2020年江苏版高考英语专题十五 任务型阅读

第四部分任务型阅读

专题十五任务型阅读

挖命题

【考情探究】

分析解读任务型阅读在江苏高考英语试题中占有较大比重,考题形式以表格形和树状形为主,文章体裁以议论文、说明文为主,文章篇幅往往较长,阅读量大,但结构清晰。该题型综合性很强,思维含量较高,答案既要忠实于原文,又要不局限于原文,原词填空题和词性、词形变换题在逐渐减少,通过归纳总结得出答案的题逐渐增多,另外还有推断作者意图和态度的考题,这必将增加该题型的难度,所以得分一直偏低。因此考生应具备不同的阅读技能和语言应用能力,涉及词性转换、词语释义、同义替换、语法结构、归纳演绎、结构分析、细节理解等。

过专题

【五年高考】

A组自主命题·江苏卷题组

Passage 1(2018江苏)

How Arts Promote Our Economy

When most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting, a wonderful piece of music, or an award-winning performance in the theater. But arts groups bring broader value to our communities. The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.

The arts create jobs that help develop the economy. Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts, managers, musicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art. These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.

Another group of folks is needed to help market the event.“If you build it they will come”is a misleading belief. Painters, digital media experts, photographers, booking agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event. According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full- or part-time employees or independent contractors.

A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect(连锁反应) throughout a community. In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town. After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater performances, jazz concerts, and year-round arts education programs in 2008. Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.

No doubt the theater has contributed to the area’s development and economic growth. Today, there are galleries, studios, restaurants and newly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy. In this way, arts and culture also serve as a public good.

T eCo Theatrical Productions Inc. made use of Bloomberg’s investment of $35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during the two-year period. Further, Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce$298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities. In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 billion and support 44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.

The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported, the entire small-business community benefits.

It is wrong to assume arts groups cannot make a profit. But in order to stay in business, arts groups must produce returns. If you are a student studying the arts, chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B. But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of career possibilities.

1.benefit

2.Ways

3.joint/collective

4.promotion/marketing

5.effect

6.fares

7.positive8.outside/beyond9.statistics/data/analyses10.alternative

Passage 2(2017江苏)

Population Change

Why is the world’s population growing?The answer is not what you might think. The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies. In 1900, people died at the average age of 30. By 2000 the average age was 65. But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.

Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations), but you’d be wrong. Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.

A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply?First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.

Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. Why is this occurring?Nobody is quite sure, but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it. If current trends don’t bend, Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050.

In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated

rural areas and lowest in highly educated u rban areas. In total, 25% of India’s working-age population has no education. In 2030, a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.

One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030. Moreover, the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.

答案

1.lower

2.size/scale

3.immediate

4.economic

5.old/older

6.earlier

7.living/life

8.equality

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Passage 3(2016江苏)

An Extension of the Human Brain

Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺), much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I’ve called a “social prosthetic (义肢的) system”. Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthe tic systems. It’s already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.

Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I don’t need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet

functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing;I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet. It’s become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed,Wikipedia, or other websites.

Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when I’m writing a textbook, it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regularly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a “new idea”, I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.

These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I’ve begun using a smartphone. I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).

But that’s the upside (好处). The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.

1.Internet

2.participates/joins

3.keeping

4.all/different/various

5.heart/core

6.check

7.judge

8.mixed/two9.convenient10.reduce

Passage 4(2015江苏)

People select news in expectation of a reward.This reward may be either of two kinds.One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle,the other to what he calls the Reality Principle.For want of better names,we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delayed reward.

In general,the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption,accidents and disasters,sports,social events,and human interest.Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs,economic matters,social problems,science,education,and health.

News of the first kind pays its rewards at once.A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder,shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane,identify himself with the winning team,laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.

