TEM8英语专八英美文学
英国文学(English Literature)
一、Old and Medieval English Literature 中古英语文学(8 世纪-14 世纪)
1) The Old En glish Period / The An glo-Saxon Perioc古英语时期(449-1066)
A. Pagan poetry (异教诗歌):Beowulf《贝奥武甫》-最早的诗歌；长诗(3000 行)heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities
the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报
B. Religious poetry: Caedmon (凯德蒙610-680):《赞美诗》(Anthem)，大多取材余《圣经》(Bible)故事。
Cynewulf (基涅武甫9C):《十字架之梦》(Dream of the Rood)
C Anglo-Saxon prose : Venerable Bede (673-735)《英吉利人教会史》(Historian Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum )
Alfred the Great (848-901)Father of English Prose《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》(Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) 2) The Medieval Period 中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):
Cavalier literature 骑士文学
A. Roma nee 中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages;英雄诗歌
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿色骑士》：Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400): the father of English poetry; Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)
The Canterbury Tales; The Parliament of Fowls ；The Book of the Duchess
The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》William Langland (朗兰1332-1400): The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》
B. English ballads ( 15th C)
Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte d ' Arthur亚瑟王之死》-圆桌骑士
二、The Renaissanee Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660):
人文主义humanism;十四行诗Sonnets;无韵诗Blank verse;戏剧Drama;斯宾塞诗体Spenserian ；University Wits 大学才子派
1) 诗歌
a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature
b. Sir Philip Sidney (雪尼爵士1554-1586):代表了当时的理想-f he complete man ”
Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》；
Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》：a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world
c. Edmund Spenser （斯宾塞1552-1599）： the poets ' poet
The Shepherd Calendar《牧人日历》；Amoretti《爱情小唱》
The Faerie Queen《仙后》:long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian
Stanza斯宾塞诗体）:Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic（抑扬格）pentameter（五步诗）,
and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter（六步诗）line.
2）散文
a. Thomas More （莫尔1478-1535）:欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》：More与海员的对话
b. John Lyly （黎里1553-160,散文家，剧作家&小说家）：Eupheus《尤菲绮斯》
Euphuism（夸饰文体）:Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations（头韵）and other artificial prosodic（韵律）means.
The use of odd similes（明喻）and comparisons
c. Francis Bacon （培根1561-1626）：
Essays（论说文集）:Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic
Philosophical : New Instrument《新工具》New Atlantis《新大溪岛》Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》
Professionals : Maxims of the Law《法律格言》
3）戏剧
a. Christopher Marlowe : University Wits 大学才子派
First made blank verse（无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗）the principle instrument of English drama
The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成；完善了无韵体诗。
Tamburlaine the Great《帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王
b. William Shakespeare （剧作家&诗人,1564-1616）： 154 sonnets（十四行诗）+ 38 plays + 2long poems
16 comedies : Merchant of Venice （Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia）; The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》
A Mid- Summer Night s'Dream; As You Like It《皆大欢喜》；The Twelfth Night; The Comedy of Errors;
Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》；The Winters Tale《冬天的故事》；All is Well that Ends Well《终成眷属》
11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet; Macbeth《麦克白》； The Tempest《暴风雨》
Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and Cyprus
King Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful
10 historical plays : Henry IV; Henry V
c. Ben Jonson（琼生1562-1637诗人&剧作家&批评家）:称之为马洛式的雄浑诗行”（Marlowes mighty line）
Comedy : Every Man in His Humor《人人高兴》，《福尔蓬奈》（Volpone ）。
Satirical comedy 讽刺喜剧：Volpone《狐狸》，The Alchemist《炼金术士》
Comedy of manners 风尚喜剧：Edy of Manners《人性互异》
d. Jo nson Webster The White Devil; The Duchess of Malfi
三、17世纪文学
1）Literature of the Revolution Period （Age of Milt on）资产阶级革命时期： poetry （ Metaphysical 玄学派+ Cavalier 骑士派）
a. John Donne （多恩1572-1631）:玄学派创始人； A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 《临别辞：莫悲伤》
文风：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking —the conflict between body and soul
The Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets （主题-爱）
b. Joh n Milt on （弥尔顿1608-1674）: Renaissance and Reformation （宗教改革）
