英语专业八级General+Knowledge知识点
专八General Knowledge知识点
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.
2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学
3.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科
4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学
5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美政府或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个"红领巾"也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。？
7.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like或as引导的短语中，如"我的离开好象是冬天来临"或"你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要"（莎士比亚）
8.:Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如"忧愁之海"或"整个世界一台戏"(莎士比亚) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟
9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐
观 cruel kindness
10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.
11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.
12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语
主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果
14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.
terminology
16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的
17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重
18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如buzz或murmur模仿事物或行动的声音.
19. hypotaxis: 从属关系
20. parataxis: 并列结构，指短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.
21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国
23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成
24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如child和joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.
25. Vanity Fair 名利场was written by William Makepeace Thackeray.
26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins
尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯
27. The title of the national anthem 国歌of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28. Henry David Thoreau's work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.
29. Etymology: the history of a word. 词源学
30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰
31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.
32. In Gulliver's Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world's most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.
33. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.
34. Morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. 词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如-ed在单词walked中，不能被划分为更小的有意义单位
35. The name of the famous stadium露天体育场in the north of London is Wembley.
36. Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近, 是著名的国际网球比赛地)
37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire,
a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉，，面拖烤香肠
38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）. 联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段
39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society. 种族隔离, 强制实行种族的社会
分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策
40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites. 种族隔离制, 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.
41. Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 种族或宗教融合, 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离
42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.
43. Sir Thomas More coined the word "Utopia"; it means nowhere land in Greek.
44. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.
45. Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里mat中的m和bat中的 b
46. polysemy: 一词多义
47. patron saint：保护圣徒, 守护神
48. Parentese: 父母语
49. back formation: 逆构词脱落一词的词缀以构成新词typewriter → typewrite
50. allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 语素变体, 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之s在cats中，z在dogs中，和iz在horses中，还有en在oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体.
松开的记忆，飘落的莫名的尘埃，像起伏的微风，拂过脑海，留下一份情愁。一条街，没有那些人，那些身影，却能来回徘徊穿梭。街，行走时，纵然漫长，漫长，有时只为听一颗流动的心
的呓语。沉默，倔强，回望，忘记，记住，一切像断了的弦，有时希望生活简单就好，有时却又莫名的颓废其中。
有些路，只能一个人走；有些事，只能一个人去经历。粗读加缪、萨特的存在主义，它告诉我，人就是非理性的存在。光秃秃的枝桠、清寂的清晨、流动的阳光，飘落于心，或快意，或
寂寥，映照心境，然而，有时却只属于那一刻。总之，一切只是心情。
人生的画面一幅幅地剪辑，最后拼凑出的是一张五彩斑斓的水彩画，有艳丽的火红色，凝重的墨黑以及一抹忧郁的天蓝色。人的记忆很奇特，那些曾经的过往，就像一幅幅的背景图，只
有一个瞬间，却没有以前或以后。比如，只能记得某个瞬间的微笑，只能在记忆的痕迹寻觅某时刻骑着单车穿过路口拐角的瞬间，却都不知晓为何微笑，为何穿过街角。
