GCT-ME外语运用：完形填空解析
第四章完形填空
完形填空作为各种考试的常考题型，侧重于测试考生对文章上下文连贯性的理解能力，语法上对句型结构、短语搭配、习惯用法和同义词之间差异的识别和辨别能力，考生自己不需要再去措辞、组织语言。
应试技巧：
一、语法、句意、逻辑和上下文联系。
二、辨别词的前后搭配关系是否合理。
三、最后通读，检查所填词的准确性。
第一节考纲要求
一．大纲要求：
考生应能够运用英语语言知识，在语篇的水平上理解一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文，并完成短文中的选择填空。短文中的完形填空内容一般会涉及到英语的基本句型结构、语法规则、词义及词组搭配等。二．简介
完形填空是一篇150-200词的一般性短文。短文中有10个空白，每个空白为一题。考生须在理解短文意思的基础上从为每个空白提供的四个备选答案中选择一个最佳答案。
本部分满分为10分，每题1分。一．考纲分析
完形填空部分的目的是测试考生综合运用语言的能力，即着重测试考生的词汇、语法的基础知识和语篇分析能力。
此部分既考查了考生的语篇分析能力，又考查了考生对语言知识的运用能力。在做完形填空部分的考题时，考生不但要具备一定的词汇量和语法基础，而且还要具有相当的语篇分析能力，通过对文章上下文的理解找出文章的结构、判断出残缺部分大致内容、从具有一定的混淆性的选项中把正确的选项选择出来。
完形填空考查的是考生的综合语言运用能力，即考生在具备一定的阅读理解、语篇分析、语法知识的基础上，运用所学的知识以及词汇量将一篇内容残缺不全的文章
完整化。这就需要考生不但要准确地从所给的有限的信息材料中找出全文的主旨大意，还要根据语言规律把空缺的信息补充完整。
完形填空部分的文章一般来讲体裁、题材多样化，可以是涉及各个领域的文章，但是难度不会太大，专业词汇也不会太多。由于时间、篇幅有限，要在15分钟内填充10个空，这说明要填的空密度很大，造成大量的信息流失，给考生对全篇的理解造成一定的影响。因此，考生必须学会充分利用所给的信息去体会文章的主旨大意以及作者的立场、观点，这样才能在选择的时候有所依据，不会造成盲目性。
第二节完形填空所需知识与技能
归根结底，完形填空考查的重点在于基本语法和词汇，再加上阅读的语篇理解和逻辑推理能力，所以完形填空考题是以一合三的考法，其考查的重点包括：
1.语法题：在语法项目中有三个重点，
①一是从句知识，如定语从句的关系代
词、关系副词，状语从句的引导词等②二是非谓语动词，如动词-ing形式和-ed 分词等。③连词的使用方法，主要是考查上下文的衔接问题。
2.词汇题：词汇题的考点经常出现在两
个方面：①简单的同义词、近义词辨析；
②语义的衔接技巧。
3.固定搭配
正因为完形填空是兼具语法词汇和阅读理解两方面的特点，所以，要做好完形填空题，考生必须具备这三个方面的基础知识和能力技巧，具体说来包括：
1．考生要具备一定的词汇量。词汇量是做任何题目的基础，这是不言而喻的。没有一定的词汇量，一切都无从谈起。
2．考生要具备一定的语法基础知识。词汇量是基础，而语法一方面可以帮助考生分析复杂的句子结构以便更好地理解短文，另一方面语法本身，如从句、非谓语动词等，也是完形填空的考查内容。
3.考生要具备一定的阅读技巧和方法。只
有了解和运用恰当的阅读技巧和方法，才能大幅度提高阅读速度和完形填空的准确度。
第三节完形填空应试方法与技巧
总体而言，每一个具体的考题都有自己的独到之处，很难有一套方法适合所有的情况。完形填空的总体解题思路是通过分析原文已知信息，及分布在原文已知信息中的所有答案提示线索来确定答案。在这个总体思路的指导下，我们对完形填空题目进行分类，并得出不同题目类型的解题方法，供大家参考。
1．一般性的解题方法
在这里我们首先总结一些普遍性的根据已知信息寻找定位答案的方法和技巧，这些方法可以在大家做题时提供思路和指导。
1) 排除法
完形填空的文章一般都有非常明确的中心思想，整篇文章都围绕这个中心思想展开。因此，正确的选项一定是紧扣文章的主题和中心思想的。故而，一些看上去明显和文章主题和中心思想无关的选项基本上可以排除掉。
2) 同现结构法
同现是一种词汇衔接手段，指的是一组具有相同倾向性的词语在文章中出现。由于完形文章常常有明确的中心思想，所以作者往往会使用一些重点词汇围绕着中心思想贯穿全文，这些词语所表现的倾向性往往与中心思想一致。因此，文章的整体导向可以成为解出这些同现词语的关键信息。
3) 复现结构法
复现是另一种词汇衔接手段，指表达相同意思的词汇在文章的不同地方出现。复现可以是相同的词重复出现，也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。复现的解题意义在于：如果判断出一个未知填空与上下文的一些已知词汇有复现关系，只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的选项即为正确答案。
4) 关联结构法