Paradise Regained《复乐园》； Paradise Lost《失乐园》：the greatest English epic; Satan is the hero Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》:closet drama; for reading rather than performing;
On His Blindness《目盲自咏》；Areopagitica《论出版自由》；Comus; L' allege《快乐的人》；Lycidas
c. John Bunyan （班扬1628-1688）: prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文风：simple and lively prose style
The Pilgrim s Progress《天路历程》：prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation 宗教寓言
“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作
2）Literature of the Restoration Period （Age of Dryden）王政复辟/德莱顿时期：
tendency to Realism and Formalism restoration literature：cliquish culture 小集团文化; French classical taste John Dryden （德莱顿1631-1700,批评家&戏剧家）：first poet laureate（桂冠诗人）;the father of English Criticism establish the heroic couplet（英雄史诗式两行诗）as the fashion for satiric, didactic（说教）and descriptive（描写）poetry
最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体couplet ”成, 为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。
All for Love; Alexander s Fea'st; An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 《论戏剧诗歌》
四、18 世纪英国文学：Realism （关注社会现状，普通人）
1）18 世纪上半期的新古典主义The Neoclassical Period
a. Samuel Pepys （毕博思1633-1703）： The greatest diarist in 17th C The Diary
b. Alexander Pope （蒲柏1688-1744）：新古典主义代表; master in satire and heroic couplet 文风：词句工整、精练、富有哲理；对
Byron 影响巨大first introduced rationalism to England
作品：An Essay on Criticism （处女作）;An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》；Dunciad《愚人记》
c. Richard Steele （斯梯尔1672-1729） & Joseph Addison （艾迪生1672-1719）： literary periodicals
The Tattler（闲谈者报）:1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays;抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反感
The Spectator（旁观者报）：共同创办；the Spectator Club ---现代英语小说先锋
贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18 世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派
d. Samuel Johnson （字典约翰1709-1784） : literary dictator; “grand champion in literature of that age
The Dictionary of the English Language : 英语字典的基础；The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets
2）十八世纪中期小说的崛起：首批英国小说家-the Sentimentalist & the Realist
* 现实主义
a. Daniel Defoe （笛福1661-1731）: Father of English and European Novels
Moll Flanders ，The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe，A Journal of the Plague Year
b. Henry Fielding （菲尔丁1707-1754, 小说家&戏剧家）: 英国小说之父; 英国现代小说创始人；comic epic in prose 创始人
Joseph Andrews; Amelia；The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事》；Mr. Allworthy “Prose Humor ”
c. Jonathan Swift （斯威夫特1667-1745, 政论家& 讽刺小说家）: 伟大文学创造者之一；master of English satirical prose 文风：simple, clear and
vigor; Prope“rwords in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style”
Gulliver s Travels《格列佛游记》：Liliput（小人国）;Brogdingnagians（大人国）;Laputa（勒普泰岛）;Houyhnhnms（慧马国）
The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal （bitter irony）
d. Tobias George Smollett （1721-1771）：
《罗德里克道登历险记））（The Adventures of Roderick Random）；《汉弗莱?克林克》（Expedition of Humphry Clinker）
* Sentimentalism （感伤主义）：
a. Samuel Richardson （理查森1689-1761）： the founder of the English domestic novel 小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”
Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandison
b. Laurenee Sterne （斯特恩1713-1768）: Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy《项狄传》-unusual and queer artistic form
c. Oliver Goldsmith （戈德史密斯1728-1774）：Romantic school; The Deserted Village 《荒村》; She stoops to Conquer
The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction
3）Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism （前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌）：18 世纪中期
a. James Thomson （汤姆森1700-1748 苏格兰）：
The Seasons： theme - nature; blank verse；the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticism
b. Edward Young （杨1683-1765）
Busiris ；The Revenge ；The Universal Passion ；The Complaint or Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality ；The Brothers
c. William Colli ns （柯林斯1721-1759）: Ode to Evening《晚颂》
d. Thomas Gray （格雷1716-1771）：sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt them
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c. Mary Shelly （雪莉）：Frankenstein
六、The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期（1832-1901）
19 世纪中后期Critical Realism 批判现实主义- novel poetry/prose
Full and detailed representation of social and political events, and the fate of common people and of whole social class
1）小说
a. Charles Dickens （狄更斯1812-1870）: 小资产阶级知识分子humoritst, satirist
With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people.