一切，有时荒诞得像一场莫名情景剧。然而，这就是生活。
曾经的梦，曾经的痛，曾经的歌，曾经的热情相拥，曾经的璀璨星空。
也许，多年以后，再也见不到的那些人，和着记忆的碎片飘荡而来，曾经伴着我们走过春华秋实。天空蔚蓝，杜鹃纷飞，飞过季节，曾经萍水相逢，欢聚一堂，蓦然回首，唯歌声飘留。让人忆起《米拉波桥》里的诗句：夜幕降临，钟声悠悠，时光已逝，唯我独留。
人在天涯，绵绵的思绪随着微风飘浮，从布满礁石的心灵海滩上穿过千山万水，来到游荡的身躯里，刻下一篇篇笺章。而这，或许在多年以后，当再次翻动时，原以为什么都已改变，
松开的记忆，飘落的莫名的尘埃，像起伏的微风，拂过脑海，留下一份情愁。一条街，没有那些人，那些身影，却能来回徘徊穿梭。街，行走时，纵然漫长，漫长，有时只为听一颗流动的心的呓语。沉默，倔强，回望，忘记，记住，一切像断了的弦，有时希望生活简单就好，有时却又莫名的颓废其中。
有些路，只能一个人走；有些事，只能一个人去经历。粗读加缪、萨特的存在主义，它告诉我，人就是非理性的存在。光秃秃的枝桠、清寂的清晨、流动的阳光，飘落于心，或快意，或寂寥，映照心境，然而，有时却只属于那一刻。总之，一切只是心情。
人生的画面一幅幅地剪辑，最后拼凑出的是一张五彩斑斓的水彩画，有艳丽的火红色，凝重的墨黑以及一抹忧郁的天蓝色。人的记忆很奇特，那些曾经的过往，就像一幅幅的背景图，只有一个瞬间，却没有以前或以后。比如，只能记得某个瞬间的微笑，只能在记忆的痕迹寻觅某时刻骑着单车穿过路口拐角的瞬间，却都不知晓为何微笑，为何穿过街角。
一切，有时荒诞得像一场莫名情景剧。然而，这就是生活。
曾经的梦，曾经的痛，曾经的歌，曾经的热情相拥，曾经的璀璨星空。
也许，多年以后，再也见不到的那些人，和着记忆的碎片飘荡而来，曾经伴着我们走过春华秋实。天空蔚蓝，杜鹃纷飞，飞过季节，曾经萍水相逢，欢聚一堂，蓦然回首，唯歌声飘留。让人忆起《米拉波桥》里的诗句：夜幕降临，钟声悠悠，时光已逝，唯我独留。
人在天涯，绵绵的思绪随着微风飘浮，从布满礁石的心灵海滩上穿过千山万水，来到游荡的身躯里，刻下一篇篇笺章。而这，或许在多年以后，当再次翻动时，原以为什么都已改变，
松开的记忆，飘落的莫名的尘埃，像起伏的微风，拂过脑海，留下一份情愁。一条街，没有那些人，那些身影，却能来回徘徊穿梭。街，行走时，纵然漫长，漫长，有时只为听一颗流动的心的呓语。沉默，倔强，回望，忘记，记住，一切像断了的弦，有时希望生活简单就好，有时却又莫名的颓废其中。
有些路，只能一个人走；有些事，只能一个人去经历。粗读加缪、萨特的存在主义，它告诉我，人就是非理性的存在。光秃秃的枝桠、清寂的清晨、流动的阳光，飘落于心，或快意，或寂寥，映照心境，然而，有时却只属于那一刻。总之，一切只是心情。
人生的画面一幅幅地剪辑，最后拼凑出的是一张五彩斑斓的水彩画，有艳丽的火红色，凝重的墨黑以及一抹忧郁的天蓝色。人的记忆很奇特，那些曾经的过往，就像一幅幅的背景图，只有一个瞬间，却没有以前或以后。比如，只能记得某个瞬间的微笑，只能在记忆的痕迹寻觅某时刻骑着单车穿过路口拐角的瞬间，却都不知晓为何微笑，为何穿过街角。
一切，有时荒诞得像一场莫名情景剧。然而，这就是生活。
曾经的梦，曾经的痛，曾经的歌，曾经的热情相拥，曾经的璀璨星空。
也许，多年以后，再也见不到的那些人，和着记忆的碎片飘荡而来，曾经伴着我们走过春华秋实。天空蔚蓝，杜鹃纷飞，飞过季节，曾经萍水相逢，欢聚一堂，蓦然回首，唯歌声飘留。让人忆起《米拉波桥》里的诗句：夜幕降临，钟声悠悠，时光已逝，唯我独留。
人在天涯，绵绵的思绪随着微风飘浮，从布满礁石的心灵海滩上穿过千山万水，来到游荡的身躯里，刻下一篇篇笺章。而这，或许在多年以后，当再次翻动时，原以为什么都已改变，
松开的记忆，飘落的莫名的尘埃，像起伏的微风，拂过脑海，留下一份情愁。一条街，没有那些人，那些身影，却能来回徘徊穿梭。街，行走时，纵然漫长，漫长，有时只为听一颗流动的心的呓语。沉默，倔强，回望，忘记，记住，一切像断了的弦，有时希望生活简单就好，有时却又莫名的颓废其中。
有些路，只能一个人走；有些事，只能一个人去经历。粗读加缪、萨特的存在主义，它告诉我，人就是非理性的存在。光秃秃的枝桠、清寂的清晨、流动的阳光，飘落于心，或快意，或寂寥，映照心境，然而，有时却只属于那一刻。总之，一切只是心情。
人生的画面一幅幅地剪辑，最后拼凑出的是一张五彩斑斓的水彩画，有艳丽的火红色，凝重的墨黑以及一抹忧郁的天蓝色。人的记忆很奇特，那些曾经的过往，就像一幅幅的背景图，只有一个瞬间，却没有以前或以后。比如，只能记得某个瞬间的微笑，只能在记忆的痕迹寻觅某时刻骑着单车穿过路口拐角的瞬间，却都不知晓为何微笑，为何穿过街角。
一切，有时荒诞得像一场莫名情景剧。然而，这就是生活。
曾经的梦，曾经的痛，曾经的歌，曾经的热情相拥，曾经的璀璨星空。
也许，多年以后，再也见不到的那些人，和着记忆的碎片飘荡而来，曾经伴着我们走过春华秋实。天空蔚蓝，杜鹃纷飞，飞过季节，曾经萍水相逢，欢聚一堂，蓦然回首，唯歌声飘留。让人忆起《米拉波桥》里的诗句：夜幕降临，钟声悠悠，时光已逝，唯我独留。