News of the second kind,however,pays its rewards later.It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance—as,for example,when he reads of the threatening foreign situation,the mounting national debt,rising taxes,falling market,sca rce housing,and cancer.It has a kind of “threat value”.It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.When a reader selects delayed reward news,he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.When he selects news of the other kind,he usually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world.

For any individual,of course,the boundaries of these two classes are not stable.For example,a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem,rather than for its immediate reward.A coach may read a sports story for its threat value:he may have to play that team next week.A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting,not for its delayed reward,but very much as his wife reads an account of a party.In any given story of corruption or disaster,a thoughtful reader may receive not only the immediate reward of indirect experience,but also the delayed reward of information and preparedness.Therefore,while the division of categories holds in general,an individual’s tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another,or divide the experience between the two kinds of reward.

答案

1.rewards/rewarded

2.Explanations

3.involvement

4.share

5.threat

6.prepare

7.withdraw

8.profession(s)/intention9.adapt10.depends

Passage 5(2014江苏)

The expression,“everybody’s doing it,”is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure.It is a strong influence of a group,especially of children,on members of that group to behave as everybody else does.It can be positive or negative.Most people experience it in some way during their lives.

People are social creatures by nature,and so it is hardly surprising that part of their self-respect comes from the approval of others.This instinct(天性)is why the approval of peers,or the fear of disapproval,is such a powerful force in many people’s lives.It is the same instinct that drives people to dress one way at home and another way at work,or to answer “fine”when a stranger asks“how are you?”even if it is not neces sarily true.There is a practical aspect to this:it helps society to function efficiently,and encourages a general level of self-discipline that simplifies day-to-day interaction.

For certain individuals,seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction;in order to satisfy the desire,they may go so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong.Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs,or join gangs that encourage criminal behavior.Mature adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the company where they work,or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they can’t afford in an effort to“keep up with the Joneses”.

However,peer pressure is not always negative.A student whose friends are good at academics may be urged to study harder and get good grades.Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win.This type of influence can also get a friend off drugs,or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one.Study groups and class projects are examples of positive peer groups that encourage people to better themselves.

Schools try to teach kids about the dangers of negative peer pressure.They teach kids to stand up and be themselves,and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong.Similarly,it can be helpful to encourage children to greet the beneficial influence of positive peer groups.

答案

1.feeling

2.influences

3.practical

4.unconsciously

5.individuals

6.moral

7.spirit

8.habits

9.independent10.no

B组统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组

Passage 1(2015安徽)

Put a group of strangers in a room together,and they’ll probably start a conversation.“Hot today,isn’t it?”one might sa y.“You said it,”another replies.

Why do we talk so much about the weather?When we meet new people,we don’t begin by telling them our life story.We start with small talk,a polite conversation about something like traffic or weather.

Research suggests that small talk can build new friendships.When we begin conversations with new people,we want to feel comfortable,and so do they.We use small talk to find common interests.Once we have a common interest,a friendship can begin.

Small talk even helps people get hired.In order to impress at a job interview,you need to bond with the interviewer right away.Proper small talk can make that first impression get you the job.

So,how can you make small talk lead to a new friendship or job?First off,find common ground.Select something around you that you share with the other person.

Next,keep the conversation https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e4415745.html,pliment(赞美)the other person to make him or her feel comfortable,and ask questions to show interest.

Third,keep eye contact(接触).When you look people in the eye,they feel you appreciate what they are saying.It makes you appear honest and builds trust.

Naturally,shy people might not have enough confidence to start up conversations with strangers.Talking to someone you don’t know is not the easiest thing to do!Some e xperts say with more practice,small talk does get easier.

Some people avoid small talk because they dislike discussing things like traffic or weather.For them,they are just too small.However,when you think about it,small talk is anything but small.In fact,it is actually a very big deal!

Small talk can help people form4friendships.

Small talk can also help people get a5.

Find some topics6with the other person.

Keep the talk going by making compliments and7questions.

Keep eye contact in conversation to build8.

9more in order to make small talk easier.