关联是完形文章中经常出现的一种结构，即将两个或两个以上的同类别词语，比如两个动词、两个形容词等，以连续排比性的结构出现。在这种情况下，两个关联词汇在句子中的语法地位一样，且常常起一样的语法作用，之间又明显具有某种逻辑关系。关联的解题意义在于：出题人一般会将一个关联词语设置成已知信息，另一个是未知的，这样那个已知的词语就成为破解未知词语的关键线索。
5) 时间线索定位法
完形文章中出现的时间信息一般都是非常有用的线索，因为只要通过分析这些时间线索就可以很快把握与这些时间线索联系在一起的信息之间的关系。
6) 总-分结构对照分析法
总-分之间的基本关系是互相支持、互相印证的对照关系，总述是对分述的总结和概括，分述是对总述的展开。因此，当一些未知填空出现在总述句时，解出这些填空的
相关已知线索往往可以在与其对应的分述部分中找到。
2．按词类划分的解题方法
1) 动词
①动词作谓语时，主语作为提示线索，即通过已知的主语判断主谓搭配的一致性。
②动词作谓语并且及物时，宾语作为提示线索，即通过已知的宾语判断动宾搭配的一致。
③通过与动词构成习惯搭配的介词作为提示线索。
④两个以上的动词构成关联结构时，将文章给出的已知动词作为提示线索判断未知动词，根据最大相近性的原则来判断。
⑤根据与主题相关原则和与主旨导向一致原则，将文章的中心思想作为整体提示线索选择动词，即选择与文章主题紧密相关和与文章主旨导向—致的动词选项。这种一致性主要体现在语气、褒贬等方面的一致性。
例如：
The memory capacity of bees means
they can among more than 50 different smells to find the one they want.
A. discriminate
B. distinguish
C. divide
D. derive
本题考的是搭配关系，通过与动词构成
习惯搭配的介词作为提示线索，已知空格后
的介词是among，在四个选项中，只有B选
项才能构成distinguish between/among这
样的搭配，其他选项都不能这样搭配。distinguish between/among意为“在…之
间作出区分”，语义也符合上下文的意思。
其他三个选项的意思分别是：A. discriminate 歧视，区别对待，后直接跟
宾语；C. divide 划分，隔开，常用搭配是divide …into…；D. derive来自，源于，
常用搭配是derive from。
本句意为：蜜蜂的记忆能力指的是他们能够在50多种气味中进行区分来找到他们想要的气味。
例如：
The hobby of collecting autographs （亲笔签名）is called philography, from a Greek word meaning love of writing. People many kinds of autographs. Some collect signatures or other handwritten materials of authors, composers, movie stars, or sports heroes.
A. neglect
B. arrange
C. read
D. collect
根据上面的方法④，两个以上的动词构成关联结构时，将文章给出的已知动词作为提示线索判断未知动词，下文中的Some collect signatures or other handwritten
materials of authors, composers, movie stars, or sports heroes显然是对上文People many kinds of autographs行为的具体解释说明，因此本题答案为 D. collect。
2) 名词
①名词作主语时，谓语动词或表语形容词是答案的提示线索，即通过已知的谓语动词判断主谓搭配的一致性，或者通过已知的表语形容词判断主表搭配的一致性。
②名词作及物谓语动词的宾语时，谓语动词是答案提示线索，即通过已知的谓语动词判断动宾搭配的一致。常考的有三个搭配原则：物理性和抽象性的一致／褒贬的一致/语气正式性的一致。
③名词被形容词修饰时，此形容词是答案提示线索，即通过已知的形容词根据形容词和名词的修饰搭配关系判断名词。
④出现介词－名词的结构，此介词是答案提示线索，即通过已知的介词根据介词和名词的习惯搭配关系判断名词。
⑤出现名词－其它修饰名词的成分(如定语从句／同位语从句／后置起修饰作用的分词短语等)的搭配结构时，其它修饰名词的成分实际上是答案提示线索，通过补充提示暗示出名词。
⑥根据与主题相关原则和与主旨导向一致原则，将文章的中心思想作为整体提示线索选择名词。
例如：
The ambitious ____1____ to compare happiness levels around the world is based on the principle that wealth is not the only ____2____ of human satisfaction and well-being.
