2020年江苏版高考英语专题十二 推理判断

专题十二推理判断

挖命题

【考情探究】

分析解读推理判断题是阅读理解题中难度较大的一类,答案不是文章直接给出的,必须经过分析、综合、归纳及逻辑推理获取。该类题最能考查学生的英语综合运用能力和逻辑思维能力。因此,此题型要求考生能根据全文所提供的事实及自己的一些常识,进行合理的逻辑推测,判断作者的意图,人物的动机、目的以及性格的特征,事件发生的前因后果等;还能理解某句、某段的深层意义,进而把握全篇的文脉,即句与句、段与段之间的关系,并能据此进行推理和判断。

过专题

【五年高考】

A组自主命题·江苏卷题组

Passage 1(2018江苏,D) 词数:704

Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.

It found many youngsters (少年) now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often through “likes”. Some change their behaviour in rea l life to improve their image on the web.

The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children’s Commissioner (专员) Anne Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.

Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13. The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends—to demand “likes” for their online posts.

The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock.

Children aged 8 to 10 were “starting to feel happy” when others liked their posts. However, those in the 10 to 12 age group were “concerned with how many people like their posts”, suggesting a “need” for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become.

Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up “worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the const ant demands of social media”.

She said: “Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at seco ndary school.”

As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was “hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves”.

Mis s Longfield added: “Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will you miss out, will you show that you don’t care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at once.”

“For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally.”The Children’s Commissioner for England’s study—Life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play.

However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.

By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.

However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities (名人) or more brilliant friends online. The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones.

The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield (雷区) they faced online. And she said social media companies must also “take more responsibility”. They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.

Javed Khan, of children’s charity Barnardo’s, said: “It’s vital that new compulsory age-appropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.”

“It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”

1.Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure?

A.They were not provided with adequate equipment.

B.They were not well prepared for emotional risks.

C.They were required to give quick responses.

D.They were prevented from using mobile phones.

2.Some social app companies were to blame because .

A.they didn’t adequately check their users’ registration

B.they organized photo trips to attract more youngsters

C.they encouraged youngsters to post more photos

D.they didn’t stop youngsters from staying up late

3.Children’s comparing themselves to others online may lead to .

A.less friendliness to each other

B.lower self-identity and confidence

C.an increase in online cheating

D.a stronger desire to stay online

4.According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .

A.circulate their posts quickly

B.know the qualities of their posts

https://www.360docs.net/doc/884310447.html,e mobile phones for play

D.get more public approval

5.What should parents do to solve the problem?

https://www.360docs.net/doc/884310447.html,municate more with secondary schools.

B.Urge media companies to create safer apps.

C.Keep track of children’s use of social media.

D.Forbid their children from visiting the web.

6.What does the passage mainly talk about?

A.The influence of social media on children.

B.The importance of social media to children.

C.The problem in building a healthy relationship.

D.The measure to reduce risks from social media.

答案

1.B

2.A

3.B

4.D

5.C

6.A

Passage 2(2017江苏,C) 词数:452

A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust(反垄断)regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头)that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.

Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants’ success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free(users pay,in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.

But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services:translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a“God’s eye view”of activities in their own markets and beyond.

This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves:in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.

The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms’ data assets(资产)when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.

The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users’ consent.

Restarting antitrust for the information age will n ot be easy. But if governments don’t want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon.

1.Why is there a call to break up giants?

A.They have controlled the data market.

B.They collect enormous private data.

C.They no longer provide free services.

D.They dismissed some new-born giants.

2.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?

A.Data giants’ technology is very expensive.

B.Google’s idea is popular among data firms.

C.Data can strengthen giants’ controlling position.

D.Data can be turned into new services or products.

3.By paying attention to firms’ data assets, antitrust regulators could .

A.kill a new threat

B.avoid the size trap

C.favour bigger firms

D.charge higher prices

4.What is the purpose of loosening the giants’ control of data?

A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/884310447.html,ernments could relieve their financial pressure.

C.Consumers could better protect their privacy.

D.Small companies could get more opportunities.

答案

1.A

2.C

3.B

4.D

Passage 3(2016江苏,C) 词数:443

El Ni?o, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Ni?o sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.

The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful

Ni?os, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Ni?o in 1997-98 helped America’s economy grow by$15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests:farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.

But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought(干旱)in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Ni?o may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.

The most recent powerful Ni?o, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth$36 billion around the globe. But such Ni?os come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.

Simple improvements to infrastructure(基础设施)can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers(下水

道)make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is relat ed to El Ni?o’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Ni?o, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.

1.What can we learn about El Ni?o in Paragraph 1?

A.It is named after a South American fisherman.

B.It takes place almost every year all over the world.

C.It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.

D.It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.

2.What may El Ni?os bring about to the countries affected?

A.Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.

B.Droughts become more harmful than floods.

C.Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.

D.Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.

3.The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that.

A.more investment should go to risk reduction

https://www.360docs.net/doc/884310447.html,ernments of poor countries need more aid

C.victims of El Ni?o deserve more compensation

D.recovery and reconstruction should come first

4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A.To introduce El Ni?o and its origin.

B.To explain the consequences of El Ni?o.

C.To show ways of fighting against El Ni?o.

D.To urge people to prepare for El Ni?o.

