《抢救切尔诺贝利》观后感上课讲义
《抢救切尔诺贝利》
观后感
《抢救切尔诺贝利》观后感看完《抢救切尔诺贝利》纪录片之后，触目惊心，悲惨的现实和严重的后果不由让我陷入沉思。
核能本是一种高效、无污染的新能源，将它用于发电，可有效地缓解当今社会的电力慌。然而任何事物都具有两面性，但核能的另一面似乎比我们想象的要可怕的多了多。从视频中了解到，切尔诺贝利的核事故源于一个反应堆在进行实验时意外失火而引发爆炸，他的辐射量相当于投在广岛原子弹的400多倍，8吨多的核物质泄露，尘埃飘向世界各地，这不仅夺走了当地人的健康甚至生命，全世界的生物也都或多或少的受到了危害。这个有限的事故，其后果却依然影响着我们，甚至在事故后28年的今天，可以说威胁仍旧存在着。被石棺尘封住的200多吨的核原料，现在表面也已开始出现裂痕了，甚至说有坍塌等危险，这应当引起我们人类的警惕，我觉得这已不单单是当地政府的事情了，这关系到地球上数亿人的健康与性命，它需要全世界的精英共同努力，携手共战，采取更好的措施封杀这潜在的威胁，来保证我们这代及后代的健康和安全。
可怕的核事故给人们造成的心理阴影难以消除，然而，尽管核事业的背后是如此的可怕，但作为新兴能源来说，人们看到了它利于经济发展的一面，就不会因为一次事故而放弃去研究它，但2011年的日本福岛核事故再一次给我们警示，又在人类的伤疤上撒了一把盐，让我们痛之又痛，越来越多的人也开
始反思，发展核能真的很有必要吗？隐藏在核能背后巨大的危险人类也算是尝试到了，真的还要义无反顾的继续坚持吗？我们不可否认在未来的十年、或二十年、亦或是上百年，我们有能力可以完全掌控住核能，砍掉它的魔掌，使它不会有任何危险和威胁。但是，我们敢保证在达到这么高要求的探索阶段就不会再出现任何类似的可怕的、毁灭性的核事故吗？
但就我个人而言，在资源紧缺的当今，发展核能这种新能源是有必要的，我们不能因“一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳”，不能因为一次事故而否定了一切，社会总归是要发展的，我们应当用发展的眼光来看待问题，我相信只要我们合理发展并控制好核能，它肯定是会造福于人类的。但发展的同时，我们还是不能忘记切尔诺贝利等核事故给我们带来的惨痛教训，在发展的这条坎坷的道路上，我们必须慎重仔细地考虑到每一个细节，把隐藏在背后各种潜在的危险一一扼杀在萌芽之中。即使让发展的脚步慢一些也不要紧，脚踏实地、一步一个脚印地走才是最安全、最合理的，有了安全的前提保证，才会有我们今后继续发展、通往胜利的可能，我也相信，核能的魔爪被人类完全降服的日子终会到来。
总之，核能这把双刃剑，唯有我们小心驾驭，慎重发展，方能得利弊害，使其造福人类，而像切尔诺贝利等类似核事故不再重演。
解三角形讲义
一、正弦定理 1、在ABC ?中： 2R sinC c sinB b sinA a ===（R 为△ABC 的外接圆半径） 。它的变式有：①a=2RsinA ，b=2RsinB ，c=2RsinC ；②； ，R c C R B R a A 2sin 2b sin 2sin ===③a ：b ：c=sinA ：sinB ：sinC 。 推论1：△ABC 的面积为：S △ABC =21absinC=21bcsinA=2 1 casinB （证明：由正弦函数定义，BC 边上的高为bsinC ，所以S △ABC = C ab sin 2 1 ） 。 推论2：在△ABC 中，有bcosC+ccosB=a 。(证明：因为B+C=π－A ，所以sin(B+C)=sinA ，即sinBcosC+cosBsinC=sinA ，两边同乘以2R 得bcosC+ccosB=a)；还有两个式子为：acosC+ccosA=b ，bcosA+acosB=c 。 2、利用正弦定理，可以解决以下两类有关三角形的问题 ①已知两角和任意一边，求其他两边和一角； ②已知两边和其中一边对角，求另一边的对角，进而求出其他的边和角。 例1 △ABC 中，角A 、B 、C 所对的边分别为a 、b 、c ，已知a=2，?=45B ，分别求出下 式中角A 的值。①b= 2 1 ；②b=1；③b=332；④b=2；⑤b=2。【答①无解；②A=?90；③A=??12060或； ④A=?45；⑤A=?30。】 例2 在△ABC 中，已知AB=1，?=50C ，当B= 时，BC 的长取最大值。【答：?40】 3、推导并记住：42675cos 15sin -= = ，4 2 615cos 75sin +== 。 例3 在锐角△ABC 中，若C=2B ，则 b c 的范围是（ ） A 、（0，2） B 、)2,2( C 、)3,2( D 、)3,1( 【答：C 】 例4 在△ABC 中，c=3，C=?60，求a+b 的最大值。 【答：23】 例5 在等腰△ABC 中，已知 2 1 sinB sinA =，BC=3，则△ABC 的周长为 。 【答：15】 4、角平分线定理：在△ABC 中，AD 平分∠BAC ，则AC AB DC BD = 。 例6 已知△ABC 的三条边分别是3、4、6，则它较大的锐角的平分线分三角形所成的两个三角形的面积比为（ ） A 、1:1 B 、1:2 C 、1:4 D 、3:4 【答：B 】 练习1 △ABC 中,角A 、B 、C 所对的边分别为a 、b 、c 。若x a =,2=b ,?=45B ,且此三角形有两解，则x 的取值范围为 ( ) A 、)22,2( B 、22 C 、),2(+∞ D 、]22,2( 【答：A 】
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
标点符号讲义
