阅读理解40分高分研究_精华整理版_

一、阅读的路标-----文章十大命题原则

任何事物的运作都有其一定的规律，考研阅读理解试题也不例外，它完全体现测试法的理论，表现在命题上便是依据一定的命题原则进行题目设计。我们将这种规律归纳总结成以下十条原则，即十大考试要点：

（一）列举处常考

列举指的是First,…Second,…Third,…等逐条出，并列指的是A、B、C逐项列出。它们共同的特征是列出三点或三点以上的条目。本书统称为“列举处常考”。该类型语句常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：

* Which 题型

该题型只要求从并列的三项中选一项作为答案，其它选项与题目无关。

*EXCEPT题型

该题型要求考生通过核对文章内容，排除满足文章内容的三个选项，而留下“不”符合文章的“错误”选项，作为答案，通常称为“三缺一”题型。参见阅读类型与特点节EXCEPT题型。

（二）转折处与强对比处常考

转折处常常是语义的重点，命题常常要涉及，转折一般通过however, but yet, in fact等引导。

强对比常由unlike, until, however, but…引导。命题模式如下：文章中说A具有X 属性，B与A不同。问题是B有可属性?参见常规命题思路节“反着考”。（三）例子常考

句中由as, such as , for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子为举例句，需要注意的是例子一般是和文章的中心或段中心紧密相关的，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”，而大多数这类问题的解都符合“中心思想是解”的解题思路。参见解的特征节“中心思想是解”。

（四）数字与年代常考

文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是命题者的命题点。参见数字题型。

（五）最高级及绝对性词汇常考

文章中常出现first, must, all, only, anyone, always, never, none等绝对性词汇或most +形容词（副词）和形容词（副词）+est等最高级词汇，或only, sole, unique, simply（只要），just（只要）等表示唯一的词汇往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性问题”。这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案唯一，无论是命题还是答题，不会产生歧义和疑问，因此很容易命题，答案绝对正确。相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇，就很难有唯一的答案的。请大家琢磨一下下边的例题，文中：Some of the people chose red hats, some chose green hats, and others blue ones. 问题：What color hats did some people choose? 因为其中some 为相对性词汇，所以就没有唯一正确的答案，答案可能为red，green或blue，这样就会给评卷造成了困难。大家体会一下，其实命题也受到许许多多的限制，要按照一个固定套路进行。

（六）专有名词常考

包括人名、地名、或其他的专有名词。当您阅读之前，先扫视一下文章后的题，如果有专有名词，划下来，这样在阅读的时候才能有的放矢。

（七）隐蔽处常考

隐蔽处顾名思义，即是指句子中隐蔽之处、容易忽视之处，包括：

*同位语*插入语*定语*长句后半句*从句*副词*不定式

（八）因果句常考

句中含有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：

*表示因果的连词：because, since, for, as, therefore, so, consequently等；

*表示因果的动词：cause, result in, originate form等;

*表示因果的名词：base, basis, result, consequence等。

这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为命题者所青睐，因为通过命题可以考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。

此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。

（九）段落句常考

文中首段第一句（段首句）和末段最后一句（文尾句）都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中心思想，进行总结综述的地方，因此常出主题性问题、细节性问题，和结构性问题。

（十）特殊标点常考

有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围：

*破折号：表示理解，考细节性问题；

*括号：表示解释，考细节性问题；

*冒号：表示解释，考细节性问题；

*引号：表示引用，考细节性问题；

综上所述，我们可以利用上面所介绍的考题点，作为“路标”，迅速地指引我们找到正确答案；同时作为命题规律，检验自己所选答案的正确性。有些同学做题很快，其中一个很本质的原因在于他对考点非常敏感，见到“路标”就能预见考题，未见考题，已知答案。如果说读完文章后就能预测出后边会考哪五道题，确实是言过其实，但对应试高手而言，一篇文章读过，心理已预见到七、八道考题，而之后真实考题尽在预料之中确实是常见的。

十二、解的特征

每道都由题干（即问题）与四个选项组成。我对四个选项这样划分：其中一个是答案的选项称为解，其余三个选项不称为选项，而称为干扰项，因为几乎每个选项都被命题者加上了十足的功力，麻痹考生，以达到不容易被考生答对的目的。这样由命题难度梯度决定，解必然有如下特点：

“中心思想是解”

对一主题题型“中心思想是解”非常好理解。但大家一定要注意到大多数细节题也符合“中心思想是解”，因为很多细节刀是围绕中心的细枝末节。

“隐蔽处有解”

指方章中的或一名话的隐蔽之，常见有同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句、从句、副词、不定式等。

“合理项不是解；不合理项是解；无关项是解；事实是解”

问：“狗是干什么的？

答：“狗是看门的”

在各类英语考试中，这种选项显然是错误的因为人人都知道狗是看门的，狗是看门的是常识，是典型的合理项，合理项不是解。那么，狗是干什么的？我给大家举个例子：狗是锻炼身体的。很多同学不理解，觉得没有道理。其实文章中很可能六我们家养了一条狗，每天早上我和狗都去跑步，狗跑多快，我就跑多快，后来我身体就越来越好，所以狗就成了锻炼身体的了。但问题问狗是干什么的，干

扰项中必然出现诸如狗是看门的选项，那是给那些想瞎猜的人准备的，理由很简单，就是不能让考生不看文章答对题。

总之合理项是指合理的选项，合理项主要分为两种情况:一种是生活常识，另一种是在不看文章的前提下，问题与答案极其吻合。

但想想看，反其道而行之呢？对策：“合理项不是解；不合理项是解；无关项是解；事实是解”。

“照抄原文不是解；同义替换是解”

如果选项中出现照抄原文的情况，有时选项同文章中的某句话一模一样，此选项高度可疑，而某选项通过同义替换，或词类转换如由名词转换成动词，则“同义替换是解”。

“含义肯定的不是解，含义不肯定的是解”

“人之初，性本善。”人类的本质是善良、这一点在考试上也一样，很多同学出于善良、朴实的天性喜欢得出一个确定的结论。“文章我看就要看懂懂，结论一定要明确”，很多同学就是这样想的，但一选就容易错误。

命题者从加大题目难度的考虑，当考到对一个问题的结论的时候，通常不会让您得到肯定的一个结论，即使有非常明确结论的东西他也不喜欢考，要不怎么达到15%~18%通过率哪？这样我们很同学答题很不对路，而我则不一样，一见到含义不肯定的、模模糊糊的东西就喜欢，就觉得心潮澎湃，因为我知道不但我能答对此题，而且还知道别人错在那里，这里提醒大家一定要从思维上战胜考试。“can是解”“could是解”“may是解”“usually是解”“Ｒight是解”“most 是解”

“more or less是解”“relatively是解”“be likely to是解”“whether or 是解”“not definitely是解”“possible是解”“suspicion是解”“not necessarily 是解”“dubious是解”“hesitate是解”“suggest是解”…

潜在的是解：potential是解“trend是解”“threat是解”...

未知是解：“unknown是解”…

绝对的不是解：“must不是解”“always不是解”

“never不是解”“the most不是解”

“all不是解”“only不是解”“any不是解”

“none不是解”“entirely不是解”“absolute不是解”

“最高级不是解”…*例外：在表示原因，表示方式、方法时。

“具体的不是解，概括性的是解”

只见树木，不见森林，这是很多学生阅读的一个阶段，命题者常利用这一点“欺负”考生，将解做成概括性的选项，干扰项使用具体的内容，使同学犯瞎子摸象的错误。

“both是解”“various是解”“and 是解”

“名词复数是解”“many是解”“general是解”“not only…but also是解”“系表结构是解”…“some是解”some作解，既符合概括性的是解，也符合含义相对的是解。具备此两者“美德”的单词不多，所以some倍受命题者青睐，古今中外的各种考试中不时出现。别忽视了长相和some不一样的certain，其实质也是some的一种。

“someone是解”“somebody是解”“something是解”“someday是解”“certain(一些)是解”

…

“具体的不是解，抽象的是解”

与具体的选项相比，抽象的不容易理解，这成了命题者增加难度的常见手段。“approach是解”“concept是解”“misconception是解”“awareness是解”“property是解”“character是解”“chance是解”“opportunity 是解”

…

“重要是解”

重要是解，是“抽象的是解”的一种常见形式。

“important是解”“necessity是解”“essential是解”“significant是解”“dominant 是解”“special是解”“vital是解”“particular是解”“fundamental是解”…“基础是解”

“basis是解”“be based on 是解”“basic 是解”“in the nature是解”“origin 是解”“originate是解”…

“虚词型的解”

“another是解”“other是解”“more是解”“either是解”“also是解”“beside 是解”“additional是解”“extra是解”“same是解”…“部分是解”“nearly 是解”“not enough是解”“part是解”“inadequate是解”…

“简单的不是解，复杂的是解”

“含义矛盾的是解”

“different是解”“separation是解”“division是解”“X and not X是解”“instead of 是解”“complex是解”“discuss是解”“极端的不是解，中庸是解”“复合句是解”“长的是解”“比较结构是解”“字面意思不是解，深刻含义是解”“双重否定是解”“三重否定是解”“难的是解”“difficult 是解”…

“相互作用是解”“interfere是解”“effect是解”each other是解”affect 是解”“respond是解”“adapt to是解”“influence是解”“compensate是解”“associate with是解”“relationship是解”“cooperation是解”“depend 是解”…“变化是解”“change是解”“shift是解”“vary是解”“alter 是解”“variation是解”“formation是解”“no longer是解”“delay是解”“improve是解”“postpone是解”“increase是解”“convert是解”…“积极向上的是解”

凡是参加考研的同学，都是国家重点培养的人才，作为国家的未来的代表，一定要注意灌输正面的、积极向上的思想，考研试题也不例外，这即是“积极向上的是解”的根源。

“objective是解”：记住作者的态度一般永远是客观的，如果选项中出现此选项的话。“独出心裁是解”“new是解”“inventive是解”…

“主观是解”

主观的难于客观的，符合“难的是解”，“忽视是解”

“neglect 是解”，“ignore是解”“expect是解”“speculate是解”“suspect 是解”“overlook是解”“overestimate是解”“like是解”“dislike是解”…

二选一，50%概率求解的方法：

“反义项，解在其中”

“形似项，解在其中”

“近义项，解在其中”

实战出真知，技巧是从大量试题中总结出来的，要想真正掌握技巧，那就要去实战中去。

阅读理解基本理论

一、简介

1.体裁

虽然大纲说文章材料可多样化，包括记叙文、说明文和议论文，但从实际考题来看，以议论文为主，说明文为辅。

考研的议论文一般都存在鲜明的观点和态度，作者的写作目的就是为了陈述观点，或表明态度。论点的特征是其争议性，内容包括支持或反对某一观点，提倡某一思想或就某一话题表示明确的态度。文章的组织结构逻辑性强，段落内部句子之间联系紧密，段与段之间意思紧密相连，整篇文章围绕一个中心展开，各个段落和中心意思存在某种联系。文章内容抽象，并且有充足的证据。

说明文大部分属于新闻报道。其特点是以事实为主，观点为辅，从不同方面论文某一话题。

2.题材

主要包括广泛关注的社会话题(注意：这里所说的社会主要不是中国，而是西方国家尤其是美、英、加、日等国)，如社会生活、文化、教育等的发展问题，科技新进展和商业经济等题材。

3.语言

考研阅读文章最明显的特征是句子的结构复杂，而且较长。总体来说读着费劲，很不舒服。根据可读性可把文章按难度分12个级别，即1~12级：1级最容易，12级最难。

二、阅读的顺序——先读文章还是先读题？

这个问题可以说因人而异，各有利弊。常见的有三种阅读方法：

1) 先读问题，读完一题然后去文章相应的地方找答案，看一题做一题。优点是：针对性强，阅读时无关内容可略过，阅读速度快，省时间。教研阅读题总体来看，题目的先后顺序与其对应于文章中的先后顺序大致相同。但也有少数题目不按原文的顺序出现。这种情况往往出现在下列题目上：段落大意题、个别句子题、词汇题。缺点是：对文章的整体把握差。对于下列题型可能会感到无从下手：主旨题、上下文逻辑关系题、作者观点/态度题、判断推理题。但通过训练可以加以克服。

