英语作文结构

英语作文结构
英语作文结构

一、段落写作

写作的过程包括选词、造句、组段和成篇。四级作文的写作也同样遵循这一规律。但四级考试的写作囿于篇幅的限制,从严格意义上说是凝练的段落写作。

段落是由彼此关联的表达相对单一中心思想的一组句子构成,它是一篇文章或书中某一章节的基本构成部分,也是文章结构的基本独立部分。段落由若干个句子组成,通常表达一个中心思想。因此,段落不能由一组句子随意堆砌而成,而是应当符合一定的模式和具有某些基本特征,并遵循一定的段落发展方法。大学英语的写作重点就要从选词造句转到联句成段和联段成篇上。进行段落层次上的写作训练,是写好文章的关键所在。段落由主题句、扩展句和结尾句三部分构成。

主题句

主题句是介绍某一段落主要内容的句子,通常是一个概括性的陈述(a general statement)。主题句把纷繁的现象通过简练的文字用一句话扼要地指出这一段落的中心内容。主题句在开头是最常用的做法,这样读者和作者都非常容易进入段落的主题。写作时不断地对照主题句,可以让作者避免把不相关的内容写

入这一段落;主题句放的中间,多出现于作者对两件事情作比较时,说明两者如何相象,又如何不同;主题句出现在段落的末尾,往往是作者为创造一种悬念而有意安排的,目的是让读者继续读下去,可以在读者心目中留下一个深刻的印象。

扩展句

扩展句是段落主题句的延伸和发展,起着辅助主题句和拓展段落中心的作用。它对主题句的中心思想或者举例说明,或者详细解释和论证。扩展句一般由几个或十几个意思连贯的句子组成。扩展句应具有清晰翔实、条理分明的特点。

结尾句

结尾句就是总结段落的句子,它在段落中起着非常重要的作用,它用一句话将段落内容进行归纳总结,对全段中心思想作出精炼的浓缩。因为段落的内容是说明主题的,因此结尾句常和段落主题句呼应,或者说是主题句的再现,并与扩展句相关联。结尾句可以用不同的方法再现主题,有时甚至就是段落的主题句。但有时在一段文章中,尤其是较短的段落中,只有主题句,而没有结尾句;而当主题句位于段尾时,主题句就是结尾句。因此,虽然在段落写作中应遵循

“首一中一尾”的三段论模式,但不应被这种模式所束缚,而应根据具体情况灵活掌握,只有这样才能不影响意思的表达。

二、段落的基本特征

段落是彼此相关的表达单一中心思想的一组句子的组合,而一个无论是结构上还是内容上都完整的段落,必须具有一致性、连贯性和充实性特点,这是段落的基本特征。

一致性

通常,英语文章每一个段落只有一个中心思想,它往往由一个主题句表现出来,全段其他各句用一些相关的细节和事实紧密围绕主题句展开,任何与主题句无关、可有可无或说服力不强的内容都应舍弃。

连贯性

连贯性原则要求在全篇文章中,语言要一气呵成,各段之间通过过渡词或过渡句自然衔接,条理清楚,形成相互呼应的整体效果。使文章达到连贯性的方法很多,通常使用过渡性词语、重复性关键词、代词和排比句等。

为了使文章具有连贯性,表达不同的逻辑关系可以使用不同的过渡性词语,例如:

表示动作或思想发生顺序的过渡性词语:first,

second,in the first place,to begin with,next,finally 等.

用于文章开始的过渡性词语:as a generalrule,basically,first of all,generally speaking,ingeneral,on a whole,recently,with等.

用于文章结尾的过渡性词语:accordingly, as a result,above all,finally,hence,in brief,in short,in conclusion等.

表示重述关系的过渡性词语:in other words,in simple terms,to put it diferently,to repeat,that is 等.

充实性

充实性是就内容和形式两方面而言的。从内容上讲,它应该从多角度出发,用恰如其分的、能使读者信服的强有力的论据去支持观点。文章的充实性从形式上讲就是句型要生动富于变化。句子结构无变化,句型句式单一是文章缺乏表现力的表现。

三、段落的展开

常见的段落展开方法有列举法、举例法、叙述法、因果法、比较法、分类法、定义法等。也可以按时间顺序展开段落(常用于记叙文和说明文);按空间顺序展开段落(常用于描写性文章中);还可以用定义法展

开段落(常用于解释字面模糊的词语);用分类法展开段落(往往用来解释较复杂的主题);段落展开的方法还有很多,但无论理论上的指导多详尽,写作都是一件需要付诸很多实践才能做好的事情,只有在有充分理论指导的前提下,多写多练,才能在写作上取得突破性的进步。

