英语语言学术语解释

1. Design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.

2. Function: the use of language to communicate, to think ,etc. Language functions inclucle informative function, interpersonal function, performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.

3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American lingu ist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.

4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.

5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.

6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.

7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.

8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.360docs.net/doc/8c846077.html,ying down rules for language use.

9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.

10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.

13. Aphetic communion: one function of human language, which refers to the social interaction of language.

14. Met language: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.

15. macro linguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et 16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.

17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.

18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.

19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).

20．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.

21．Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.

22．Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.

23．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

24．Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. 25．Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.

26．Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of the phoneme/t/.

27．Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

28．Manner of articulation: in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.

29.Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.

30．Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.

31．Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. 32．IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.

33．Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and

intonation.

34．Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.

35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression_r and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.

36. compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

37.inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.

38.affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).

39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes

40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.

41.allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.

42.Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.

43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.

44.free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.

45.lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)

46.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.

47.Grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.

48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.

49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.

50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

51. Loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.

52. Loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.

53. Lean shift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.

54. Acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.

55. Loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.

56. Back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.

57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.

58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.

59.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous

60.category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.

61.concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.

62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.

63.paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.

64.immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. 65.endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.

66.exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.

67.deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.

68.surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive

69.c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/8c846077.html,ernment and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/8c846077.html,municative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.

72.ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.

73. interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression_r of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..

74.textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.

75.conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.

76.denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world

77.connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.

78.reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.

79.reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.

80.sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression_r,independent of situational context.

81.synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/8c846077.html,plentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.

83.gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.

84.converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute

a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.

85.relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.

86.hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)

87.superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》章节题库(含名校考研真题)-第8~11章【圣才出品】

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C. Levinson D. G. Leech 【答案】B 【解析】言语行为理论是哲学家约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出的。它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答”用语言干什么”这个问题。 2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest. (Focus on the type of illocutionary act) （南京大学2007研） A. threaten B. advise C. beseech D. urge 【答案】A 【解析】A为命令性言语行为，而其他三项为指示性言语行为。 3. _____ is using a sentence to perform a function. （西安外国语学院2006研） A. A perlocutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A locutionary act D. Speech act 【答案】D 【解析】约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出言语行为理论, 此理论对语言交际的

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新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第五章笔记和习题

Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…

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第一章 1.What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication 2.Design features of language ①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings) ②Duality（二层性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. ③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. ④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication. (p7) 3.Functions of language ①Informative(信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational) ②Interpersonal(人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, sex, language, background, accent, status) ③Performative(施为功能) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare) ④. Emotive/Expressive(情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. ⑤Phatic communion(寒暄交流) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather) ⑥Recreational function(娱乐): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry) ⑦Metalingual function(元语言功能): to talk about language itself. 4. What is linguistics? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 5. Important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive & prescriptive Synchronic & diachronic Langue & parole Competence & performance 6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually use (modern linguistic) Prescriptive(规定性)—lay down rules for“correct and standard”linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar:“never use a double negative”) 7.Synchronic study(共时)—description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study (历时)—description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time) 第四章 1．What is Syntax（句法）? Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form

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胡壮麟语言学重难点 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 常考考点：1. 语言: 语言的定义；语言的基本特征；语言的功能；语言的起源 2. 语言学：语言学的定义；现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别；语言学研究的四个原则及简要说明；语言学中的几组重要区别；每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。 1. 语言的定义特征 1.1. 任意性 1.2. 二重性 1.3. 创造性 1.4. 移位性 1.5. 文化传递性 1.6. 互换性 2. 语言的功能 1.1. 信息功能 1.2. 人际功能 1.3. 施为功能 1.4. 感情功能 1.5. 寒暄功能 1.6. 娱乐功能 1.7. 元语言功能

3. 微观语言学 3.1. 语音学 3.2. 音系学 3.3. 形态学 3.4. 句法学 3.5. 语义学 3.6. 语用学 4. 宏观语言学 4.1. 心理语言学 4.2. 社会语言学 4.3. 应用语言学 4.4. 计算语言学 4.5. 神经语言学 5. 重要概念及其区分 5.1. 描写式&规定式 5.2. 共时&历时 5.3. 语言&言语 5.4. 语言能力&语言应用 5.5. 唯素的&唯位的 5.6. 传统语法&现代语法 5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

常考考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义；发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类；基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法 2. 音系学音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系与区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布于互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音；音高和语调。 1. 语音学及其三大领域 1.1. 语音学定义 1.2. 语音学三大领域 ①发音语音学 ②声学语音学 ③听觉语音学 2. 辅音 2.1. 辅音定义发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。 2.2. 发音方式发音方式是指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位的方式 2.3. 发音部位发音部位是指声道的哪些部位发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍。 3. 元音

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英语语言学基础知识一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征几对基本概念 (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language \Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the

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第13章英语语言变体（Ⅰ） 13.1 复习笔记【本章要点】 1. Regional dialects of English 地域方言 2. Social dialects of English 社会方言 3. Styles of English 英语语体 4. Genres and registers of English 英语语类和语域【本章考点】方言的定义；地域方言；社会方言；英语正式语体和非正式语体；英语语类；语域。【本章内容索引】 Ⅰ. Regional dialects of English Ⅱ. Social dialects of English Ⅲ. Styles of English Ⅳ. Genres and registers of English Ⅰ. Regional dialects of English（地域方言） Dialect: A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called a dialect.

方言：是指在一个特定的区域或一个特定的社会阶层内所使用的能够识别的语言变体。 Like other languages, English may vary in its use in different places and at different historical times. The former results in regional or geographical dialects. It is worth noting that the social value of a regional dialect or variety reveals the social status of its speakers. 同其他语言一样，在不同区域范围和历史发展阶段中，英语的使用方法可能不同。由于地域不同所产生的语言变体就是地域方言。值得注意的是，地域方言或变体的使用体现语言使用者的社会地位。 Ⅱ. Social dialects of English（社会方言） English also varies with the social attributes of its speakers, resulting in what is called social dialects (also termed “social-class dialects”, “sociolects”, or “class dialects”). Often, they arise from the separation brought about by different social conditions. 社会方言，或社会阶层方言，是指具有某一特定社会阶层特征的语言变体。体现使用者的社会属性。通常，社会方言是由不同社会条件所造成的分离引起的。 Ⅲ. Styles of English（英语语体） English, like Chinese, makes a distinction between two styles: formal style and informal style. 和汉语一样，英语也有两种语体：正式语体和非正式语体。 Formal Style: It occurs in social contexts that are formal, serious, often official in

《英语语言学》复习重点

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英语语言学 术语解释