同步语文标点符号讲义 （注意：标有星号的句子都是错误的句子） 一、问号的的用法。 1、无疑问处不能用问号 有的句子虽然有疑问代词，但是并没有疑问。这时，就不能用问号。 *写什么景？怎么写景？为什么写景？是我们阅读分析散文时应注意的问题。 “写什么景？怎么写景？为什么写景？”虽然有疑问代词“什么”“怎么”“为什么”，但是它是整个句子的主语，三个短语没有疑问，是表达了一个陈述语气，不能用问号。 2、不少陈述句、祈使句以表示疑问的短语作宾语，这样的句子不能用问号。 *小明也不明白自己为什么还得了第一名？ *请认真阅读课文，简要回答课文的中心论点是什么，用了什么写作方法？ 3、间接引语中的陈述句不能用问号。 *座谈会上有人问他对目前相声表演中出现的新形式，如男女对口相声、电吉他相声、群口相声有什么看法？ 句中虽然出现了“问”字，但整个句子只是陈述提问得情况，属于间接引语，并没有直接引用说话人的疑问句，语调也是平缓的，显然是个陈述句。 4、倒装疑问句中问号应该放后面。 有的疑问句，主语和谓语倒置，问号应放在句末，才能准确表达出疑问或反问的语气。* “怎么啦？你。”我看到他在呕吐就吃惊地喊。 “怎么啦？你”是一个倒装句，“你”是这个句子的主语，问号放在“你”后面，才能准确表达出句子的疑问语气。 5、选择疑问句中问号应放句末。 选择疑问句虽然包含两个或两个以上的选择分句，但仍然是一个完整的句子，表达完整的意思，因而只在句末用一个问号，句中各分句之间用逗号。 *明天是你去监考呢？还是我去监考呢？ 这是一个选择问句，两个分句之间应用逗号，只在句末用一个问号。 注意：选择问句句群得都用问号。 站在他们前头领导他们呢，还是站在他们后头指手画脚地批评他们呢，还是站在他们的对面反对他们呢？ [点拨]由相关的几个疑问句组成的选择关系的句群，各句的句末都要用问号。以上由三问句构成。 随堂练习： 判断下列各句标点符号使用正确与否1(2005扬州市)今天下午，同学们都要去看《天下无贼》的电影，你去呢？还是不去呢？ 2(2005报头市)他睡在床上，想着老师为什么要批评他？ 3（2005湖州市）他是真的没有听到我的话呢？还是故意装作没听见？ 4*班主任问我们：“有没有信心争取团体总分第一名？同学们！”我们回答：“有。”（倒装问句） 5、*麦收以后，这块地是种玉米呢？还是种红薯呢？到底种什么？与会者议论纷纷，莫衷一是。（选择问；问句作主语） 6、以前的事姑且搁起，这一把铜元又是什么意思呢？奖他吗？我还能裁判车夫吗？我不能回答自己。（连续问句） 二、顿号的用法。 1、概数之间不能用顿号 *小河对岸三、四里外是浅山，好似细浪微波，线条柔和，宛延起伏，连接着高高的远山。 “三四里”是邻近的两个数字连用，表示大概的距离数目。既然是概数便不能加顿号。因为概数之间不需要停顿，一加上顿号，便成了“三”和“四”的并列，这就不符合表达的原意。 注意：确数之间必须用顿号 今天做值日的是四、五组同学 2、缩写的集合词之间不能用顿号 一些词语，如父母、中小学生、干群、干警等是一些缩写的表示集合群体意义的词语，它们之间结构紧密，不能用顿号分隔开来。 *这次“实战演习”的成功，与广大的指、战员的积极参与和努力是分不开的。“指战员”是一个集合词，“指”是指导员，“战”指战士。“指战员”中间不能用顿号隔开。 3、连词前不用顿号 并列词语中如果有连词“和”“与”“或”“或者”等，就不必再用顿号。这类连词一般用在只有两项的并列词语之间或多项并列词语的最后两项之间。 *这种真率与坦白，本身就很能引起读者的好感、关切、和共鸣。 连词“和”连接“共鸣”和“关切”，表示并列，而再加上顿号就多余了，应该删去顿号。 另外，还要注意不表示并列关系的连词前面，如“或者”“甚至”“以至”“但是”“而且”等，均不能用顿号。可根据不同的语言环境，或者删去顿号，或者改用逗号。*大院里五十多岁、甚至六十多岁的老年人也参加了植树活动。
高中数学竞赛_解三角形【讲义】
第七章 解三角形 一、基础知识 在本章中约定用A ，B ，C 分别表示△ABC 的三个内角，a, b, c 分别表示它们所对的各边长， 2 c b a p ++= 为半周长。 1．正弦定理：C c B b A a sin sin sin ===2R （R 为△AB C 外接圆半径）。 推论1：△ABC 的面积为S △ABC =.sin 2 1 sin 21sin 21B ca A bc C ab == 推论2：在△ABC 中，有bcosC+ccosB=a. 推论3：在△ABC 中，A+B=θ，解a 满足 ) sin(sin a b a a -= θ，则a=A. 正弦定理可以在外接圆中由定义证明得到，这里不再给出，下证推论。先证推论1，由正弦函数定义， BC 边上的高为bsinC ，所以S △ABC =C ab sin 2 1 ；再证推论2，因为B+C=π-A ，所以sin(B+C)=sinA ，即sinBcosC+cosBsinC=sinA ，两边同乘以2R 得bcosC+ccosB=a ；再证推论3，由正弦定理B b A a sin sin =， 所以) sin() sin(sin sin A a A a --= θθ，即sinasin(θ-A)=sin(θ-a)sinA ，等价于21-[cos(θ-A+a)-cos(θ-A-a)]= 2 1 -[cos(θ-a+A)-cos(θ-a-A)]，等价于cos(θ-A+a)=cos(θ-a+A)，因为0<θ-A+a ，θ-a+A<π. 所以只有θ-A+a=θ-a+A ，所以a=A ，得证。 2．余弦定理：a 2=b 2+c 2 -2bccosA bc a c b A 2cos 2 22-+=?，下面用余弦定理证明几个常用的结论。 （1）斯特瓦特定理：在△ABC 中，D 是BC 边上任意一点，BD=p ，DC=q ，则AD 2=.22pq q p q c p b -++ （1） 【证明】 因为c 2=AB 2=AD 2+BD 2-2AD ·BDcos ADB ∠， 所以c 2=AD 2+p 2-2AD ·pcos .ADB ∠ ① 同理b 2=AD 2+q 2-2AD ·qcos ADC ∠， ② 因为∠ADB+∠ADC=π， 所以cos ∠ADB+cos ∠ADC=0， 所以q ×①+p ×②得 qc 2 +pb 2 =(p+q)AD 2 +pq(p+q)，即AD 2 =.22pq q p q c p b -++ 注：在（1）式中，若p=q ，则为中线长公式.2 222 22a c b AD -+= （2）海伦公式：因为412 =? ABC S b 2c 2 sin 2 A=4 1b 2c 2 (1-cos 2 A)= 4 1 b 2 c 2 16 14)(12 22222=??????-+-c b a c b [(b+c)2-a 2 ][a 2 -(b-c) 2 ]=p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c). 这里 .2 c b a p ++= 所以S △ABC =).)()((c p b p a p p --- 二、方法与例题
美国文学复习资料标准答案
1.The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ . the Transcendental Club 2.______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. Washington Irving 3.At nineteen___________ published in his brother’s newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle" satires of New York life. 4.In Washington Irving’s work___________ appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book 5.The first important American novelist was____________. James Fenimore Cooper 6.James Fenimore Cooper’s novel ___________ was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.The Spy 7.The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was_____________.The Pilot 8."To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of_______________’s work; it has been called by an eminent English critic “the most perfect brief poem in the language.”William Cullen Bryant 9.__________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the world literature. 10.Edgar Allan Poe’s poem____________ is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia in the English language.The Bells 11.Edgar Allan Poe's poem____________ was published in 1845 as the title poem of a collection. The Raven 12.From Henry David Thoreau’s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay ______. Civil Disobedience By the 1830s Washington Irving was judged the nation' s greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant. In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical. The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists. At mid-19th century, a cultural reawakening brought a "flowering of New England". Romantic writers in the 19th century placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, James Fenimore Cooper made the America conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.
