，tested the effects of overpraise on 400 fifth graders while she was at Columbia University．She found that kids praised for“trying hard”did better on tests and were more likely to take on difficult assignments than those praised for being“smart”．“Praising attributes(品质)or abilities makes a false promise that success will come to you because you have that quality，and it devalues effort，so children are afraid to take on challenges，”says Dweck，now at Stanford University．“They figure they’d better quit while they’re ahead．”

The underlined words“Praise-aholic kids”refer to kids who are_________.

A．tired of being praised

B．worthy of being praised

C．very proud of being praised

D，extremely fond of being praised

[解析] 由第一段…seek the same kind of approval from…可知孩子们总是希望得到表扬。

[答案] D

2．把握主旨大意题

这方面阅读理解能力的测试也是该项题型的重点，同时也是难点之一，很多考生对概括文章主旨大意犹豫不定，不能做出正确选择。此类题的常见设问方式有：

(1)The passage mainly tells us_________．

(2)From the passage we know that_________．

(3)The best title of the passage should be_________．

(4)The main idea of paragraph…is_________．

(5)The main purpose of the passage is to_________.

(6)Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage?

［例］It is often necessary to release a fish，that is，set it free after catching，because it is too small，or you just don’t want to take it home to eat．In some eases，releasing fish is a good measure that will help keep fish variety and build their population size．The Department f Game and Inland Fisheries(DGIF) encourages fishermen who practice catch-and-release fishing to use a few simple skills when doing so．The advice provided below will help make sure that the fish you release will survive (存活) to bite again another day．

—When catching a fish．play it quickly and keep the fish in the water as much as possible．Don’t use a net in landing the fish and release it quickly to prevent it from dying．

—Hold the fish gently．Do not put your fingers in its eyes．Don’t wipe the scales(鱼鳞)off the fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival．—Remove your hook(鱼钩)quickly．If the hook is too deep or hooked in the stomach，cut the line and leave the hook in．The hook left inside will cause no serious problem to the fish．—Take good care of the fish by moving it gently in water．Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim．

—Do not hold fish in a bucket or some other containers and later decide to release it．If you are going to release a fish，do so right away．

With a little care and by following the suggestions given above，you can give the released fish a better chance of survival．

What is the purpose of the text?

A．To show how to enjoy fishing．

B．To persuade people to fish less often．

C．To encourage people to set fish free．

D．To give advice on how to release fish．

[解析] 由文章第一段最后一句及整篇文章的内容可知，本文的写作目的是告诉我们怎样成功地放生钓到的鱼。

[答案] D

3．细节测试题

此类题主要是测试考生对与主题思想有关的细节的获取能力。其考查方式主要有排序题、图形题、表格理解题和语意理解题。常见的设问方式有：

(1)According to the passage，the author mentions___________．

(2)Which of the following is(NOT)TRUE?

(3)Which of the following does the author discuss?

(4)Choose the right order of the events．

(5)What cause…?

(6)How many…?

(7)Where in the passage does the author describe…?

［例］Some people think that as more and more people have televisions in their homes，fewer and fewer people will buy books and newspapers．Why read an article in the newspaper，when the TV news can bring you the information in a few minutes and with pictures?Why read the life story of a famous man，when a short television program can tell you all that you want to know?

Television has not killed reading，however．Today，newspapers sell in very large numbers．And books of every kind are sold more than ever before．Books are still a cheap way to get information and enjoyment．Although some books with hard covers are expensive，many books are printed today as paperbacks(平装本)，which are quite cheap．A paperback collection of short stories，for example，is always cheaper than an evening at the cinema or the theater，and you can keep a book for ever and read it many times．

Books are a wonderful provider of knowledge and pleasure and some types of books should be in every home．Every home should have a good dictionary．A good encyclopedia(百科全书)，though expensive，is useful，too，because you can find information on any subiect．Besides，you can have such books as history books，science textbooks，cookbooks，and collections of stories and poems．Then from time to time you can take a book of poems off your shelves and read the thoughts and feelings of your favorite poets．

1．What does the sentence“Television has not killed reading，however”undedined in the second paragraph suggest?

A．People only need reading，though．

B．Reading is still necessary today．

C．Reading is more fun than television．

D．Watching television doesn’t help reading．

[解析] 句意理解题。由此句后面的一句话Today，newspapers sell in very large numbers．And books of every kind are sold more than ever before．可知此句的意思是“电视并没有扼杀掉阅读”。

[答案] B

2．What can we learn from the passage?