Bleak Hous《荒凉山庄》；Hard Times《艰难时世》；A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》
~ 1st Period （1836-1841）: youthful optimism
The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》；Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》；The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》~ 2nd Period（1842-）: excitement and irritation
David Copperfield ; Dombey and Son《董贝父子》
~ 3rd Period: intensifying pessimism
Great Expectations《远大前程》；A Tale of Two Cities
b. The Bronte Sisters
Charlotte Bronte（1816-1855）: Jane Eyre（Mr. Rochester）; Shirley《雪莉》
Emily Bronte （1818-1848）: Wuthering Heights （Heathcliff & Catherine）-资本主义社会婚姻制度
Anne Bronte（1820-1849）: Agnes Grey
c. Mrs. Gaskell （盖斯凯尔夫人1810-1865）: Life of Charlotte Bronte -英国最佳传记
Mary Barton《玛丽?巴顿》：the class struggle between the workers and the capitalists
d. George Elliot （艾略特1819-1880女作家）:田园生活，道德问题，心理描写Silas Marner《织工马南》
文风：rich humor and keen observation, very philosophical Adam Bede：Adam 爱上变心女
The Mill on the Floss 《弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom & Maggie；Middlemarch, a Study of Provincial Life 《米德尔马契》
e. William Makepeace Thackeray （萨克雷1811-1863）: Vanity Fair/ A Novel without a Hero 《名利场》
f. Thomas Hardy （哈代1840-1928诗人&小说家）: 多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。the Wessex novels虚构地点）
Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》；The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》；The Return of the Native《还乡》
Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》；Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
Tess of the D ' Urbervi《德彳白家的苔丝》：Tess & Angel Clare -人无法掌控自己的命运
g. Robert Stevenson （史蒂文森1850-1894）: Treasure Island《金银岛》； Kidnapped
h. William Morris （莫里斯）: The Earthly Pradise; Pilgrims of Hope 《希望的探求者》
2）诗歌
a. Alfred Tennyson （丁尼生1809-1902）：维多利亚时代最具代表性的诗人
Poems by Two Brothers; The Princess; Maud; Break, Break, Break ?拍岸曲》；The Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》；Ulysses《尤利西斯》；
In Memoriam 《悼念》
b. The Brownings 布朗宁夫妇The Ring and the Book; Sonnets from the Portuguese
Men and Women（诗集）；My Last Duchess《我的前公爵夫人》；Meeting at Night ；Home Thoughts, from Abroad
3）散文
a. Thomas Carlyle （卡莱尔1795-1881 讽刺作家，历史学家）:The French Revolution -起因（the worker ' s miserable living condition）
The French Revolution; On Heroes and Hero-worship ; Past and Present
b. John Ruskin （作家&艺术评论家）: 其社会和经济观念对William Morris, Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw & D. H. Lawrence 影响巨大
Modern Painters; The Seven Lamps of Architecture; Unto this Last; Sesame and Lilies
c. Matthew Arnold （阿诺德1822-1888）: Dover Beach 《多弗尔海滩》
4）无产阶级文学
a. Ernest Jones （琼斯1819-1869）: the Chartist poets （宪章派诗人） Freud'sAlter Ego
b. William Morris （莫里斯1834-1896）: the first socialist writer
画作La Belle Iseult
建筑成就：The Red House
诗歌:The Defense of Guen evere; The Life and Death of Jas on; The Earthly Paradise; The Fall of the Nibl ungs 小说：Love is Enough; House of Wolfings; The Wood Beyond the World; The Well at the World 'End
5）19世纪末期文学趋势
a. Naturalism : 19 世纪后半期，从现实主义发展而来；subjective and somber -达尔文Emile Zola & George Gissing
b. New-Romanticism : oppose the idea that art reflects life reality - Stevenson 苏格兰小说家）
c. Aestheticism （唯美主义）:art is self-sufficient and has no reference to life -在诗歌中倾向于withdrawal or aversion
d. Descadence（颓废派文艺）:the crisis of bourgeois culture; opposes the democratic and socialist ideals; “ art for art ' s s
?Oscar Wilde （王尔德1854-1900）: Aestheticism and Decadence - An Ideal Husband; A Woman of No Importance;
The Picture of Dorian Grey; The Happy Prince and Other Tales ; Salome《莎乐美》
Lady Windermeres Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》；The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要》
七、The Modern Period 现代时期（1914-）：
symbolism; the stream of con scious ness; n aturalism; impressi onism
Impressionism -个人经历（低层中产阶级&工人阶级）Poetry -short lyrics
Novels （代表James Joyce）-心理活动；人性的深度及缺陷an unending stream of impression, feelings and thoughts