1. A. attempt B. attack
C. attitude
D. attraction
2. A. reason B. volume
C. measure
D. monitor
解第一题需根据上述方法③，名词被形容词修饰时，此形容词是答案提示线索，即通过已知的形容词根据形容词和名词的修饰搭配关系判断名词。空格处的名词被ambitious（雄心勃勃的）所修饰，而四个选项能够与其搭配的只有A. attempt，意思是：“这次比较全世界幸福水平的雄心勃勃的企图”，其他三个选项的意思分别是 B. attack攻击；C. attitude 态度；D. attraction 吸引，与ambitious都不能搭配。
解第二题则要考虑方法⑤，此句测试对名词性从句的理解。四个选项的意思分别是：A. reason 理由，原因；B. volume 体积，音量；C. measure 尺寸，量度标准；
D. monitor班长，监控器。从主句的意思来看，比较幸福程度是以这个原则为基础的，因此，原则就是wealth（财富）不是衡量人类幸福安康的唯一标准。因此，C选项是正确答案。
3)形容词
①形容词在英语中起修饰作用，因此一定有被修饰成分，理论上被修饰成分就是形容词的答案提示线索；形容词构成合适的修饰和被修饰搭配时须注意修饰的同质性和褒贬的一致性。
②形容词修饰名词时，此名词是答案提示线索，即通过已知的名词根据形容词和名词修饰搭配关系判断形容词。
③出现形容词、名词、其他修饰名词的成分(如定语从句、同位语从句、后置起修饰作用的分词短语等)的搭配结构时，其他修饰名词的成分实际上是答案提示线索，通过补充修饰名词暗示出形容词的答案。
④两个以上的形容词构成关联结构时，将文章给出的已知形容词作为提示线索判断未知形容词，根据最大相近性的原则来判断。
例一：
During its history, jazz has absorbed influences from the folk and classical music of Africa, Asia and
other parts of the world. The development of instruments with new and _______ characteristics has also influenced the sound of jazz.
A. similar
B. different
C. classified
D. Western
根据上面的方法④，可使用最大相近性的原则来判断。上文已知信息是爵士乐在其发展历史中吸收了非洲、亚洲和世界各地的民间音乐和古典音乐的影响，这种带有new and _____特点的乐器的发展也影响了爵士乐的声音。既然是“非洲、亚洲和世界各地的民间音乐和古典音乐的影响”，这些乐器与以前的爵士乐乐器比较起来必然带有“新的、不同的”特点，故答案为 B. different。
例二：
The HR manager’ s first decision is whether to recruit internal applicants or advertise the vacancy outside the company. ______ applicants are easy to recruit by memo, e-mail, or newsletter. Furthermore, they are easy to assess and know the company well.
A. Internal
B. External
C. Addition
D. Terminal
根据上面的方法③，解本题的线索在上下文中非常明显，文章已知信息是，人力资源经理首先需要决定是招募内部申请者还是到公司外面广告空缺情况。从空格后对______applicants的说明看，这种申请者“容易招募”，“容易评估”，“他们对公司很了解”，而这一切都是内部申请者所具备的特点，故答案为A. Internal。
4) 副词
副词在英语中起修饰作用，因此一定有被修饰成分，被修饰成分就是副词的答案提示线索；完形填空常考副词构成合适的修饰和被修饰搭配的两个大原则：修饰的同质性和褒贬的一致性。
例如：
In November of 1992, President Theodore Roosevelt was on a hunting trip in Mississippi. His hunt was going __1__that day, and he couldn’t seem to find anything worthy of firing his rifle.
A. hastily
B. poorly
C. punctually
D. steadily
解本题我们要考虑褒贬一致性原则。既然后面说他找不到任何值得的东西，那么罗斯福总统那天的狩猎活动肯定进展得不是很顺利，故答案为B. poorly。
5) 连词
连词需要通过对上下文的理解，判断出
前后文之间的关系，从而找出恰当的选项。
例一：
Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people. _____, some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories.
A. Furthermore
B. Otherwise
C. Anyway
D. Accordingly
四个选项的意思分别是：A. Furthermore 而且，此外； B. Otherwise 否则；C. Anyway 无论如何；D. Accordingly
从而，相应地。从上下文意思来看，第二句
显然是对第一句的补充说明，具有递进的含义，所以答案为A。
例二：
If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain _____ consuming all his grain immediately.
A. other than
B. as well as
C. instead of
D. more than
这组选项经常考到，意思分别是：A. other than 除了，不同于；B. as well as 也，又；C. instead of 代替，而不是；D. more than多于，超出。在本句中，store a large quantity of grain（储存大量谷物）和consuming all his grain immediately （立即消耗掉所有谷物）意思明显相反，故答案为C。
6）代词
代词要通过对上下文的理解判断出代词的所指对象，或者根据语法规律找出固定的搭配。
例一：
Menzel said bees’ learning, like ______ of many animals, was based on a reward system.
A. those
B. which
C. that
D. what
本题考查不定代词的指代关系。空格处需要填的代词，明显应该指代前面的learning，所以不能用引导从句的which和what；又因learning不可数，故排除A，答案为C. that。
例二：
In order to work here the foreigner needs a work permit, _____ must be applied for by his prospective employer.
高中英语教学论文 高考英语完形填空综合解析
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2005-2015年历年考研英语一完形填空真题
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【英语】高一英语完形填空解析版汇编含解析
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考研英语完型填空之答案详解
考研英语完型填空之答 案详解 LG GROUP system office room 【LGA16H-LGYY-LGUA8Q8-LGA162】
摘选自星火图书《考研英语各个击破系列——完形填空三步突破法》 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subject s’ behavior. The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself. After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ 14__ interpretation of what 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 __to rise for the next couple of 18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down. 1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored 2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off 3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof 4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous 5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments 6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work 7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as 8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion 9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant 10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by 11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed