【中秋节】中秋节在历朝历代的变迁介绍

【中秋节】中秋节在历朝历代的变迁介绍
【中秋节】中秋节在历朝历代的变迁介绍

中秋节在历朝历代的变迁介绍

古人如何过中秋:中秋节在历朝历代的变迁

中秋节,是现代最隆重的法定节日之一。中国人到底是从何时开始过中秋节的?比较可信的说法是,此节俗与上古时期八月祈祀活动有直接关系,远古时的八月已有以酬农神、祭地母和祛灾驱疫为主题的庆典。

唐代女性中秋“拜月”

“开帘见新月,便即下阶拜”

从《周礼-春官》的“中秋夜迎寒”一说来看,“中秋”在中国古人心中已占有一定位置,但此时的“中秋”与现代的“中秋节”并非同一概念,即便到了节假日最多的唐代,八月十五都不是法定节日。倒是当时的新罗(朝鲜半岛国家之一),已将八月十五列为法定节日,放假三天。

虽然八月十五不是节日,但唐代八月十五的活动还是很丰富的。这一天,最为活跃的是女性,特别是女孩子,后来广为流行的“女子拜月”,便是唐代女性中秋之夜最爱做的事情。“大历十才子”之一李端的《拜新月》一诗,所描写的便是唐代女性拜月的情形

开帘见新月,

便即下阶拜。

细语人不闻,

北风吹裙带。

诗中的“新月”,便指八月十五这天晚上刚升起的月亮。在唐代,“女子拜月”风俗颇为流行,不论是宫廷还是民间,女性在八月十五晚上都不忘拜月。施肩吾的《幼女词》,进一步证明了拜月风俗对唐代女性的影响,连小女孩都知道

幼女才六岁,

未知巧与拙。

向夜在堂前,

学人拜新月。

唐代女性为何喜欢中秋拜月?这里有极深的文化内涵和宗教背景。在古人看来,中秋节与七月十五的中元节、正月十五的上元节一样,都是女性节日。古人认为万物有灵,月亮上也有一位神仙代表女性的太阴之神,与代表男性的“太阳神”相对应。

“嫦娥奔月”的神话诞生后,作为月神的月亮更被拟人化,嫦娥成了月亮女神的化身。嫦娥是女性的福音,能赐予女性美貌、爱情与家庭幸福,自然要祭拜她。这一观念在唐代已被广泛认同,唐代女性爱拜月,便很好理解了。

后来,唐代女性的“拜月”风俗逐渐成为中国女性共有的中秋节风俗,希望“貌似嫦娥,圆如洁月”,由此还衍生出“月亮占候”、“摸秋送瓜”等风俗。

古代女性如何拜月?明末文人刘侗、于奕正合著的《帝京景物略?春场》里有这样的记述:“八月十五日祭月……家设月光位,于月所出方,向月供而拜,则焚月光纸。”

至于“男不拜月,女不祭灶”的节日规则,应该是古代女性出于维护自己节日空间的需要而逐渐形成的。事实上,这一规则并非“全国通行”,有的地区拜

月便不避男性,甚至男女同拜,明嘉靖时期的《固始县志》曾记载,当地“男女望月罗拜,已而欢饮。”

北宋时期中秋节有了“团圆”内涵

“但愿人长久,千里共婵娟”

宋代,“中秋节”的概念已形成,而且深入民间。

“中秋节”的提法最早出现于南宋吴自牧所著的《梦梁录》中,这本书所记述的是南宋时的节日风俗,卷四中的“中秋”条称,“八月十五日中秋节,此日三秋恰半,故谓之‘中秋’。”而该书的《序》,即是吴自牧于“中秋日”所作。

宋代除继承了唐代女性中秋拜月的风俗外,还有更潇洒的活动“玩月”。北宋孟元老《东京梦华录》“中秋”条称,“中秋夜,贵家结饰台榭,民间争占酒楼玩月”。当时的皇家还会举办“中秋晚会”,附近居民半夜都能听到从后宫传出的音乐声,此即所谓“丝篁鼎沸,近内庭居民,夜深遥闻笙竽之声,宛若云外”。民间也不会早早休息,连小孩都不肯睡,“闾里儿童,连宵嬉戏。夜市骈阗,至于通晓。”

南宋时期,“玩月”热闹得更近乎疯狂。吴自牧笔下曾详细记述了临安的中秋之夜:“此际金风荐爽,玉露生凉,丹桂香飘,银蟾光满,王孙公子,富家巨室,莫不登危楼,临轩玩月,或开广榭,玳筵罗列,琴瑟铿锵,酌酒高歌,以卜竟夕之欢。至如铺席之家,亦登小小月台,安排家宴,团子女,以酬佳节。虽陋巷贫窭之人,解衣市酒,勉强迎欢,不肯虚度。此夜天街卖买,直到五鼓,玩月游人,婆娑于市,至晚不绝。”

中秋之夜可谓“欢乐之夜”,当时负责京城治安的“金吾”(相当于警察的官员)也不多事,干脆取消了夜禁。

宋代这种“玩月”的时尚,亦即大家所说的“赏月”。其实唐代已出现“玩月”一词,唐卢肇《唐逸史》中便提到唐玄宗李隆基“玩月”之事,当时名叫罗公远的道士,曾应召入京,于中秋之夜“侍明皇于宫中玩月”。

宋代对中秋节的最大贡献,是给中秋节赋予了“团圆”的内涵。后来中秋节被视为“团圆节”,源头应该在北宋。北宋文学家苏东坡在《水调歌头》里,把北宋人对中秋节的理解阐释得淋漓尽致

“明月几时有,把酒问青天。

不知天上宫阙,今夕是何年?”

在中秋明月夜,苏大才子毫无睡意,借酒消解对远方弟弟苏辙的思念

“人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全。但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。"

从此,“但愿人长久,千里共婵娟”成为每一个中国人中秋佳节里最美好的愿景!

南宋时期,“玩月”热闹得更近乎疯狂。吴自牧笔下曾详细记述了临安的中秋之夜:“此际金风荐爽,玉露生凉,丹桂香飘,银蟾光满,王孙公子,富家巨室,莫不登危楼,临轩玩月,或开广榭,玳筵罗列,琴瑟铿锵,酌酒高歌,以卜竟夕之欢。至如铺席之家,亦登小小月台,安排家宴,团子女,以酬佳节。虽陋巷贫窭之人,解衣市酒,勉强迎欢,不肯虚度。此夜天街卖买,直到五鼓,玩月游人,婆娑于市,至晚不绝。”

中秋之夜可谓“欢乐之夜”,当时负责京城治安的“金吾”(相当于警察的官员)也不多事,干脆取消了夜禁。

宋代这种“玩月”的时尚,亦即大家所说的“赏月”。其实唐代已出现“玩月”一词,唐卢肇《唐逸史》中便提到唐玄宗李隆基“玩月”之事,当时名叫罗公远的道士,曾应召入京,于中秋之夜“侍明皇于宫中玩月”。

宋代对中秋节的最大贡献,是给中秋节赋予了“团圆”的内涵。后来中秋节被视为“团圆节”,源头应该在北宋。北宋文学家苏东坡在《水调歌头》里,把北宋人对中秋节的理解阐释得淋漓尽致

“明月几时有,把酒问青天。

不知天上宫阙,今夕是何年?”

在中秋明月夜,苏大才子毫无睡意,借酒消解对远方弟弟苏辙的思念

“人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全。但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。"

从此,“但愿人长久,千里共婵娟”成为每一个中国人中秋佳节里最美好的愿景!

“月饼”一词始于南宋

“小饼如嚼月,中有酥与饴”

聚餐,是中国节日永远的主题之一,和端午节“吃粽子”、元宵节“吃汤圆”一样,“吃月饼”是中秋节的食俗。中秋吃月饼风俗始于何时,有不同的说法。

民间说法是始于唐初。大将军李靖征讨匈奴得胜,八月十五凯旋而归。当时有位经商的吐蕃人向唐朝皇帝献饼祝捷。唐高祖李渊(一说唐太宗李世民)心情大好,对着月亮脱口而出:“应将胡饼邀蟾蜍”。

胡饼是圆形,代表圆满;蟾蜍则指月亮。李渊将胡饼分食群臣,此后就有了中秋吃胡饼之俗。到李隆基(唐玄宗)当皇帝时,杨贵妃将胡饼易名为“月饼”。

显然,这种说法并不靠谱,唐代连真正意义上的“中秋节”都没有,何来月饼?但唐代在八月十五有“吃饼”习惯是可能的。日本僧人圆仁《入唐求法巡礼行记》中曾记述,八月十五这天,“寺家设o饨、饼食等”。

另有学者引《洛中见闻》称,唐僖宗李儇曾在八月十五赐“饼”给在曲江宴饮的新科进士。但所赐之饼是不是月饼?尚不好说。

目前较为可靠的说法是,北宋时中秋节已有吃月饼的风俗,但是否普遍并不肯定。苏东坡《留别廉守》一诗中,便有“小饼如嚼月,中有酥与饴”的说法。

北宋虽然有八月十五吃月饼之俗,但所食月饼当时并不叫“月饼”,而称为“金饼”。当时的文人苏舜卿《和解生中秋月》诗中即称,“银塘通夜白,金饼隔林明”。

南宋吴自牧的《梦梁录》“荤素从食店”条、同时代的周密《武林旧事》“蒸作从食”条,均出现“月饼”一词。但需要指出的是,这种月饼似乎并不是八月十五才吃的专用节日食品,乃“四时皆有”的日常食品不过在中秋节这天食用,意义非同寻常。