a. John Galsworthy （高尔斯华绥1867-1933 小说家& 剧作家）: 1932 Nobel Prize The White Monkey《白猿》
The Forsyte Saga《福赛特家史》（小说集）：The Man of Property《有产者》（批判现实主义顶峰Soames Forsyte & Irene）
In Chancery《骑虎难下》；To Let《出让》；Interlude; The Indian Summer of a Forsyte; Awakening
b. George Bernard Shaw （萧伯纳1856-1950批判现实主义剧作家）：1925Nobel Prize Saint Joan《圣女贞德》
批判资本主义的罪恶面；humorist deals with contemporary social problems
Heartbreak House; Widowers ' HousMrs. Warren ' s Profesisjo
Man and Superman《人与超人》；Pygmalion《卖花女》；Major Barbara《巴巴拉少校》；The Apple Cart《苹果车》
c. William Butler Yeats （叶芝1865-1939 爱尔兰诗人& 剧作家）：1923Nobel Prize ；The Irish nationalist
Sailing to Byzantine《驶向拜占庭》；The Second Coming《基督再临》；Leda and the Swan《丽达与天鹅》
The Wind Among the Reeds《芦苇中的风》；Responsibilities ；The Winding Stair《盘旋的楼梯》；
The Lake Isle of Innisfree《茵尼斯弗里岛》；Easter, 1916 ；The Tower；The Land of Heart ' s Desire
d. T. S. Eliot （艾略特1888-1965 诗人&剧作家& 批评家）:1948 Nobel Prize
The Waste Land《荒原》：a landmark and a model of the 20th C English poetry
The Four Quartets《四个四重奏》：a new serenity of outlook
Ash Wednesday ;The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Hollow Men《空心人》
e. D. H. Lawrenee （劳伦斯1885-1930诗人&小说家&散文家）：心理活动；资本主义工业化吞噬人性
The White Peacock《白孔雀》；The Rainbow；Sons and Lovers（半自传体）；Lady Chatterley ' s L;（Wrmen in Love
f. James Joyce（乔伊斯1882-1941爱尔兰小说家）：意识流奠基者obsessed with words
The Dubliners《都柏林人》（短篇小说集）；Finnegan ' s Wak《〈芬尼根守灵夜》
A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man《青年艺术家的肖像》：自传性-bitter experiences;最终艺术和精神上的解放
Ulysses《尤利西斯》（非传统小说）:modernism -no story/plot/action
g. Virginia Woolf （伍尔芙1882-1941 ）:现代主义&意识流代表；Bloomsbury Group The Common Reader；Orlando
Novels: Mrs. Dalloway ; To the Lighthouse; The Waves
Essays: A Room of One ' s OwnThree Guineas《三个基尼》- 女权运动经典作品
h. Joseph Conrad （康拉德1857-1924）: The Nigger of the Narcissus《白水仙号上的黑家伙》；Lord Jim ；Heart of Darkness
i. Robert Tressell （屈赛尔1870-1911）: The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists《穿破裤子的慈善家》
j. Edward Morgan Forster （E. M.福斯特）:Howards End《霍华德庄园》；A Passage to India《印度之行》
英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
专八阅读理解练习题
passage One (Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice) In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned．There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging．Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other．What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all．We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged．The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing．We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute．The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing．No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us． The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing．They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement．If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution．Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake．In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme．The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us．Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law． Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems．And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information．'Talk, talk, talk,’the advocates of violence say,‘all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser．’It’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge．After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser．‘Possible, my lord,’the barrister replied,‘none the wiser, but surely far better informed．’Knowledge
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英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
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英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人
9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣 10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》
英语专八-最全英美文学常识.
* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line. 2) Prose 散文 a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌
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英语专八考试阅读理解技巧 英语专八考试阅读理解技巧 (1)浏览试题 在阅读文章之前，先浏览一遍试题和/或相关选项，对文章内容有个初步的预判。同时，确定每个题的题型，并针对性的制定解题思路。 (2)判断体裁 专八阅读文章体裁广泛，应该针对不同的体裁确定不同的解题步骤。对于文学作品或者记叙文体裁的文章，往往句子短，段落意思零碎，作者态度及观点隐晦，所以建议考生先通读文章再解题。而对于议论、说明等体裁的文章，往往每个段落都有自己的主题句，所以考生可以采取边看文章边做题的方式进行答题，这样可以省去反复查找定位的步骤，节省阅读时间。 (3)找出段落中心思想 一篇文章、一个段落、甚至一句话都有中心思想，而对于非小说体的阅读材料，如议论文和说明文，通常文章的开头或者结尾会给出整篇文章的主题，并且针对每段都会有一个段落的主题句，所以在阅读文章时，必须先对这些主旨有一定的了解，这样，做起任何题型就都不会偏离主题。 (4)灵活对待主旨题 (5)解决生词问题 提高阅读速度的一个重要内容是扩大词汇量。但阅读过程中不可避免地要遇到生词，遇到生词不要停顿，应该继续阅读，如果发现不影响意思的理解，可以直接略过。如果对文章理解有影响，可以稍微标注一下，通过上下文进行一定猜测：
'吰想法：根据上下文的关键词汇和给定的相关句子和语境，进行联想猜测词义。 逻辑关系法：有的上下文会涉及到对这个词的相关定义、解释、举例、类比、反比等，所以通过判断词语与上下文的这种关系而猜测词义。 萧词法：通过词语的构词结构如前缀和后缀等猜测词义。 (6)利用篇章连接词 猧行： and,also,aswell(as),atthesametime,besides,both...and... 递进： furthermore,inaddition(to),likewise,moreover,similarly,wors estill… 氧颏： although,but,however,nevertheless,onthecontrary,otherwise,t otheopposite,while,yet… 目的：inorderto,to,soasto… 因果： as,asaresult,because(of),consequently,dueto,for,nowthat,sin ce,so,so...that...,therefore,thus… 列举： forexample,forinstance,foronething,foranother,suchas… 稧辘： after(that),before,first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),atlast,fi nally,lateron,next,then 层次：ontheonehand...,ontheotherhand…
英语八级英美文学整理
美国文学 第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence） 第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学） 印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。 第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement） 这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。 John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia （被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”） 第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism） 他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主 第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末） （around the revolution of independence） 独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折 该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac 《自传》The Autobiography Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis 《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of Reason Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution） 《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America 《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle 第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism） 该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。 Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文the first prose stylist of American Romanticism / “Father of American Literature” 《纽约史》A History of New York 《见闻札记》The Sketch Book---标致美国浪漫主义的开始 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle 《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《旅行者的故事》Tales of Traveler 《阿尔罕伯拉》The Alhambra James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀《间谍》The Spy《领航者》The Pilot “皮袜子故事系列”: 《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer 《最后的莫希干人》The Last Mohicans 《拓荒者》The Pioneers 《探路人》The Pathfinder《大草原》The Prairie Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃慈沃斯·朗费罗（美国第一个写叙述诗的诗人） 《夜吟》Voices of the Night《人生礼赞》A Psalm of Life William Cullen Bryant 威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特（强调美国人个人意识，关注自然） 《泉》The Fountain 《白蹄鹿》The White-Footed Deer 《森林赋》The Forest Hymn 《似水流年》The Flood of Years 《死亡随想》Thanatopsis
2011年英语八级快速阅读理解试题及答案解析
英语八级快速阅读理解试题及答案解析 TEXT C In Barcelona the Catalonians call them castells, but these aren't stereotypical castles in Spain. These castles are made up of human beings, not stone. The people who perform this agile feat of acrobatics are called castellers, and to see their towers take shape is to observe a marvel of human cooperation. First the castellers form what looks like a gigantic rugby scrummage. They are the foundation blocks of the castle. Behind them, other people press together, forming outward-radiating ramparts of inward-pushing muscle: flying buttresses for the castle. Then sturdy but lighter castellers scramble over the backs of those at the bottom and stand, barefoot, on their shoulders—then still others, each time adding a higher "story". These human towers can rise higher than small