短文改错高考知识点汇总

短文改错高考知识点汇总
短文改错高考知识点汇总

短文改错高考知识点汇总

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短文改错

短文改错是集语法知识与语言技能为一体的综合性英语试题,是测试考生书面表达能力的一种比较客观的方式。它能全面地考查学生对语言的评价与校正能力以及对词汇、语法和语篇三要素的把握能力。近四年高考短文改错的考查特点分析如下:

2013新课标2014新课标2015新课标2016新课标

ⅠⅡⅠⅡⅠⅡ甲乙丙体裁记叙文说明文记叙文记叙文议论文记叙文议论文记叙文议论文

话题我的爷

下午茶

的来历

种植圣

女果

我的学

城乡对

失而复

如何度

过暑假

叔叔的

经营之

我与父

文长105 104 108 114 108 107 107 93 121

名词 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

冠词 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

数词

代词 1 1 1 1 1 2

介词 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1

连词 2 1 1 1 1

形容词 3 2 2 1

副词 2 1 2 2 1 1 1

比较等级 1

助动词和

情态动词

虚拟语气 1

时态语态 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1

非谓语动词 1 1 2 2 2 1

名词性从句 1

定语从句 1 1 1

状语从句 1

主谓一致 1

强调句

倒装句

由以上表格中的数据可知,短文改错的考查规律是:

1.短文改错的语言材料通常取材于考生自己的作品或类似于考生的随笔,且话题常见,篇章结构的难易程度符合中学生的认知水平,即通俗易懂,基本上无生僻的语言障碍和怪、偏、难的语句结构。词数通常与书面表达一

样,也在100词左右。

2.短文改错通常从词法、句法和行文逻辑三个角度设题,考查语篇中综合运用英语的能力。

3.错误类型有三种:多词、少词和错词。

在总题量10个小题中,其比例一般为1∶1∶8,即1个多词、1个少词、8个错词。在错词中,多涉及动词、名词、形容词和副词;多词和少词主要涉及冠词和介词等。

4.名词、冠词、介词和时态语态的误用或漏用是每年必考的语法项目。

5.非谓语动词、代词、连词、形容词、副词和从句也是考查的重要内容,情态动词和虚拟语气也考查过一次。

6.尚未考查到的有:数词、强调句和倒装句。但这些语法项目也是短文改错的命题范围,同学们不要轻视。

由以上命题规律探知识,未来高考的短文改错题,其难度、错误类型设置、文章长度不会有太大变化。考查更加注重语用功能,取材范围将更广泛,并注重语言的综合应用能力。

【规范答题】

第一步:通读全文。通读全文的目的是理解短文大意,找出其中逻辑方面的错误。这一过程中一定要注意检查句与句之间的衔接是否合理,是否出现逻辑方面的错误,文章总体上使用的是什么时态,代词指代是否明确,上下文是否出现自相矛盾的地方等。

第二步:字斟句酌。改错既要防止只见树木不见森林、拘泥细节的做法,又要避免粗枝大叶、忽略细节的错误。在近几年的高考短文改错试题中,细节性错误占百分之七八十,所以做此类题时一定要仔细研究文章的每一个细节,不放过任何一处可能存在的问题,每一个单词都要斟酌一下是否使用正确。

第三步:再读全文。这一步主要检查有没有语言不通、缺词漏词的现象,因果、转折或顺承等逻辑有没有问题,时态语态是否一致合理等。在这一过程中要将之前改不出来的部分再看一遍,检查常考的设错点有没有缺漏等,例如如果没有名词单复数或动词时态方面的错误,那么就要再通读原文查找是否出现了这方面的错误;通读时发现有设错点重复的,也要加以改正。比如出现了两处冠词的错误,那么就要检查一下是否两个真的都错了还是哪个在改动上有误。

【解题技巧】

1.四要法

(1)要浏览全文,把握大意。

(2)要找出短文中的句号,把短文拆分成若干句子。短文改错不应按行去分析改错,而应以句子为单位进行断句改错。

(3)要认真分析句子结构,从“多、缺、错”三个方面入手,进行改错。

(4)要重新通读自己改正过的文章,进行检查。

2.四看法

(1)看每行或每句有无“一致性”错误:①主谓是否一致;②指代是否一致;③修饰语与被修饰语是否一致;