明代中秋节流行送月饼

“以月饼相遗,取团圆之义”

中秋节吃月饼到元代已更加“讲究”。元末陶宗仪的《元氏掖庭记》中记述过元武宗海山过已酉(公元13XX年)中秋节的情况。中秋之夜,元武宗与诸嫔妃泛舟于皇家的太液池,设宴取乐,所上食物相当丰富:“荐蜻翅之脯,进秋风之鲶,酌元霜之酒,啖华月之羔”。这里的“啖华月之羔”即为“吃月饼”。

到了明代,“吃月饼”已为中秋节固定风俗。中秋节所食之饼除了“月饼”叫法外,还有“团圆饼”、“团饼”等叫法,正德《建昌府志》中便称,“中秋,登楼玩月,多用西瓜、团饼,亦取月圆之义。”

明代,中国古人过中秋还出现了新气象,现代必不可少的“月饼”,成为时人过中秋节之必备,现代特别流行的中秋送月饼风俗明代已开始流行。崇祯《嘉兴县志》称,“十五是为中秋,作饼肖月形,曰‘月饼’,有相馈遗者,取团圆之义”;明田汝成《西湖游览志》也有相同说法,“中秋民间以月饼相遗,取团圆之义。”

不仅南方人喜欢中秋送月饼,北方人亦然。嘉靖《威县志》记载,“中秋置酒玩月,为月饼馈之。”

中秋送月饼风俗是怎么形成的?据说缘于“走月”活动。所谓“走月”,就是乘着中秋月圆之际拜亲访友,馈赠糕点、鲜果等食品。(倪方六) 北京晚报早在元末,甚至更早时间,“走月”活动就已出现。笔者苏北老家有一则“八月十五杀鞑子”的传说:元末朱元璋起义时,相约“杀鞑子(蒙古人)”,推翻元政权。元代,蒙古人对民间集会控制极严,朱元璋便利用八月十五“走月”送月饼的习俗,将约定起义时间的纸条包在月饼里送出,从而完成了起义总动员,“送月饼”风俗也因此在明代得以广泛流行。当然,还有另外一说,送月饼“杀鞑子”,是吴王张士诚想出的主意。

到了清代,中秋“送月饼”更为流行,并影响到现代人的节日消费行为。

中秋节(中英文介绍)

中国传统节日中英对照:中秋节 每年农历八月十五日,是传统的中秋佳节。这时是一年秋季的中期,所以被称 为中秋。 中秋节有悠久的历史,和其它传统节日一样,也是慢慢发展形成的,古代帝王有春天祭日,秋天祭月的礼制,早在《周礼》一书中,已有“中秋”一词的记载。后来贵族和文人学士也仿效起来,在中秋时节,对着天上又亮又圆一轮皓月,观赏祭拜,寄托情怀,这种习俗就这样传到民间,形成一个传统的活动,一直到了唐代,这种祭月的风俗更为人们重视,中秋节才成为固定的节日,《唐书·太宗记》记载有“八月十五中秋节”,这个节日盛行于宋朝,至明清时,已与元旦齐名,成为我国的主要节日之一。 相传,远古时候天上有十日同时出现,晒得庄稼枯死,民不聊生,一个名叫后羿 的英雄,力大无穷,他同情受苦的百姓,登上昆仑山顶,运足神力,拉开神弓,一气射下九个多太阳,并严令最后一个太阳按时起落,为民造福。后羿因此受到百姓的尊敬和爱戴,不少志士慕名前来投师学艺,心术不正的蓬蒙也混了进来。 后羿有一个美丽的妻子叫“嫦娥”。一天,后羿到昆仑山访友求道,巧遇由此 经过的王母娘娘,便向王母求得一包不死药。据说,服下此药,能即刻升天成仙。然而,后羿舍不得撇下妻子,只好暂时把不死药交给嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥将药藏进梳妆台的百宝匣里,不料被小人蓬蒙看见了。 一天,率众徒外出狩猎,蓬蒙手持宝剑闯入内宅后院,威逼嫦娥交出不死药。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的对手,危急之时她当机立断,转身打开百宝匣,拿出不死药一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下药,身子立时飘离地面、冲出窗口,向天上飞去。蓬蒙便借机逃走了。 傍晚,后羿回到家,侍女们哭诉了白天发生的事。后羿气得捶胸顿足,悲痛欲绝,仰望着夜空呼唤爱妻的名字,这时他惊奇地发现,今天的月亮格外皎洁明亮,而且有

10篇介绍中秋节的英语作文课件

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