最全面的解三角形讲义
解三角形 【高考会这样考】 1．考查正、余弦定理的推导过程． 2．考查利用正、余弦定理判断三角形的形状． 3．考查利用正、余弦定理解任意三角形的方法． 4.考查利用正弦定理、余弦定理解决实际问题中的角度、方向、距离及测量问题． 基础梳理 1．正弦定理：a sin A ＝b sin B ＝c sin C ＝2R ，其中R 是三角形外接圆的半径．由正弦定理可以变 形为： (1)a ∶b ∶c ＝sin A ∶sin B ∶sin C ； (2)a ＝2R sin_A ，b ＝2R sin_B ，c ＝2R sin_C ； (3)sin A ＝a 2R ，sin B ＝b 2R ，sin C ＝c 2R 等形式，以解决不同的三角形问题． 2．余弦定理：a 2 ＝b 2 ＋c 2 －2bc cos_A ，b 2 ＝a 2 ＋c 2 －2ac cos_B ，c 2 ＝a 2 ＋b 2 －2ab cos_C ．余弦定 理可以变形为：cos A ＝b 2＋c 2－a 22bc ，cos B ＝a 2＋c 2－b 22ac ，cos C ＝a 2＋b 2－c 2 2ab . 3．面积公式：S △ABC ＝12ab sin C ＝12bc sin A ＝12ac sin B ＝abc 4R ＝1 2(a ＋b ＋c )·r (R 是三角形外接 圆半径，r 是三角形内切圆的半径)，并可由此计算R ，r . 4．已知两边和其中一边的对角，解三角形时，注意解的情况．如已知a ，b ，A ，则 A 为锐角 A 为钝角或直角 图形 关系 式 a ＜b sin A a ＝b sin A b sin A ＜a ＜b a ≥b a ＞b a ≤b 解的 个数 无解 一解 两解 一解 一解 无解 5．用正弦定理和余弦定理解三角形的常见题型 测量距离问题、高度问题、角度问题、计算面积问题、航海问题、物理问题等．
(完整word版)英语专业美国文学复习资料。.docx
1. The History of American literature The literature of Colonial American (1607-1765) The literature of Reason and Revolution(1765 — 18 世纪末） The literature of Romanticism （ 1800— 1865） The literature of Realism （ 1865— 1918） The literature of Modernism （ 1918－ 1945） The contemporary literature (1945 －Now) 2.Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography That good fortune, when I reflected on it, which is frequently the case, has induced me something to say that were it left to my choice, I should have no objection to go over the same life from its beginning to the end, only asking the advantage authors have of correcting in a second edition some faults of the first. 3.Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. 4.Edgar Allan Poe The Cask of Amontillado I must not only punish, but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong. 5.Washington Irving Rip Van Winkle ( The Sketch Book ) “ Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but, sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.” Interpretations of Rip Van Winkle A New Critical Approach : A peaceful village before Revolution Natural world in the mountains ; A noisy world after revolution ------Irving was unwilling to accept a modern democratic America------both Rip and Irving prefer the past and a dream-like world A Feminist Approach : Rip is a good person with more advantages than disadvantages, and readers always show sympathy on him because he has such bad-tempered wife. It seems that he has good reason to go out from his family. He was forced to go out . In fact , Rip: a lazy ,foolish man,an irresponsible father,a hard-hearted husband.His wife :a hard-working ,thrift woman, a kind ,responsible mother, an able, brave woman. 6.Summit of Romanticism (American Transcendentalism) Emerson Nature & Self-Reliance Thoreau Walden
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美国文学资料整理
1、The first American writer is Captain John Smith. The first governor of Plymouth is William Bradford.（第一位殖民地女诗人） 2、Puritan thoughts: as the world itself hints, Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. The Puritan was a “would-be purifier.”The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century. 3、The literature of reason--- Enlightenment. Enlightenment was originated in Europe in the 17th century, to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, authority, and oppression. (1)The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. (2)Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. (3)The colonists who would form a new nation were firm believers in the power of reason; they were ambitious, inquisitive, optimistic, practical, politically astute, and self-reliant.(4)Colony----State Enlightenment in religion—DEISM
美国文学复习资料
American romanticism（美国浪漫主义）: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism. and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. Transcendentalism（超验主义）is a philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about the early 19th century. It is the summit of American Romanticism. It holds that one must transcend, in a sense go beyond, logic and experience through intuition in order to find the deepest truths. The Transcendentalists stressed spirit or the Over soul. They affirms the role of individual and saw nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. The main representatives are Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Magyar Fuller. Realism（现实主义）: The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details. Naturalism（自然主义）: An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity. Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. Imagism意象派: is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration. Lost generation（迷失的一代）: It defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness. The WWI destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or returned damaged, both physically and mentally; their moral faith were no longer valid—they were “Lost The Beat Generation（跨掉的一代）: The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s. The member of the beat generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity. The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style. The major writing are jack Kerouac?s on the road and Allen Ginsberg?s Howl. Iceberg Theory of Writing: 1/8 is above the water. All of the rest is under the water. The same is true with Hemingway?s writing. His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing. Hemingway Code Hero（海明威式英雄）：Hemingway Code Hero，also called code hero，is one who，wounded but strong more sensitive，enjoys the pleasures of life in face of ruin and death，and maintains，through some notion of a code，an ideal of himself. Stream of consciousness（意识流）: it is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. Local color/regionalism: local color is a term applied to literature which emphasizes its settings, being concerned with the character of a district or of an area, as marked by its customs, dialects, landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文 1.A History of New York《纽约外史》 2. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 3."Rip Van Winkle"《瑞普.凡.温克尔》 4."The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."《睡谷的传说》 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加.艾伦.坡 1.The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍府的倒塌》代表作 2.The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》 3..The Cask of Amontillado《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》 4.《The Raven》乌鸦 5.《To Helen》致海伦 6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔?李》 Henry David Thoreau亨利?戴维?梭罗 1. Walden《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔.霍桑 1.Twice-Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》 Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文 1.A History of New York《纽约外史》 2. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 3."Rip Van Winkle"《瑞普.凡.温克尔》 4."The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."《睡谷的传说》 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加.艾伦.坡 1.The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍府的倒塌》代表作 2.The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》 3..The Cask of Amontillado《一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒》 4.《The Raven》乌鸦 5.《To Helen》致海伦 6.Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔?李》 Henry David Thoreau亨利?戴维?梭罗 1. Walden《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔.霍桑 1.Twice-Told Tales《尽人皆知的故事》 2.Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》 3.The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales 4.The Scarlet Letter《红字》 5. The House of. the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子》 6.The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 7.The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》 8."Young Goodman Brown,"《小伙子布朗》 Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔 1.Moby-Dick《白鲸》 2.Billy Budd《比利.伯德》 3.Typee《泰比》 4. Omoo《奥穆》 5. Mardi《玛地》 6.Redburn《雷得本》 7. White Jacket《白外衣》 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利?沃兹沃斯?朗费罗 1. V oices of the Night《夜吟》 2. Evangeline《伊凡吉》 3.ballads and other poem 《歌谣及其他》 4.the psalm of life 《人生颂》 5.the song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之歌》 Walt Whitman 华尔特.惠特曼 1. Leaves of Grass《草叶集》 2."Song of Myself.《自我之歌》 3.Drum Taps《鼓点》 Mark Twain 马克.吐温 1.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利.芬历险记》 2. Life on the Mississippi《密西西比河上的生活》 3."The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," 4.Innocents Abroad《傻瓜出国记》 5.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆。索娅历险记》 6.The Gilded Age《镀金时代》 7. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court《亚瑟王宫