人在天涯，绵绵的思绪随着微风飘浮，从布满礁石的心灵海滩上穿过千山万水，来到游荡的身躯里，刻下一篇篇笺章。而这，或许在多年以后，当再次翻动时，原以为什么都已改变，
若能觅得一方喜欢的山水，在空旷的风里，种上淡暖如许，清欢如许。我愿用无尘的诗句，沾染些许晨露，轻叩那些老去的时光，让曾经的你我，重走一遍依旧开满鲜花的小径。时光里的我们，不说话。只是凝望着彼此旧时的模样，任凭花落清溪，任凭日暮烟霞。
陌上的时光，匆匆如流。指尖，一直贪恋着世间所有的暖香。而那些没有着落过往，早已随风而散。往事已旧，一切，终会在念与不念，忘与不忘之间，莞尔一笑，变得风轻云淡。
岁月的风，就这样翩跹而过。还好，总有一些不离不弃的相伴，安暖着岁月的荣辱沧桑。然后，在玲珑的小字里尘埃落定。珍惜着，不早也不晚的缘分。愿你永远在我文字的四季，可以与那些草木葳蕤的深情一样，青青又青青。
纵使某天，错过了所有，只剩下一个人忧伤，也不要怪罪时光。时光里那些牵过的手，给错的爱，都是情不由衷。开始与结束，一样美丽。我们应该，原谅时光，记住爱！
那些过往里的施与舍，恩与惠，何必计较太多。我们在山水间喂养清风，在草木间描摹明月，云淡风轻一天又一天。任凭年华一去不返，依旧无怨无悔，不负岁月，不负时光。
那些风花雪月的重逢与离别，终将陨落在时光深处，被过往的烟尘一一覆盖。当时光里，那些被岁月漂白的光阴，再回首时，风住尘香，缘已渺渺，我们也不必遗憾。苍茫处，风景依旧，繁华笙歌，人事无恙。那些散落在流年深处的芬芳，也是依旧静美如初，相宜静好。
不如，安静着，于寂寂红尘中，为自己开一扇般若门，将一切浮云过往都放逐在红尘之外，只留一颗琉璃心，只守一池为我而开的莲荷，一粥一饭，一笔一墨，闲渡流年。
未来的路，那么远。从未想过会遇见谁，也从未想过会错过谁。今朝，一壶浊酒，一扑流萤，几许明媚，几许嫣然，我依然是那个朴素的琉璃女子。不敷衍，不趋势，简单的行走，简单的生活，简单的爱与被爱。
当时光里，那些被光阴漂白的过往，再回首时，风住尘香，缘已渺渺，我们也不必遗憾。苍茫处，风景依旧，繁华笙歌，人事无恙。那些散落在流年深处的芬芳，也是依旧静美如初，相宜静好。
若是，光阴辞去旧年，初心不改。我依然愿意，在心里种半亩花田，在文字里养一个春天。这样，无论你来不来，在不在，我都一样安静的开落。那样，你偶尔回眸，看到的风景，都是春天般，含着香，透着暖。
喜欢让心在那一刻，静如菩提明镜。那么，且许我一程走旧的岁月，温一壶经年的雨水，煮一段曾经的往事，不提花开，不说花落。就让那所有的喜怒哀乐，淡暖清欢，如茶般，氤氲出缕缕清香。而你我，亦愈来愈通透，有了茶的芬芳，即使喝到无味，亦有一股回甘，令人回味留恋。
桃花酿酒，醉了光阴。春水煎茶，赴了风雅。我人生四季，永远是那一抹剔透的琉璃色，不必虚张，不必声势，只做安静的自己，善待生命里遇见的一切，感恩并珍重，且温柔的对待。
若有一天，我们隔着茫茫人海，穿过人流车流，你是否会一眼将我认出，并且微笑着喊出我的名字。
若有一天，经年的路口，人烟渺渺。你是否会收集所有花香，用思念为我铺一条洒满落花的小路。那些失落的前尘往事，你是否愿意陪我一一捡拾，然后一起装帧成流年里最美的那一册画卷。
人生云水一梦，寻一份清幽，养一颗禅心。那些迎面而来的风景，让我们微笑着迎接，并且一一纳入流年的画卷。
愿世间美好，都是恰逢其时。至于那些聚了又散的人或事，淡记就好。或许，终有一天，心归宁静，从容朴素。
那么，我便在南山寻一处清幽。春来，采一壶桃花，酿一壶三生三世。夏来，养一池荷，掬一捧莲子醉清风。秋来，邀一缕秋风，修篱种菊，种下一个人的浮世清欢，种下一些心悦的小情绪。
曾经的往事，不提花开，不说花落。就让那所有的喜怒哀乐，淡暖清欢，如茶般，氤氲出缕缕清香。而你我，亦愈来愈通透，有了茶的芬芳，即使喝到无味，亦有一股回甘，令人回味留恋。
桃花酿酒，醉了光阴。春水煎茶，赴了风雅。我人生四季，永远是那一抹剔透的琉璃色，不必虚张，不必声势，只做安静的自己，善待生命里遇见的一切，感恩并珍重，且温柔的对待。
若有一天，我们隔着茫茫人海，穿过人流车流，你是否会一眼将我认出，并且微笑着喊出我的名字。
若有一天，经年的路口，人烟渺渺。你是否会收集所有花香，用思念为我铺一条洒满落花的小路。那些失落的前尘往事，你是否愿意陪我一一捡拾，然后一起装帧成流年里最美的那一册画卷。
人生云水一梦，寻一份清幽，养一颗禅心。那些迎面而来的风景，让我们微笑着迎接，并且一一纳入流年的画卷。
愿世间美好，都是恰逢其时。至于那些聚了又散的人或事，淡记就好。或许，终有一天，心归宁静，从容朴素。
那么，我便在南山寻一处清幽。春来，采一壶桃花，酿一壶三生三世。夏来，养一池荷，掬一捧莲子醉清风。秋来，邀一缕秋风，修篱种菊，种下一个人的浮世清欢，种下一些心悦的小情绪。冬来，红泥小炉煮一杯绿蚁酒，邀月，邀你，浅酌，微醺，共守流年。
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