A．Fewer and fewer people will buy books．

B．A good dictionary should be kept in every home．

C．Books with hard covers sell better than paperbacks．

D．More people like TV programs about famous men．

[解析] 事实细节题。根据最后一段第二句Every home should have a good dictionary可知。

[答案] B

4．推理判断题

此类题目主要考查那些未曾在文中说明，但已特别暗示的内容。考查考生对文章深层含义的准确理解和判断。有根据表层含义推断出深层含义的，有根据已知数据推算出未知数据的，有根据情节的发展推断出结论或下一步行为的，有根据零散的事实概括出本质性东西的，有根据描述性语气推断出作者观点或意图的。常见的设问形式有：

(1)The aim of the passage is…

(2)The best solution for…seems to be…

(3)Which of the following may cause to…

(4)The author argues that…chief concerti shouht be…

(5)According to the passage…proved to be…

(6)Which of the following best characterizes the main fcattIre of…?

(7)This article is particularly written for___________．

(8)The writer is trying to tell us___________．

(9)When the wr iter says…，he rcally means___________．

(10)The writer’s attitude toward…is___________．

(11)The paragraph most probably would discuss___________．

［例］Last week my youngest son and I visited my father at his new home in Tucson，Arizona．He moved there a few years ago，and I was eager to see his new place and meet his friends．

My earliest memories of my father are a tall，handsome，successful man devoted to his work and his family，but uncomfortable with his children．As a child I loved him．He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight A’s and unhappy with my boyfriends if their fathers were not as“successful”as he was．Whenever I went out with him on weekends，I used to struggle to think up things to say，feeling on guard．

On the first day of my visit，we went out with one of my father’s friends for lunch at an outdoor cafe．We walked along that afternoon，did some shopping，ate on the street table，and laughed over my son’s funny facial expressions．Gone was my father’s critical(挑剔的)air and strict rules．Who was this person I knew as my father，who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around?What had held him back before?

The next day my dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me quite a few stories about his own childhood．Although our times together became easier over the years，I never felt closer to him at that moment．After so many years，I’m at last seeing another side of my father．And in so doing，I’m delighted with my new friend．My dad，in his new home in Arizona，is back to me from where he was．

1．What does the author think of her father after her visit to Tucson?

A．More critical．B．More talkative．

C．Gentle and friendly．D．Strict and hard-working．

[解析] 推理判断题。由第三段大意可知：原来critical和strict的父亲变得friendly和interesting，由此可推出作者现在对父亲的印象是温和的，友好的。

[答案] C

2．The underlined words“my new friend”in the last paragraph refer to____________．

A．the author’s son B．the author’s father

C．the friend of the author’s father D．the cafe owner

[解析] 推理判断题。由最后一段最后一句My dad，in his new home in Arizona，is back to me from where be was．以及全文对父亲的描述可知。

[答案] B

5．新题型

近年来，随着自主命题的省份增多和新课改在全国的推行，陆续出现了阅读表达题、信息匹配题、任务型阅读题、阅读填空题等新题型，旨在考查学生通过快速阅读获取信息和处理信息的能力。

[例] Most people agree that the direct，assertive(过分自信的)American personality is a virtue，but it sometimes surprises foreigners．In many cultures，respect for older people or those in posi tions of authority keeps others from expressing their true feelings．But in the U．S，children often argue with their parents，students may disagree with their teachers，and citizens may express opposition

to the actions of the government．If the soup has a fly in it or the meat is too tough to chew，the diner can complain to the waiter，if the boss makes a mistake，an employee will politely point it out．

Some straight talk about the American character must include the admission that Americans have their faults．The extremely competitive nature of Americans is probably their worst fault．Of course，competition isn’t always bad．As a matter of fact，it promotes excellence by．encouraging individuals and businesses to try to do their best．But the desire to get ahead of others sometimes causes people to do things that are unkind and even dishonest．Also，Americans admire what is practical，fast，efficient，and fresh．Sometimes they fail to understand and appreciate practices that have greater respect for more traditional，leisurely ways of doing things．On the other hand，people from other euhures may dislike the practical，challenging American lifestyle.