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句子成分分析 句子成分划分巧计 主在前,谓在中,宾语状语后面冲。短语定语住宾后,形代定语住宾前。间宾直宾紧相连,直间之间to, for 连。宾补位于宾语后,地状常在时状前。 一,主语:是一个句子的主体,一般放在谓语之前,是动作的实施者。主语由名词,代词,数词,不定式,动词-ing形式或从句充当。 1.Mary is a good student.(名词) 2.Unity is strength. ( 名词) 3.He enjoys walking in the fields. (代词) 4.Four plus six is ten.(数词) 5.To work hard is important.(不定式短语) 6.It is my job to teach them English. (不定式短语是真正的主语,it 为形式主语) 7.Smoking is bad for health. (动词-ing形式作主语) 8.When we shall go back has not been decided yet. (从句作主语,即主语从句) 二,谓语:用来说明主语的动作或状态,表明主语是什么,做什么,或怎么样。谓语由动词担当,可由各种时态的动词表示 1.Great hopes make great men. (动词) 2.She looked after him two years ago.(动词词组) 3.I shall answer your question after class.(助动词+动词) 4.She can speak English very well. (情态动词+动词) 5.The dictionary is mine.(连系动词+表语) 6.She looks happy. (连系动词+表语) 三,宾语: 表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者,由名词,代词,不定式,相当于名词的词或从句充当充当,一般放在及物动词或介词的后面。 (一)单宾语 1.Paper catches fire easily. (名词) 2.He will do anything for her. (代词) 3.She is listening to play the violin. (不定式短语) 4.He doesn’t like swimming. (动词-ing形式) 5.He said that he would come. (从句,即宾语从句) (二)双宾语(直接宾语sth+间接宾语sb) 常见的带双宾语的动词有:give, bring, buy, get, lend, make, offer, pass, teach, tell, write, read, show, send, leave, return 1.Mother bought me a shirt yesterday. 2.She taught us English then. 3.I send m y mother two letters last month. (三) 复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)有些及物动词带了宾语后,还需要有一个补足成分,才能使句意完整,即补充说明宾语,能都充当宾补的词有名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,分词(现在分词和过去分词) 常跟宾补的动词有 allow, ask, advise, call, elect, keep, consider, make, see, name, have, get, help, wish, let, feel, hear, find smell 1.We elected him our monitor.(名词) 2.I want him back.(副词) 3.Cell phones make it possible for us to anyone from anywhere.(形容词) 4.The doctor advised me to have more exercises.(不定式短语) 5.I heard Mary singing in her room.(动词-ing形式) 6.He had his watch repaired yesterday.(过去分词) 7.Please make yourself at home.(介词短语)你请自便。 四表语:放在连系动词be ,become, seem, feel turn(当“变得”讲时)等之后,用来说明主语的特征,状态,身份等,可以充当表语的词有名词,动词-ed形式或句子 1. He became king when he was only a child.(名词) 2. The book is hers. (代词) 3. He is free today.(形容词) 4. Her mother will be back soon.(副词) 5. I’m sixteen.(数词) 6. He seemed worried about it.(动词过去分词) 7. It is surprising to hear the news.(动词现在分词) 8. The problem is how to finish the work ahead of time.(不定式短语) 9. This is what I want to tell you.(从句,即表语从句) 五定语:用来修饰名词或代词,可作定于的词有名词,代词,数词,介词短语,不定式,动词-ing 形式,动词-ed 形式以及从句,定语分为前置定语和后置定语 1. Yao Ming is an excellent basketball player.(形容词,前置) 2. Ronaldo is a football player.(名词,前置) 3. Your hair needs cutting.(代词,前置) 4. Thirty students attended the party.(数词,前置) 5. He is in the sitting room.(现在分词,前置) 6. You can see fallen leaves everywhere in fall.(过去分词,前置) 7. Who is the girl dancing over there?(现在分词短语,后置) 8. The hotel built last year is the best in the city.(过去分词短语,后置) 9. This the house which we visied.(从句,即定语从句,后置) 六状语:用来修饰形容词,副词,动词或整个句子,用来表示时间,地点,原因,方式,程度,目的,结果,条件,让步,频度等情况。 通常用作状语的词有副词,介词短语,不定式,动词-ing形式,动词-ed 形式,名词词组,从句等,状语一般放在词尾,但有的也放在句首或句中 1.The plane will take off in a few minutes. (介词短语作地点状语) 2.He came late because of the rain. (介词短语作原因状语)

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