答案

1.Deal

2.first

3.Benefits/Advantages

4.new

5.job/position/post

6.shared

7.asking/raising

8.trust

9.Practice/Practise10.matters/means

Passage 2(2014安徽)

Many people believe that classical music is not relevant to young people today.However,this issue(问

题)frequently causes heated debate.

Some people say that classical music is associated only with old people.For example,if you look at the audience at a classical concert,the majority is over the age of fifty.

Others say it is more popular than we first imagine.Many young people listen to classical music without realising.It is often used in films and advertisements.For example,a famous piece of classical music was used as the theme music for the 1990 World Cup.Not many people could have given its name,but millions enjoyed it.

Also,some people point out that young people produce new music based on classical ideas;for example,it is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912,but it is now used by young people in pop music.

However,young people point to the fact that classical music has been outstripped(超越)by technology.To play a classical instrument,such as a violin,you need to study hard and practise for hours.Nowadays,you don’t need to get aching arms from practising.A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom.

A final point to bear in mind is that the term“classical music”is used to refer to a great variety of music,from jazz to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队).This makes it even more difficult to say whether classical music is relevant to young people.

So,it may be only a minority of young people who play classical instruments,but when it comes to enjoying classical music,it depends on the piece of music.It may be more relevant to young people in the modern world than they realise!

答案

1.relevant

2.Most

3.realise(realize)/know/recognise(recognize)

4.basis

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6.Technology

https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e4415745.html,fortably8.kinds/types/sorts9.ranges10.enjoyed/loved/liked

C组教师专用题组

Passage 1(2013江苏)

Quiet Virtue:The Conscientious

The everyday signs of conscientiousness(认真尽责)—being punctual,careful in doing

work,self-disciplined,and scrupulous(一丝不苟的)in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen,the people who keep things running as they should.They follow the rules,help out,and are concerned about the people they work with.It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence,who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves,who always gets things done on deadline.

Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field.In studies of job performance,outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs,from semi-skilled labor to sales and management,depends on conscientiousness.It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization:the secretary whose message taking is perfect,the delivery truck driver who is always on time.

Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer,those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.Conscientiousness also offers a buffer(缓冲)against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market,because employees with this quality are among the most valued.For the sales representatives,their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.

There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are.Their reputatio n for dependability influences managers’ evaluations of their work,giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.

But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems.Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves,they can hold other people to their own standards,and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior.Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious,for example,tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized,which damaged their relationships.

When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations,it can discourage creativity.In creative professions like art or advertising,openness to wild ideas and spontaneity(自发性)are scarce and in

demand.Success in such occupations calls for a balance,however;without enough conscientiousness to follow through,people become mere dreamers,with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.

答案

1.strict

2.helpful/good

3.Importance/Significance/Functions/Roles

4.running/working/going/operating/functioning

5.performance(s)

6.fired/dismissed/jobless

7.problems/troubles

8.higher/subjective/unfair/unjust/prejudiced

9.damaged/tense/poor/bad10.discourage/affect/damage

Passage 2(2012江苏)

“Happiness Advantage”Effect

In July 2010 Burt’s Bees,a personal-care products company,was going through enormous change as it began a global expansion into 19 new countries.In this kind of high-pressure situation,many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings or flood their in-boxes with urgent demands.In doing so,managers lift everyone’s anxiety level,which activates the part of the brain that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex(大脑皮层),which is responsible for effective problem solving.

Burt’s Bees’s then-CEO,John Wolfgang,took a different approach.Each day,he’d send out an e-mail praising a team membe r for work related to global marketing.He’d interrupt his own presentations to remind his managers to talk with their teams about the company’s values.He asked me to further a three-hour session with employees on happiness in the course of the expansion ef fort.As one member of the senior team told me a year later,Wolfgang’s emphasis on developing positive leadership kept his managers actively involved and loyal as they successfully transformed the company into a global one.