Despite culture differences，most foreigners give Americans credit for their virtues．Americans are generally viewed as friendly，adaptable，energetic，and kindhearted．Most newcomers to the U．S．like Americans，and the feeling is usually mutual．Perhaps the greatest American virtue is a deep interest in new ideas and new people．In a nation of immigrants，the foreigner does not remain an outside for long．

1．Why is the extremely competitive nature considered as one of Americans faults?(不超过10个词)

[解析] 文章第二段第五句话指出“But the desire to g et ahead of others sometimes causes people…unkind and even dishonest”，也就是说，极端的竞争性有时会使人误入歧途。

[答案]Because it may sometimes urge people to do something bad．

2．What does the passage mainly talks about?(不超过2个词)

［解析］本文主要阐述了美国人的性格，作者在第二段第

二句中提到“The extremely competitive nature…their worst fault”，以及第二段倒数第二句也提到“Sometimes they fail to understand and appreciate practices…”

[答案] American characters

方法技巧清单

方法技巧

方法一逆读法

对于某些篇幅较长的应用文(如广告)可采用“逆读法”，即先读题，然后再看文章。

第一步：迅速阅读问题，注意每一个问题的主语、疑问词及重要的谓浯，还需特别留意问句的以下各词(组)：not，unless，without，on the other hand，except，rather than，although，as well，always，never，all等等，读问题时最好能判断哪些问题与文章存在直接关系，即可在文章中直接找出答案；哪些需要推理，哪些需要作结论等等。此步的目的就是让考生阅读文章时知道应该找些什么。

第二步：以最快的速度读完文章。

第三步：重读问题，理解问题，并与文中相关的材料相对照，作出有把握的答案。

第四步：带着问题重新阅读文章。这一步是考生第二次也是最后一次阅读全文。阅读时，头脑中务必记住还未能回答的问题，方法与第三步里找到答案的方式相同。

1．When people come to visit the Gallery，they should_____________．

A．leave all their carried items at the checkrooms

B．have all their carried items x-rayed at the entrance

C. take all their carried items with them without inspection

D．have all their carried items inspected at the entrance

[解析] 根据左栏第一句：游客所带的物品在展览馆的人口都要进行检查。

[答案] D

方法二查读法

近几年对事实细节的考查，不仅是数量增加，并且难度也稍有增加，表现为：答案需要跨段落搜集信息；题目设置顺序与全文行文顺序不一致；题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。尤其是对于细节测试题，考生可以运用查读法：首先略读阅读材料，将注意力集中在与who，what，when，where问题有关的细节或数字方面。对一些细节，可一面阅读一面概括归纳，尽量记住这些主要细节，并留心它们所在的位置，然后浏览材料及复读阅读材料，复读时通篇跳读，寻找与问题有关的细节；最后解答问题，确定答案。

[例] Holidays

1．At the Snowdonia Centre，the beginners’costs of ￡57 do not cover_____________．A．food B．rooms C．body exercises D．walking shoes

[解析] 由第二则广告中第一段的第二、三句可知，￡57是饭费和房费，运动鞋以低价出租。

[答案] D

方法三逻辑推理法

适用于推理判断题。在阅读中作判断,一定要以材料提供的事实为依据，作出合乎情理的判断或推理，即进行有限的联系，绝不能把自己的想法加进去。步骤如下：

(1)确定作者的观点及写作的理由。

(2)分析材料提供的全部事实。

(3)注意词的词典义和联系义，将材料中已知的事实与材料中没表达的概念联系起来。

(4)推论一定要紧扣文章中提供的事实和证据。离开文章中的事实，曲解文章的事实，或对文章的事实缺乏全面的了解，都可能会作出不合理的推论。

[例] Being able to multitask—doing several things at the same time—is considered a welcome skill by most people．But if we consider the situation of the young people aged from eight to eighteen，we should think again．

What we often see nowadays is that young people juggle an ever larger number of electronic

devices(电子产品)as they study．While working，they also surf on the Internet，send out emails，answer the telephone and listen to music on their iPods.In a sense，they are spending a significant amount of time in fruitless efforts as they multitask．

Multitasking is even changing the relationship between family members．As young people give so much attention to their own worlds，they seem to have no time to spend with the other people around them．They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house，nor can they eat at the family table．

Multitasking also affects young people’s performance at university and in the workplace．When asked about their opinion of the effect of modem gadgets(器具)on their performance of tasks，many young people gave a positive response(反应)．However，the response from the worlds of education and business was not quite as positive．Educators feel that multitasking by children has a serious effect on later development of study skills．They believe that many college students now need help to improve their study skills．Similarly，employers feel that young people entering the job market need to be taught all over again，as modern gadgets have made it unnecessary for them to learn special skills to do their work．