https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d14056679.html,apartment buildings: nine “stories”, 35 feet into the air. Then, just When it seems this tower of humanity can't defy gravity any longer, a little kid emerges from the crowd and climbs straight up to the top. Arms extended, the child grins while waving to the cheering crowd far below. Dressed in their traditional costumes, the castellers seem to epitomize an easier time, before Barcelona became a world metropolis arid the Mediterranean's most dynamic city. But when you observe-them tip close, in their street clothes, at practice, you see there's nothing easy about what the castellers do - and that they are not merely reenacting an ancient ritual. None of the castellers can-give a logical https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d14056679.html,answer as to why they love doing this. But Victor Luna, 16, touches me on the shoulder and says in English: "We do it because it's beautiful. We do it because we are Catalan." Barcelona’s mother tongue is Catalan, and to understand Barcelona, you must understan d two words of Catalan: seny and rauxa. Seny pretty much translates as common sense, or the ability to make money, arrange things, and get things done. Rauxa is reminiscent of our words “raucous” and “ruckus”. What makes the castellers revealing of the city is that they embody rauxa and seny. The idea of a human castle is rauxa—it defies common sense—but to watch one going up is to see seny in action. Success is based on everyone working together to achieve a shared goal. The success of Carlos Tusquets' bank, Fibanc, shows seny at work in everyday life. The bank started as a family concern and now https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d14056679.html,employs hundreds. Tusquets said it exemplifies how the economy in Barcelona is different. Entrepreneurial seny demonstrates why Barcelona and Catalonia—the ancient region of which Barcelona is the capital—are distinct from the rest of Spain yet essential to Spain's emergence, after centuries of repression, as a prosperous, democratic European country. Catalonia, with Barcelona as its dynamo, has turned into an economic powerhouse. Making up 6 percent of Spain’s territory, with a sixth of its people, it accounts for nearly a quarter of Spain's production—everything from textiles to computers—even though the rest of Spain has been enjoying its own economic miracle. Hand in hand with seny goes rauxa, and there's no better place to see rauxa in action than on the Ramblas, the venerable, tree-shaded https://www.360docs.net/doc/8d14056679.html,boulevard that, in gentle stages, leads you from the centre of Barcelona down to the port. There are two narrow lanes each way for cars and motorbikes, but it’s the wide centre walkway that makes the Ramblas a front-row seat for Barcelona's longest running theatrical event. Plastic armchairs are set out on the sidewalk. Sit in
英语专八-最全英美文学常识.
英国文学(English Literature) 一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪) 1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066) a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualities the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English song Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christ c. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901) 2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500): a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌 无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines ~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer: * Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家 The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发 The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作) * William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议 b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士 二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧 1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547) a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature b. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern world c.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance 文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd Calendar The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗), and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.