④前后时态是否一致;⑤单复数是否一致;⑥并列连词and,or,but等前后的形式是否一致。

(2)看每行或每句有无“搭配”错误:①动宾搭配;②动词与介词搭配;③介词与名词搭配;④固定短语等。

(3)看每行或每句有无“词法、语法”错误:①冠词the,an,a误用;②非谓语动词的误用;③引导词误用;

④形容词与副词误用;⑤时态、语态使用不当;⑥并列连词误用(and,but,or,so等);⑦名词单复数形式误用等。

(4)看每行或每句有无“逻辑意义”错误,如按照上下文意思本该用push的地方用了pull。

一、错误设置类型

1.多词:多余的词,往往是结构词,如冠词、介词、代词等。一种是根据涉及的名词、动词的特点、搭配和含义判断是否多了冠词、介词或副词。另一种是根据全句的结构和意义,判断是否多了连词或其他词。(如下表) 命题角度考点解题思路

名词冠词抽象名词、物质名词泛指时是否多了冠词

动词介词及物动词后受母语影响是否多了介词

不定式to 不定式前是否多了应该省略的“to”

时间状语介词时间状语中是否多用了介词

形容词、副词比较结构形容词、副词比较结构中是否多了相似词

固定搭配惯用法固定搭配是否“画蛇添足”

2.缺词:漏掉的往往是冠词、介词、连词等虚词。这又与前后词的搭配有关。见到名词,应考虑是否缺了冠词;见到动词,可注意后面是否少了应与之搭配的介词或其他词。见到某些固定搭配,如in front of, as soon as, 应考虑是否完整。不是固定搭配的,也要注意英语行文习惯或逻辑上的搭配。如英语不可说“She shook head.”,而应说“She shook her head.”。(如下表)

命题角度考点解题思路

名词冠词名词前是否缺冠词

不及物动词介词不及物动词后是否缺介词

不定式小品词to 不定式中是否缺少了不该省略的“to”

被动语态助动词被动语态中是否缺少了助动词be

母语迁移词类用法将形容词、副词或介词视作动词,致使句子缺少谓语动词

固定搭配惯用法惯用法中是否漏了不可缺少的词

3.错词:错词的类型复杂,不胜枚举。但常见的还是搭配错误与语法错误,特别是平时写作时常出的错误最易为命题者所关注。对于平时常常疏忽、常常出错的地方要精心改正,做题时更要小心仔细。(如下表)

命题角度考点解题思路

名词冠词判断名词前的冠词是否误用

名词名词的数句中名词该用单数还是复数

动词动词时态、语态以及主

谓一致

根据上下文判断动词时态、语态是否有误,

主谓搭配是否正确

非谓语动词分词、动名词、不定式根据上下文判断非谓语动词是否误用

代词人称代词的格、指代及

关系代词与从句关系

①人称代词的格是否误用

②代词前后指代是否一致

③定语从句中关系词是否误用

形容词、副词词法判断句中形容词和副词是否混淆使用

介词惯用法惯用法中介词是否误用

连词句法判断句中并列连词、从属连词是否误用

二、考点聚焦

考点一时态、语态方面的错误

主要为现在时态与过去时态、主动语态与被动语态之间的误用。做题时要把握全文时态基调,注意平行结构及主语与动词之间的逻辑关系。

[典例](1)(2016·新课标丙卷)At the first, I thought I knew...However, my parents didn’t seem to think so.They always tell me what to do and how to do it.

[解析]tell改为told。此处表示他们总是告诉我做什么及如何做。根据上下文语境可知,文章的主体时态为一般过去时,故应将tell改为told。

(2)In the last years, significant advances have made in strawberry genetic transformation at home and abroad.

[解析]在have后加been。句意:在过去几年里,国内外草莓转基因研究取得了重大进展。根据语境可知,主语significant advances是动词make的承受者,所以用被动语态。

考点二主谓一致方面的错误

主要考查动词是否需要用“第三人称单数形式”。

[典例]Hello, boys and girls!Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.