2) 通读文章后看题，然后再回来读有关段落。优点是：对文章有一个总的概念和印象。对于下列题型有利：文章主旨题、上下文逻辑关系题、作者观点/态度题、判断推理题。缺点是费时间，对文章的细节记不清楚。

3) 读一层意思做几道题，阅读和做题交叉进行。优点是：速度适中，对于刚读完的内容印象深，记忆效果好。特别当考题集中在前面的段落时，优越性最明显。缺点是：对文章的整体理解不如第二种方法强。如果出题者不按文章内容顺序出题，此方法就稍有欠缺。

三、如何在文章中做记号

善于阅读的人往往在文章的某些句子或词语下面划线，表示重要，以便以后查找方便。实践证明，这种方法在考试中是非常有效的。因为通过标出重点，你的阅读更活跃，思维更积极，注意力集中，减少大脑“走私”。

考研文章较长(450词左右)，考生很难记住所有的内容，甚至段落大意都可能忘记，而考题只有五个，不可能所有的句子都重要，都被考到。实际上看懂大部分句子就可以了。对主要句子，如表达中心思想、段落大意的句子，应该标出并重点阅读。

1．文章主旨句

主旨句也就是中心思想句，通常在第一段，可以是第一句，也可能是最后一句，据有人统计位于最后一句的几率高于第一句。主旨句偶尔出现在末段，有的主旨句甚至是文章中间某段中的某句。主旨句的特点是：1)是作者的观点(不是他人的观点，不是描写/说明，也不是事实)。2)该观点可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者对他人观点的批驳。3)作者的观点只能有一个，其他的内容都起说明/论证作用。4)主旨句具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性的特点。5)常常结构复杂(命题者有意安排所致)。

2．段落主题句(TOPIC SENTENCE)

除了标出篇章的主旨句外，标出各段的主题句同样重要。每一段都有一个段的中心句，也有人叫它段落大意句、段中心思想句等等。主题句是考试重点，很多题目都是围绕着段中心设计的。确定主题句不仅有利于确定文章主旨，还有利读懂细节题，因此主题句的确定是阅读的关键。

主题句的特点：1)通常是第一句话，偶尔是最后一句，段中少见。2)是观点(不是描写/说明、不是事实)。可能是作者的观点，也可能是他人的观点。3)该观点可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者认为其他人的观点是错误的/偏激的等等。4)作者的观点只能有一个。主题句只能有一个，其他的内容都起说明/论证作用。5)具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性等特点。

3．题干与选项中的关键词

仔细读考题，从考题中找出关键词，目的是确定考的是什么，考文章中的哪一段、哪一句。常见的关键词包括题干中重要的普通名词或专有名词，形容词、副词的最高级，四个选项中相同、相近词或者相关内容。在这些关键词的指引下寻找对应的句子或段落。有的时候关键词可以是各种词类，非常隐蔽，需要非常细心才能找到。

1．正确选项的特点

设置正确选项(解)的一个常用方法就是同义替换或释义(paraphrase)，即把文中语言改头换面，运用与原文不同的结构、不同的词汇，来表达相同或类似的意思。常见的形式有：

1)正确选项大量使用原文的同义词或同义结构

例1

We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction

or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. (可读性：42.4 难度：12级)

Q：Physical dependence on certain substances results from

[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time.

exclusive use of them for social purposes.

[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases.

[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms.(实考试题)

解析：解是④的改写，解中词汇比文中词汇难而且长。答案是[A]。

2)正确选项频繁使用原文的反义词加上反义结构来表达与原文相同的意思，如：He is old. He is no longer young. 句子结构一个是肯定形式，一个是否定形式，考查考生对这两种结构的理解。

例

Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he con speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. (可读性：73.2 难度：8.0级)

Q：If a child starts to speak later than others, he will

[A] have a high IQ.

be less intelligent.

[C] be insensitive to verbal signals.

[D] not necessarily be backward.(实考试题)

解析：解是①后半句双重否定的改写，答案是[D]

3)正确选项是原文的总体或局部

总体和局部(或称一般和特殊)的关系主要表现为：一般是特殊的总和，特殊为一般的属性。这种题型考查类比推理能力。

例

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language —all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. (可读性：51.9 难度：11.6级)

Q: A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when

[A] he has given up his smoking habit.

he has made great efforts in his work.

[C] he is keen on learning anything new.

[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey. (实考试题)

解析：题干中generally是关键词，与②中generally相对。②：“人们通常认为个人的成长是外在的成果或产物，是容易辨别和衡量的”，正确答案必须符合“外在”、“易辨别和衡量”这两个一般特征。[A]“当一个人戒了烟”，烟戒了是一种易辨别的、外在的“成果”，与“升职”等相似，属于特殊的情况。故[A]正确。

4)正确选项常常是原文长难句的简单化解释

难句是所有考试必考的内容。难句之所以难有三方面的原因：A)句子结构复杂；表达抽象；C)词难。所以很多题目都围绕着难句做文章，通常使用简单的结构或词汇对难句做浅显、具体的解释。

例1

Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one‘s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”(可读性：58.1 难度：10.6级)

Q: Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person

[A] whose front view is fully perceived.

whose face is covered with a mask.

[C] whose face is seen from the side.

[D] whose face is free of any covering.

解析：本题考查对④的理解。特别是presented in profile。profile这里的词义是“侧面像”，所以[C]whose face is seen from the side“从侧面看去”正确。

例1

But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America’s literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every commonsense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it

by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. (可读性：35.7 难度：12级)

1.The author’s biggest concern is

[A] elementary school children’s disinterest in reading classics.

the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.

[C] the musical setting American readers require for reading.

[D] the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class.

2.A major problem with most adolescents who can read is

[A] their fondness of music and TV programs.

their ignorance of various forms of art and literature.

[C] their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding.

[D] their inability to focus on conflicting input.

解析：

1.本题考查对①的理解。该句长达62个词。全句主干结构为my worry…is less that of…than…“与其说……不如说……”。作者说“我虽然担心初级读者在读写方面存在的问题，但我更担心的是中等阶层读者阅读技能的问题”。接着作者描述了问题所在，从of his unwillingness开始，作者说“他们不能在安静的环境下读书，不能专心……”。所以[D]“中等阶层的阅读能力和阅读行为”是整句的概括。

2.本题考查对倒数第二句的理解，该句长达66个词，有两个分句，用分号隔开。第一个分句大意为：这种阅读时不专心、不安静、不独处的情况是读写最大的问题。go to the heart of 是固定短语，意为“（问题）最重要的方面”。第二个分句更复杂，难点为作者把render sth. +adj.(使什么怎么样)句型倒装，形容词提前，名词退后，因为名词部分较长。难词有apprehension“理解”，pay tribute to “崇敬”。大意为：这种伴随着背景音乐边读边理解的阅读方式是不可能做到真正理解和专心致志的，更不用说我们欣赏诗歌时还需要的崇敬之情了。所以[C]“他们不专心，缺乏基本的理解”是两个分句的综合，是答案。

5）正确选项是对原文引语的解释

文章的引语通常较难，因为作者之所以引述他人的话是因为自己的话无论怎么说都没有他人说得准确、说得好。引语的目的不是夸耀他人，而是用来论证说明自己的观点。引语是经常考查的内容，题干形式有两种：The author quotes…because…;the author quotes…to illustrate…

例

“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that’s no par ticular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,”wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”

The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.(可读性：473 难度：12级)

Q：The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in paragraph 1 because

[A] Rudolph Flesch is best-known expert in the study of human creativity.

the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things.

[C] the reader is fami liar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view.

[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented.(实考试题) 解析：这句引语含义：“创造性的思维也许仅仅意味着认识到按常规做事并没有什么不寻常的素质”，下一段的前两句说“创造性思维起始于这样一个命题：一切东西都不是它表现出来的那样。革新家们认为做任何事都不是只有一种方法。”将这两点综合考虑可知，作者引用Rudolph只不过是为了进一步证明自己的观点，即创新者总是寻找做事的新方法，这与完全一致。

正确选项的下面的几个特点是考研英语的重点和难点。这些特点总的特征是答案具有高度概括性、归纳性、总结性、抽象性和推理性。这或许就是考研英语为什么比六级难的原因。

6）正确选项是文中例证或事实的归纳总结

例1

Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.

It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the years as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a Percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.(可读性：49 难度：10.9级)

Q：From the passage we learn that

[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates.

economy will always follow certain models.

[C] the economic situation is better than expected.

[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation.(实考试题)

解析：综合推断题。这两段并不难，有大量数据，问题考查从这些数据可以归纳出什么。第二句说通货膨胀率降到了2.3%;第三句：这（低膨胀率）比多数经济学家预测的还要低，综合这一切可以推断：经济形势比预计的要好。故[C]正确。例2

One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically,making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether of not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society”is not on the horizon-it’s already here.（可读性：45.3 难度：12级）

Q：According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to

[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes.

obtain more convenient services than other people do.

[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper.

[D] cash money wherever he wishes to.(实考试题)

解析：对②、③概括，信用卡使持卡者比其他人享有更多的便利服务，可知正确。

[A]、[D]两项均过于绝对，且与文意不符；[C]“持卡者得到店主更大的信任”文中未提及，也应排除。

例3

For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.(可读性：54.2 难度：10.2级)

Q：Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers

[A]to improve their hard life.

in view of their long-distance travel.

[C]to add some flavor to their own daily life.

[D]out of a charitable impulse.(实考试题)

解析：大意为：过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来对居民们单调生活是一种可喜的调节。无聊、孤独对相距很远的家庭来说是普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者给他们的生活带来了娱乐消遣，因而受欢迎；同时还带来了外面世界的信息。可见，边远地区的人们对陌生人（游客）如此热情是因为这给他们的生活增添了乐趣，所以[C]正确。[A]“为了改善他们的艰苦生活”言过其实；“于由游客漫长的旅途”不够确切。

7）正确选项是对段落中心/大意，或者篇章中心的归纳总结

例1

Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child rearing, but what do fathers do? Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home. Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting. Two adults can support and make up for each other’s strengths.(可读性：65.7 难度：7.7级)

Q：The paragraph points out that one of the advantages of a family with both parents is

[A] husband and wife can share house work.

two adults are always better than one.

[C] the fundamental importance of mothers can be fully recognized.

[D] husband and wife can compensate for each other’s shortcoming.

解析：本段的话题是子女抚养中母亲或父亲的作用，如果双方互相支持，可以弥补对方的缺陷。可见[D]“夫妇可互相补偿彼此缺点”是段落中心的概括，符合题意。[A]“夫妇可共同做家务劳动”和“两个总比一个好”都是根据生活常识编造的选项（合理项，参见本书“错误选项的特征”一节）；[C]“母亲的重要性可以得到充分认可”，表达片面。

例2

Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line-stand, at leas to some extent. During the

discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New Y ork, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. (可读性：39.2 难度：12级)

Q: In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman

[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression.

softened his tone and adopted some new policy.

[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection.

[D] received more support from the 15-member board.

解析：①由于上周发生的争执，Levin可能放弃强硬立场。③Levin宣布，公司将尽力对可能招致人们反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准。综合这两镍可推断“Levin缓和了语气并采取一些新政策”正确。[A]正反倒置，错误；[C]说的程度太过了，Levin还不至于会改变态度，屈服于对方；[D]论据不足。

8)正确选项是原文某段文字的推理

例

Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter in the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does —and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/ evolution debate. (可读性：57.2 难度：9.6级)

Q: From the passage we can infer that

[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate.

creationists do not base their argument on reasoning.

[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists.

[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings.

解析：本段意思是：金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论所以明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于神造论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上引用了斯蒂芬.杰.古尔德的一句话，“本书代表的是理性”。的确——如果理性是神造论和进化论之争的惟一裁判，一切问题就已解决了。最后一句是个带有倒装结构的虚拟语气句子，转换成正常语序是：If reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate, all would be well. 推断神造论是非理性的，故正确。

2．干扰项的特点

错误选项，也叫干扰项，也戏称陷阱，是出题者(中国出题专家)的拿手好戏。对错选项的分析从某种角度来说比正确选项更有意义。因为在实际做题时，考生做的大部分工作是排除三个错误选项。有时问题集中在两个选项上，考生明明知道答案就在这两个选项中，可是很难判断究竟哪个是错的。

总的来说，干扰项从语言和内容两方面欺骗考生。虽然花样很多，但总是有些规律可循的。出题者在编错误选项时，就像一个大骗子，试想骗子的伎俩有哪些呢？首先是把假的说成真的，所谓以假乱真，其次是真真假假，虚虚实实，所谓掉包，再次是夸大其词，或以偏概全，一会儿把苹果说成灵丹妙药，一会儿又说灵丹妙药根本不存在。对干扰项的对策有以下7种：

1．合理项：文章中没提到，利用生活常识编造出来的选项同。对策：做题不可凭空想象，一切都要从文中找依据。在相当多的情况下“项不是解”。

2．断章取义：使用文章中出现的词语或类似的结构仿造。对策：原词越多，对的可能性越小。

3．小动作：错误选项和原文句子几乎一样，但在细微之处做了手脚，改动了几个小词，使得意思和原文不相符。对策：仔细，仔细，再仔细！不仅要看大意，更要看细节。

4．以偏概全：就是用文章中的细节片面的、次要的观点回答问题。对策：时刻要有一种博大的胸襟。

5．张冠李戴(把一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征，把他人的观点说成是作者的观点)、正反倒置(把作者观点的反面说成是作者的观点)、因果倒置(把因说成果，把果说成因)。对策：头脑清楚。

6．过度引申：考研测试推理能力是很正常的，但有相当多的选项，过度推理，超出文章的范围。对策：掌握好分寸。

7．字面意思：被测试的单词或短语，实际(深层)含义和表面上个别词汇的意思不同。出题者经常用表面意思作为干扰项。对策：字面意思不是解。

例

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.

The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity —are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, cha irman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the o utcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyams, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation

authorities after World War Ⅱhad weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”

But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Y oko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. (可读性：34.9 难度：12级)

1．In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was

[A] under aimless development. a positive example.

[C] a rival to the West. [D] on the decline.

2. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.

More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.

[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.

3. Which of the following is true according to the author?

[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder. Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

解析：

1．<1 >①“缺乏目标从来就不是战后日本的典型特征，日本国的生产率和社会的和谐令欧美人羡慕”，可见战后日本是一个正面榜样，故正确。[A]小动作：把<1 >①关键词保留下来，但hardly去掉了，结果意思大相径庭，原文的否定变成了肯定；[C]字面意思：envy(羡慕，嫉妒)的字面意思；[D]断章取义：使用②中“decline”编造。

2．题干关键词为chiefly 和be responsible for。<3 >末句：日本教育大臣说过，二战后占领日本的美国当局进行自由化改革削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德观。

<4 >①：但是，这(道德)也计与日本人的生活方式关系更大。将两句联在一起看，作者认为日本社会道德下降的主要原因是[D]“生活方式受了西方价值观的影响”，故[D]正确。[A]正反倒置。<2 >①提到女性进入男性占主导地位的人才市场，和[A]正好相反，而且[A]也是符合生活常识的合理项。以偏概全。借用了<2 >末句的完整意思，但是该句不是观点，而是一次调查结果，是具体的事实，并非全部。[C]以偏概全。<3 >①：由于重视基础知识，所以忽视了其他方面的教育。

<4 >①：但是，这(道德下降)也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。所以[C]是次要原因。

3．<3 >①：“尽管由于强调基础教育而受到外国人的赞赏，但是日本教育往往强调应试和机械性学习而忽视创造性及自我表现”，作者暗示日本教育更应该强

调创造能力的培养，所以[C]正确。[A]断章取义。将<2 >①中“climbing…social ladder”和<3 >①中“often praised by foreigners for”拼在一起唬人。小动作。将<3 >①中over改成as well as。失之毫厘，谬以千里。[D]因果倒置。<3 >③：考试失败导致学生辍学。[D]颠倒了因果关系。