1．In Paragraph 3，the author points out that____________．

A．family members do not eat at the family table

B．family members do not greet each other

C．young people live happily in their families

D．young people seldom talk with their family members

[解析] 第三段指出青少年忙于“一心多用”，甚至顾不上同家人打招呼或一起吃饭，而非家庭成员关系冷漠。

[答案] D

2．The author develops the passage mainly by__________．

A．providing typical examples

B．following the natural time order

C．comparing opinions from different fields

D．presenting a cause and analyzing its effects

[解析] 文章第二、三及第四段前半部分指出“一心多用”的不利影响，最后一段的后半部分指出专家的观点，并得出结论。

[答案] D

方法四猜测词义法

1．利用构词法推测词义

常见的构词法有派生、转化及合成。我们在推测词义的时候，可以注意目标词的某个部分是否是我们熟悉的词语，再结合相应词缀的含义确定生词的词义。

(1)利用前缀猜测词义。

(2)根据后缀猜测词义。

(3)根据复合词的各部分猜测词义。

2．根据内在逻辑关系推测词义

根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。

(1)根据对比关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有‘though，unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast，while等引导或连接

的句子。

(2)根据比较关系猜测词义。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。

(3)根据因果关系猜测词义。在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。

(4)根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义。在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。

3．利用上下文的暗示推测词义。

［例］Holidaymakers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo．Swedish businessman Nile Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel，the world’s first igloo hotel．Built in a small town in Lapland，it has been attracting lots of visitors．hut soon the fun will be over.

In two weeks’time Bergqvist’s ice creation will be nothing more than a pool of water．“We don’t see it as a big problem，”he says．“We just look forward to repla cing it．”

［解析］本句中igloo是考生从来没有见过的单词。我们可以通过定语从句中的内容who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms便可了解到这个igloo里面应该是很凉爽的。下一段又有一句：In two weeks’time Bergqvisl’s ice creation (作品)will be nothing more than a pool of water．从本句我们可以了解到igloo是由ice(冰)制作而成的，而且还会化成水。但igloo里面可以住人。由此，我们可以推测出igloo意为“冰屋”。

[答案] 冰屋

方法五找主题句法

适用于主旨大意题。一段标准的文章通常有主题句、辅助句和结论句。主题句是文章的“统帅”，起支配作用。辅助句是围绕主题句展开的，说明主题的各个细节或缘由等，它是为主题服务的。结论句是根据主题句或辅助句得出的结论，它具有深化主题、画龙点睛的作用。

从近年的高考题看，选文几乎没有明显的主题段和结论段。这就要求考生自己去提炼主题或作出结论。

[例] Art museums are places where people can learn about various cultures(文化).The increasingly popular“design museums”that are opening today，however，perform quite a different role．Unlike most art museums，the design museum shows objects that are easily found by the general public．These museums sometimes even place things like fridges and washing machines in the center of the hall．

People have argued that design museums are often made use of as advertisements for new industrial technology．But their role is not simply a natter of sales——it is the honoring of excellently invented products．The difference between the window of a department store and the showcase in a design museum is that the first tries to sell you something，while the second tells you the success of a sale.

One advantage of design museums is that they are places where people feel familiar with the exhibits．Unlike the average art museum visitors，design museum visitors seldom feel frightened or puzzled(困惑)．This is partly because design museums clearly show how and why mass-produced products work and look as they do，and how design has improved the quality of our lives．Art museum exhibits，on the other hand，would most probably fill visitors with a feeling that there is something beyond their understanding．

In recent years，several new design museums have opened their doors．Each of these museums has tried to satisfy the public’s growing interest in the field with new ideas．London’s Design Museum，for example，shows a collection of mass-produced objects from Zippo lighters to

electric typewriters to a group of Italian fish-tins．The choices open to design museums seem far less strict than those to art museums，and visitors may also sense the humorous(幽默的)part of our society while walking around such exhibits as interesting and unusually attractive toys collected in our everyday life．

The best title for this passage is__________．

A．The forms of design museums

B．The exhibits of design museums

C．The nature of design museums

D．The choices open to design museums

［解析］正确答案应该为C。此处nature意思是“特点，性质”。第一段讲“什么是design museum”，第二段讲design museum的作用，第三段讲design museum的优点，第四段举例说明design museum的上述各个方面。

[答案] C

互动训练

Passage 1

Photographs are everywhere．They decorate(装饰)the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of different goods．The news is filled with pictures of fires，floods，and special events．Photos record the beauties of nature．They can also bring things close that are far away．Through photos，people can see wild animals，cities in foreign lands，and even the stars in outer space．Photos also tell stories．

Reporting the news through photos is called photojournalism．At times photojournalists tell their stories through a single picture．At other times，they use a group of pictures to tell a story.Each picture is like a chapter in a book，which can do more than record the facts．It can also be a strong force for social change．

Jacob Riis was among the first photojournalists．He took pictures of parts of New York City where the poor lived．Riis believed that poverty(贫穷)caused crime，and he used photos to help him prove his point．A few years later，the photos of small children working in factories by Lewis Hine shocked the public．Hine’s pictures helped bring about laws to protect such children．Hundreds of pictures may have to be taken in order to get one or two really good photos．It takes science to have the photo come out clearly and art to make a photo that has a good design and expresses feeling．Photojournalists make an actual record of what they see．A photo，however，can be both a work of art and an actual record．It can record an important event as a beautiful or exciting picture．

As historical and artistic documents(文献)，photos can become more important over time．Today photojournalists still have their pictures appear in newspapers and magazines．They also publish(发表)them in books and on the Internet．

1．The underlined word“They”in the first paragraph refers to___________．

A．beauties B．photos C．goods D．events

2．The photos of the small children by Hine show us that photos___________．

A. are also works of art B．are popular ways of reporting news

C．often shock the public D．can serve as a force for social change

3．What can we learn from the passage?

A．News with pictures is encouraging．

B. Photos help people improve their life．

C．News photos mean history in a sense．

D．People prefer reading news with pictures．

4．The text is mainly about___________．

A．telling the story through pictures B．decorating the walls of homes

C．publishing historical papers D．expressing feeling through pictures

Passage 2

The Queen’s English is now sounding less upper-class，a scientific study of the Queen’s Christmas broadcasts has found．Researchers have studied each of her messages to the Commonwealth countries since 1952 to find out the change in her pronunciation from the noble Upper Received to the Standard Received.

Jonathan Harrington，a professor at Germany’s University of Munich，wanted to discover whether accent(口音)changes recorded over the past half century would take place within one person．“As far as I know，there just is nobody else for whom there is this sort of broadcast records，”he said．

He said the noble way of pronouncing vowels(元音)had gradually lost ground as the noble upper-class accent over the past years．“Her accent sounds slightly less noble than it did 50 years ago．But these are very，very small and slow changes that we don’t notice from year to year．”

“We may be able to r elate it to changes in the social classes，”he told The Daily Telegraph，a British newspaper．“In 1952 she would have been heard saying‘thet men in the bleck het’．Now it would be ‘that man in the black hat’．Similarly，she would have spoken of ‘the citay’and‘dutay’，rather than‘citee’and‘dutee’，and‘hame’ rather than‘home’．In the 1950s she would have been‘lorst’，but by the 1970s‘lost’．”

The Queen’s broadcast is a personal message to the Commonwealth countries．Each Christmas，the 10-minute broadcast is put on TV at 3 pm in Britain as many families are recovering from their traditional turkey lunch(传统火鸡午餐)．

The results were published(发表)in the Journal of Phonetics．

1．The Queen’s broadcasts were chosen for the study mainly because__________.

A．she has been Queen for many years

B．she has a less upper-class accent now

C．her speeches are familiar to many people

D. her speeches have been recorded for 50 years

2．Which of the following is an example of a less noble accent in English?

A．“bleck” B．“eitee” C．“hame” D．“lorst”

3．We may infer from the text that the Journal of Phonetics is a magazine on_____________．

A. speech sounds B．Christmas customs

C．TV broadcasting D．personal messages

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．The relationship between accents and social classes．

B．The Queen’s Christmas speeches on TV．

C．The changes in a person’s accent．

D．The recent development of the English language．

Passage 3

I love charity(慈善)shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a

few of them on every high street．The charity shop is a British institution，selling everything from clothes to electric goods，all at very good prices．You can get things you won’t find in the shops any more．The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profitdriven companies，and you are not damaging the planet，but finding a new home for unwanted goods．

The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam．The famous charity’s appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations(捐赠物)．They decided to set up a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that append．Now there are over 7，000 charity shops in the UK．My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop，where I always find children’s books，all 10 or 20 pence each．

Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers．although there is often a manager who gets paid．Over 90％of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public．Every morning you see bags of unwanted items outside the front of shops，although they don’t encourage this，rather ask people to bring things in when the shop is open.

The shops have very low running costs：all profits go to charity work.Charity shops raise more than ￡110 million a year，funding(资助)medical research，overseas aid，supporting sick and poor children，homeless and disabled people，and much more．What better place to spend your money?You get something special for a very good price and a good moral sense．You provide funds to a good cause and tread lightly on the environment．

1．The author loves the charity shop mainly because of__________．

A．its convenient location B．its great variety of goods

C．its spirit of goodwill D．its nice shopping environment

2．The first charity shop in the UK was set up to__________.

A．sell cheap products B．deal with unwanted things

C．raise money for patients D．help a foreign country

Passage 4

Do you know of anyone who uses the truth to deceive(欺骗)?When someone tells you something that is true，but leaves out important information that should be included，he can give you a false picture．

For example，someone might say，“I just won a hundred dollars on the lottery(彩票)．It was great．I took that dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for one hundred dollars!”

This guy’s a winner，right?Maybe，maybe not．We then discover that he bought $200 worth of tickets，and only one was a winner．He’s really a big loser!

He didn’t say anything that was false，but he left out important information on purpose．That’s called a half-truth．Half-truths are not technically lies，but they are just as dishonest．

Some politicians often use this trick．Let’s say that during Governor Smith’s last term，her state lost one million jobs and gained three million jobs．Then she seeks another term．One of her opponents(对手)says，“During Governor Smith’s term，the state lost one million jobs!”That’s true．However，an honest statement would have been，“During Governor Smith’s term，the state had a net gain of two million jobs．”

Advertisers(广告商)will sometimes use half-truths．It’s against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth．An advertisement might say，“Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache．”It fails to mention th at they

only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company．

This kind of deception happens too often．I t’s a sad fact of life：Lies are lies，and sometimes the truth can lie as well．

1．What do the underlined words“net gain”in Paragraph 5 mean?

A．final increase B．big advantage

C．large share D．total saving

Passage 5

The small number of newborn babies，which has been caused by high prices and the changing social situation of women，is one of the most serious problems in Asia．When people talk about it，you can hear a word invented in Japan．“DINKS”，which means Double Income No Kids(小孩)．In many major Asian cities like Seoul，Singapore，and Tokyo，the cost of a house is extremely high．A young people who want to buy their own house may have to pay about $300，000(though prices have fallen)．For a flat with one bedroom，one dining-room，a kitehen，and a bathroom，the couple will pay about $900 a month．What’s more，if they want to have a child，the child’s education is very expensive．For example，most kindergarten charges are at least $5，000 a year．In such a situation，it’s difficult to afford children．

The number of married women who want to continue working increases rapidly because they enjoy their jobs．However，if they want to have children，they immediately have serious problems．Though most companies allow women to leave their jobs for a short time to have a baby，they expect women with babies to give up their jobs．in short，if they want to bring up children properly，both parents have to work，but it is hard for mothers to work．Indeed，women who want to continue working have to choose between having children and keeping their jobs．In a word，Asian governments must take steps to improve the present situation as soon as possible．

1．What is the main problem being discussed in the passage?

A．The small number of newborn babies．

B. The changing social situation of women．

C．The high prices of houses and education．

D．The necessary steps of Asian governments．

Passage 6

Attractions in Wisconsin

Wisconsin Historical Museum

30 N．Carroll Street on Madison’s Capital Square

Discover Wi sconsin’s history and culture(文化)on four floors of exhibits．Open for public programs．Admission is free．

Open Tuesday through Saturday，9：00 am-4：00 pm．

(608)264-6555 www.wisconsinhistory．org/museum

Swiss Historical Village

612 Seventh Ave．，New Glarus

The Swiss Historical Village offers a delightful look at pioneer life in America’s heartland．14 buildings in the village give a full picture of everyday life in the nineteenth-century Midwest．Tue．-Fri．，May lst-October 31st，10：00 am-4：00 pm．Admission is $20．

(608)527-2317 www．swisshistoricalvillage．com

Artisan Gallery & Creamery Cafe

6858 Paoli Rd．，Paoli，WI

One of the largest collections of fine arts and crafts(手工艺品)in Wisconsin．Over 5，000 sq．ft．of exhibition space in a historic creamery．While visiting enjoy a wonderfully prepared lunch at our cafe o verlooking the Sugar River．Just minutes from Madison!

Gallery open Tue．-Sun．10：00 am-5：00 pm．

Cafe open Wed．-Sat．，11：00 am-3：00 pm．

Sun．brunch with wime，10：00 am-3：00 pm．

(608)845-6600 www．anisangal．com

Christopher Columbus Museum

239 Whitney St．，Columbus

World-class exhibit-2000 quality souvenirs(纪念品)marking Chicago’s 1893 World Columbian Exhibition．Tour buses are always welcome．

Open daily，8：15 am-4：00 pm．

(920)623-1992 www．columbusantiquemall．con

1．Which of the following is on Capitol Square?

A．Wisconsin Historical Museum．B．Swiss Historical Village．

C．Artisan Gallery ＆Creamery Cafe. D．Christopher Columbus Museum．

2．Where can you go for a visit on Monday?

A．Wisconsin Historieal Museum．B．Swiss Historical Village．

C．Artisan Gallery ＆Creamery Cafe．D．Christopher Columbus Museum．

3．Where call visitors have lunch?

A．At Wisconsin Historical Museum．B．At Swiss Historieal Village．

C．At Artisan Gallery ＆Creamery Cafe．D．At Christopher Columbus Museum．Passage 7

Edward Wilson is America’s，if not the word’s，leading naturalist.In The Future of Life，he takes us on a tour of the world’s natural re sources(资源)．How are they used?What has been lost?What remains and is it able to continue with the present speed of use?Wilson also points out the need to understand fully the biodiversity(生物多样性)of our earth．

Wilson begins with an open letter to the pioneer in environment (环境)protection，Henry David Thoreau．He compares totlay’s Walden Pond with that of Thoreau’s day．Wilson will use such comparisons for the rest of the book．The problem is clear：man has done great damage to his home over the years．Can the earth，with human help，be made to return to biodiversity levels that will be able to support us in the future?

Biodiversity，Wilson argues，is the key to settling many problems the earth faces today．Even our agrieuhural crops can gain advantages from it．A mere hundred species(物种)are the basis of our food supply，of which but twenty carry the load．Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of，which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas．

At the end of the book，Wilson discusses the importance of human values in considering the environment．If you are to continue to live on the earth，you may well read and act on the ideas in this book.

1．We learn from the text that Wilson cares most about___________．

A．the environment for plants B．the biodiversity of our earth

C．the waste of natural resources D．the importance of human values

2．Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to__________．

A．learn how to farm scientifically B．build homes for some dying species

C．make it clear what to eat D．use more species for food

3．We can infer that the text is__________．

A．a description of natural resources B．a research report

C．a book review D．an introduction to a scientist

Passage 8

The people below are all looking for someplace to enjoy some kind of activity in Beijing．After the description of these people，there is information about places A—D Decide which place would be most suitable for the person mentioned in questions 1—3 and then mark the correet letter(A—D)on your answer sheet．There is one extra paragraph about one place which you do not need to use.

__________1．Stephen studies art in Beijing University．He shows great interest in paintings and he is especially interested in those oil paintings that reflect the variety of life．__________2．Mark has just come to China and lie is very interested in Chinese cuhure．He has been waiting for a long time to have a chance to see a wonderful Chinese acrobatic performance in China．

__________3．Oscar is a student from Yangzhou University，visiting his friends who share the sanle interest in music．They are planning to find someplace to enjoy rock and roll and pop songs.

A．Capital Theatre：

To celebrate its 50th anniversary．the China Acrobatic Troupe will present“The Soul of China”，where the seemingly inlpossible is made real．Chills(寒战)will run down your spine(脊柱)as you watch breathlessly as performers take their art and the bodies to the edge．Time：7：30 p．m．，September 13—19．

B．Huangshicheng Gallery：

A group ink painting exhibition is running．About 50 works by 25 young artists including Ge Yun．and Yu Yang are on display．

Time：9 a．m．—5 p．m．until September 10．

C．The Wangfung Art Gallery：

A joint show of oil paintings by 10 young and middle-aged artists will be hosted by the gallery．On display are more than 30 of their latest works，which capture the wonderful variety of life in unique(独特的)styles．

D．The Olympic Center：

“The Fashionow Night of Chinese Rock”is set to bring back fans out by the thousands next month．Nine Chinese rock bands will perform at the concert，including older generation bands，middle generation bands，middle generation and some recent arrivals．The audience will be given a chance to decide what songs they want to hear，which is sure to bring a storm．Time：September 16．

成功体验

Passage 1

1．To attend the annual Children’s Gathering，one has to_____________．

A．buy a ticket B．apply in advance

C．make a reservation D．contact the call-down service

2．According to the passage，Enzo Monfre will_____________．

A．show the children around a zoo

B．tell stories to children over seven

C．be present at the science show in person

D．lead the children to the Ellen DeGeneres Show

Passage 2

Tom was one of the brightest boys in the year，with supportive parents．But when he was 15 he suddenly stopped trying．He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary school subjects．One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人)group．

The lack of right male(男性的)role models in many of their lives—at home and particularly in the school environment(环境)—means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against．

They don’t see men succeeding in society so it doesn’t occur to them that they could m ake something of themselves．Without male teachers as a role model，the effect of peer actions and street culture (文化)is all-powerful．Boys want to be part of a club．However，schools can provide the environment for change，and provide the right role models for them．Teachers need to be

trained to stop that but not in front of a child’s peers．You have to do it one to one，because that is when you see the real child．

It’s pointless sending a child home if he or she has done wrong．They see it as a welcome day off to watch television or play computer games．Instead，schools should haye a special unit where a child who has done wrong goes for the day and gets advice about his problems—somewhere he can work away from his peers and go home after the other children．

1．Why did Tom give up studying?