[解析]go改为goes。when引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时表示一般将来,而且主语是a fire alarm,谓语用第三人称单数。

考点三名词方面的错误

主要有名词的单复数问题、可数与不可数问题、所有格的位置问题及受不受形容词修饰语影响的问题。

[典例](1)(2016·浙江)When I was a very young children, my father created a regular practice I remember well years later.

[解析]children改为child。根据语境可知,此处表示当我还是一个非常小的孩子时。由主语I及修饰语冠词a都能看出表语的中心词应为单数名词child。

(2)(2015·四川)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.

[解析]friend改为friends。句意:正如我上次告诉你的那样,我在这里交了三个新朋友。抓住关键词three,确定被修饰词需用复数friends。

考点四冠词方面的错误

主要指a(n)与the 的误用、a与an的误用、单数可数名词前冠词的缺失及误加冠词的问题。

[典例](1)(2016·新课标甲卷)But in that case, we will learn little about world.

[解析]world前加the。句意:但如果那样的话,我们会对这个世界了解甚少。world表示“世界”时,其前

应用定冠词。

(2)I can still remember I was once asked to make speech before the whole class at the age of 9.

[解析]speech前加a。make a speech是固定短语,意为“做演讲”。

考点五非谓语动词方面的错误

主要考查动名词和不定式的误用、现在分词和过去分词的误用、动词不定式是否省略to等问题。

[典例](1)Understand your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.

[解析]Understand改为Understanding。句意:理解你自己的交流需求及交流风格和学会表达你的爱和情感一样重要。understand作主语,故用动名词形式。

(2)Ordering over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.

[解析]Ordering改为Ordered。此处表示这本书是一星期以前订购的,预计马上会到货。order与其逻辑主语the books之间为动宾关系,故用过去分词表示被动、完成,此处为过去分词作状语。

考点六连词方面的错误

主要为“and, so, or与but”“while与when”“however与therefore”等逻辑连词之间的误用。

[典例](1)Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area.

[解析]去掉but。though/although引导让步状语从句时,不与并列连词but连用。

(2)He is a shy man, and he is not afraid of anything or anyone.

[解析]and改为but。句意:他是一个害羞的人,但是他不害怕任何事情或任何人。两个分句之间是转折关系。

考点七形容词、副词方面的错误

主要表现为:误用形容词修饰形容词,误用形容词修饰动词,形容词、副词的原级、比较级、最高级之间的误用以及带-ly的副词与不带-ly的副词之间的误用。

[典例](1)(2016·新课标乙卷)Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady.

[解析]steady改为steadily。句中的grow表示“发展”,steady作状语修饰这个动词,表示“稳定地发展”,故用其副词形式作状语。

(2)(2015·新课标Ⅰ)Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem.

[解析]seriously改为serious。作定语修饰problem,用其形容词形式。

考点八介词方面的错误

主要为固定搭配及介词的多余或缺失等方面的错误。

[典例](1)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.

[解析]on改为with。句意:不幸的是,随着工业化的发展,环境也遭到了破坏。根据句意可知,此处用with

表示“随着”。

(2)(2016·新课标乙卷)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.

[解析]dreams后面加of。dream of是固定短语,表示“梦想到……”。

考点九语言累赘

如because 与so并用、though 与but 并用、return 后误加back、repeat 后误加again 等常见语义重复[典例]Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.

[解析]去掉but。Although是连接词,意为“虽然……但是……”,包括but的意义,不能连用,去掉but。

考点十行文逻辑及常识性错误

[典例]However, he was the gentlest man I have never known.

[解析]never改为ever。此处表示“他是我曾经见过的最温和的一个人”,故应将never改为ever。

考点十一代词方面的错误

主要包括形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词之间的误用、关系代词与关系副词之间的误用、连接代词与连接副词之间的误用、代词主格与宾格的误用、代词单数与复数的误用、不定代词之间的误用、反身代词与宾格代词的误用、it’s与its 的误用等。

[典例](1)(2015·新课标Ⅱ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.

[解析]yourself改为myself。此句中的反身代词与主语I一致,用myself表示“我自己”。

(2)(2015·新课标Ⅱ)Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.

[解析]parents前面加his。此处指汤尼的父母,故用物主代词。

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