答案

1.D

2.C

3.A

4.D

Passage 4(2015江苏,C) 词数:460

Suppose you become a leader in an organizat ion. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities.To do so,it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.

Let’s begin with the question of why p eople volunteer.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.For example,people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness,to expand their range of experiences,and to strengthen social relationships.If volunteer positions do not meet these needs,people may not wish to participate.To select volunteers,you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

People also volunteer because they are required to do so.To increase levels of community service,some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.Unfortunately,these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because it’s important to me”)to an external factor(e.g.,“I volunte er because I’m required to do so”).When that happens,people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.

Once people begin to volunteer,what leads them to remain in their positions over time?To answer this question,researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance,one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year.One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.Although this result may not surprise you,it leads to important practical advice.The researchers note that attention should be given to“training metho ds that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.

Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which pe ople view“volunteer”as an important social role.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer

work.Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such

as“Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Consistent with the researchers’ expectations,they found a positive correlation(正相关)between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results,once again,lead to concrete advice:“Once an individual begins volunteering,continued

efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity...Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publ icly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.

1.People volunteer mainly out of.

A.academic requirements

B.social expectations

C.financial rewards

D.internal needs

2.What can we learn from the Florida study?

A.Follow-up studies should last for one year.

B.Volunteers should get mentally prepared.

C.Strategy training is a must in research.

D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.

3.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?

A.Individual differences in role identity.

B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.

C.Role identity as a volunteer.

D.Practical advice from researchers.

4.What is the best title of the passage?

A.How to Get People to Volunteer

B.How to Study Volunteer Behaviors

C.How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest

D.How to Organize Volunteer Activities

答案

1.D

2.B

3.C

4.A

Passage 5(2014江苏,D) 词数:676

1.Why is June 6,1990 a special day for Mommy?

A.Her dream of being a mother came true.

B.She found her origin from her Chinese mother.

C.She wrote the letter to her daughter.

D.Her female line was well linked.

2.How does Mommy feel about her being given away?

A.It is bitter and disappointing.

B.It is painful but understandable.

C.She feels sorry but sympathetic.

D.She feels hurt and angry.

3.What does“I stood out like a sore thumb”in Paragraph 5 mean?

A.I walked clumsily out of pains.

B.I was not easy to love due to jealousy.

C.I was impatient out of fear.

D.I looked different from others.

4.What can be inferred from Mommy’s Anglo family life?

A.She used to experience an identity crisis.

B.She fought against her American identity.

C.She forgot the pains of her early years.

D.She kept her love for Asia from childhood.

5.Why did Mommy name her daughter“Shao-ming”?

A.To match her own birth-name.

B.To brighten the lives of the family.

C.To identify her with Chinese origin.

D.To justify her pride in Chinese culture.

6.By“Your past is more complete than mine,”Mommy means.

A.her past was completed earlier than Shao-ming’s

B.Shao-ming has got motherly care and a sense of roots

C.her mother didn’t comfort her the way she did Shao-ming

D.her past was spent brokenly,first in Asia,then in the US

答案

1.D

2.B

3.D

4.A

5.C

6.B

B组统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组

Passage 1(2018课标全国Ⅰ,D) 词数:351

We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic

mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smartphones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.

As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,”said one re searcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices—we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cath ode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.

So what’s the solution(解决方案)?The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers als o explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

1.What does the author think of new devices?

A.They are environment-friendly.

B.They are no better than the old.

C.They cost more to use at home.

D.They go out of style quickly.

2.Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research?

A.To reduce the cost of minerals.

B.To test the life cycle of a product.

C.To update consumers on new technology.

D.To find out electricity consumption of the devices.

3.Which of the following uses the least energy?

A.The box-set TV.

B.The tablet.

C.The LCD TV.

D.The desktop computer.

4.What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?

A.Stop using them.

B.Take them apart.

C.Upgrade them.

D.Recycle them.

答案

1.A

2.D

3.B

4.A

Passage 2(2018课标全国Ⅲ,C) 词数:368

While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.

Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize—which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture—on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.

Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art(CAA). His office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.

The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.

Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).

Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.

Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. “That is only evidence that traditions once existed,”he said.

“Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think trad ition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created,”he said.

“Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese

tra ditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are,”said Wang.

The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.

1.Wang’s winning o f the prize means that Chinese architects are .

A.following the latest world trend

B.getting international recognition

C.working harder than ever before

D.relying on foreign architects

2.What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most?

A.Its hilly environment.

B.Its large size.

C.Its unique style.

D.Its diverse functions.

3.What made Wang’s architectural design a success?

A.The mixture of different shapes.

B.The balance of East and West.

C.The use of popular techniques.

D.The harmony of old and new.

4.What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang?

A.Spread them to the world.

B.Preserve them at museums.

C.Teach them in universities.

D.Recreate them in practice.

答案

1.B

2.C

3.D

4.D

Passage 3(2018天津,D) 词数:367

Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing?How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door?If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.

Most of us observed much more as children than we do a s adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear;we are numb(麻木的)to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.

The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.

Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷)many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a “ruby-crowned kinglet”and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.

The pressures of “time”and“destination”are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. “Oh, a few birds,”they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.

Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.

1.According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more.

A.anxious to do wonders

B.sensitive to others’ feelings

C.likely to develop unpleasant habits

D.eager to explore the world around them

2.What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?

A.To avoid jumping to conclusions.