A．He disliked his teachers．

B．His parents no longer supported him．

C．It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies．

D．There were too many subjects in his secondary school．

2．A teacher’s work is most effective with a schoolboy when he_________.

A．is with the boy alone B．teaches the boy a lesson

C．sends the boy home as punishment D. works together with another teacher Passage 3

Most young architects—particularly those in big cities—can only dream about working in a building of their own．And making that dream come true often means finding a building no one else seems to want，which is exactly what happened to David Yocum and his partner，Brian Bell．Their building is a former automobile electrical-parts firm in Atlanta．From the outside，it looks too old，even something horrible，but open the door and you are in a wide，open courtyard，lined on three sides with rusting(生锈的)wails．

In 2000．Yocum and Bell found this building in the city’s We st End．Built in 1947．the structure had been abandoned years earlier and the roof of the main building had fallen down．But the price was right，so Yocum bought it．He spent eight months of his off-hours on demolition(拆除)，pulling rubbish out through the roof，because it was too dangerous to go inside the building．The demolition was hard work，but it gave him time to think sbout what he wanted to do，and “to treasure what was there—the walls，the rust，the light．”Yocum said．“Every season，more paint falls off the walls and more rust develops．It’s like an art installation(装置)in there—a slow-motion show．”

Since the back building had been constructed without windows，an all-glass front was added to the building to give it a view of the courtyard，and skylights were installed in the roof．The back of the building is a working area and a living room for Yocum and his wife．A sort of buffer(缓冲)zone between the front and the back contains a bathroom，a kitchen and a mechanical room，and the walls that separate these zones have openings that allow views through to the front of the studio and the courtyard beyond．

Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from the decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work．It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less．

1．It can be inferred from the passage that Yocum and Bell___________．

A．benefited a lot from pulling down the roof

B．turned more old buildings into art galleries

C．got inspiration from decorating their old building

D．paid more attention to the outside of the gallery

Passage 4

Far from the land of Antarctica(南极洲)，a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean．At the underside of the shelf there lives a small fish．the Antarctic cod．

For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish．How does it live where most fish would freeze to death?It must have some secret．The Antarctic is not a comfortable place to work and research has been slow．Now it seems we have an answer．

Research was begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish．Scientists studied the fish’s．blood and measured its freezing point．

The fish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of-1．88℃and many tiny pieces of ice floating in it．The blood of the fish did not begin to freeze until its temperature was lowered to -2．05℃．That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezing temperature of the ice-salt mixture．

The scientists’next research iob was clear：Find out what in the fish’s blood kept it from freezing．Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein(蛋白质)never before seen in the blood of a fish．When it was removed，the blood froze at seawater temperature．When it Was put back，the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point．Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein．It has many small sugar molecules(分子)held in special positions within each big protein molecule．Because of its sugar content，it is called a glycoprotein．So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein，or AFGP．1．What does the underlined word“it”in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A．A type of ice-salt mixture．B．A newly found protein．

C．Fish blood．D．Sugar molecule．

2．What does“glyco-”in the underlined word“glycoprotein”in the last paragraph mean?

A．sugar B．ice C. blood D. molecule

Passage 5

We have designed all our bank eards to make your life easier．

How to use your NatWest Service card

As a Switch card，it lets you pay for all sorts of goods and services，wherever you see the Switch logo．The money comes straight out of your account，so you can spend as much as you like as long as you have enough money(or an agreed overdraft(透支))to cover it．It is also a cheque guarantee(担保)card for up to the amount shown on the card．And it gives you free access to your money from over 31，000 cash machines across the UK．

How to use your NatWest Cashcard

You can use your Cashcard as a Solo card to pay for goods and services wherever you see the Solo logo．It can also give you access to your account and your cash from over 31，000 cash machines nationwide．You can spend or withdraw(提取)what you have in your account，or as much as your agreed overdraft limit．

Using your cards abroad

You can also use your Servicecard and Cashcard when you’re abroad．You can withdraw cash at cash machines and pay for goods and services wherever you see the Cirrus or Macstro logo displayed．

We take a commission charge(手续费)of 2．25％of each cash withdrawal you make(up to ￡4)and a commission charge of 75 pence every time you use Maestro to pay for goods or services．We also apply a foreign-exchange transaction fee of 2．65％．