英语中的否定

英语中的否定
英语中的否定

英语中的否定

一、否定概念

1.否定的基本特征:含有否定词(语)。例如:

⑴not, never, seldom, hardly, nor,

⑵no, few, , neither,

⑶none, nothing, nobody,

⑷without, but, except

含有否定词缀的词,也是一种否定意义的表达手段。但不属于否定结构或否定句。2.否定范围

否定范围指否定意义在句中涉及的范围。一般讲,从否定词开始到句末,或到表示停顿的标点为止。在口语中,句末用升调,表示修饰形状语在否定范围之内,反之则在范围之外。下列句子的划线部分是否定范围:

(1)I didn’t see Jack in the cinema yesterday.

(2)None of them passed the exam.

(3)I didn’t go there because I was afraid of him.

(4)I didn’t go there, because I was afraid of him. (我没去那儿,因为我怕他。)句(3)在书面语中意义不明确:可能是“我没去那儿,因为我怕他”;也可能是“我去那儿并不是因为怕他”。所以最好避免,或改写成句(4)和句(5)两个意思不同但明确的句子。

(5)I did go there not because I was afraid of him.

3. 否定转移

从结构上看,not通常用于否定动词。但实际意义上讲,not真正要否定的焦点可能是否定范围中的其他成分。这种情况称为否定转移。例如:

(6)Shut up. I didn’t come to listen to your stupid excuse.

=(7) I came here not to listen to your excuse.

(8) I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.

=(9) I think it will not rain tomorrow.

(10) I do not go to school by bike everyday.

=(11) I go to school by bike at times, but not everyday.

二、常见的否定手法

1.全句否定和局部否定(也称“一般否定和特指否定”)

1.1 全句否定(g eneral negation):结构上not, never否定谓语或no否定名词。

(12)They are not interested in these subject.

(13) You can’t take these books out of the reading-room.

(14) There is no time to be lost.

1.2局部否定(special negation):not 置于某个特定对象之前。

(15)You must always remember not to become conceited.

(16) The moon gives no light of its own.

局部否定用得很少,通常采用全句否定形式。但可以通过否定转移来达到局部否定的目的。例如,句(17)比句(18)更自然:

(17)I won’t stay here for long.:

(18)I will stay here but not for long.

但有时用全句否定会产生歧义:

(19)It didn’t rain all the month.

句末用升调,表示否定转移至状语:是下雨了,但没有整整下一个月。

句末用降调时,not否定rain:整整一个月没下雨。

如果将状语置于句首,原句改为All the month it didn’t rain,则all the month处于否定范围之外,not 只能否定rain,意思也就明确了。采用局部否定也可避免类似的歧义。例如:(20)It rained not all the month but for part of the month.

有时全句否定和局部否定意义全然不同:

(21)He didn’t try to mention it to Tom.他不想对Tom提起这件事情。

(22) He tried not to mention it to Tom. 他尽量不对Tom提这件事。

△否定的前缀、后缀也是一种局部否定,但从结构上讲,不属于否定句结构。因此,在含有这类词的句子后,附加疑问句中用否定。如:It is unimportant, isn’t it?

2.全体否定和部分否定

2.1 全体否定(absolute negation)

含有no, none以及neither, never等否定词,或every, all与带有否定词缀的词连用时,均为全体否定:

(23) No one can do it.

(24) Neither of the sisters is good-looking.

(25) All these stars are invisible to naked eyes.

(26) Every plan he has made in impossible to carry out.

(27)I looked everywhere for the cell phone, but it could be found nowhere.

2.2 部分否定(partial negation)

not与下列词语连用时,具有部分否定意义:both, all, every, every-, always, entirely, wholly 等。例如:

(28) I don’t wholly agree with you.

_(29) All that glitters is not gold.

(30) Both of his parents are at home.

(31) Not everything he says is right.

但这些词语否定的前缀连用时,意为全部否定。如:

(32)All this is unnecessary.

3.双重否定和重复否定

3.1双重否定(double negation)

双重否定时止,同一结构中用一个否定词否定另一个否定词(也包括否定前缀词)。两个否定词互相抵消。双重否定通常强调一个肯定的意思。

(33)He doesn’t lend his books to nobody.

(34) I did’t do it for no reason.

(35) We are not unprepared for the outcome of the conference.

(36) He never came without asking for money.

(37) I can not but admire his courage.

(38) They couldn’t help laughing at the joke.

3.2重复否定(repeated negation)

重复否定是指用两个(以上)的否定词连续否定一个意思,所以就加强了否定的意义。其一般形式是:否定的谓语+否定的宾语;否定的主语+否定的谓语:

(39)I don’t know nothing about the matter. (=I don’t know anything about it.)

(40) We won’t lose nothing by it. (=We won’t lose anything)

(41) Nobody hardly took notice of him. (=Nobody took notice of him)

重复否定在早期英语里很普遍,因为词的重复是正常的修辞手段。在现代英语里,不是标准语言。但在口语中仍不少。尤其是教育程度不高的人群中。

4.延续否定(resumptive negation)

△用not…not /neither / nor

(42) I’ll not do such a thing, not I. (同一主语)

(43) You cannot do it, nor can I, nor can anyone else. (不同主语)

(44) But Oliver did not come that day; nor the next day,; nor the next after that; nor for many ,many days after. (连续否定多个状语)

(45) It was not surprise, nor disappointment, nor anger, not any of the expressions that Della had been prepared for.

△用to say nothing of, not to mention, not to speak of, let alone, still less, much less +名词(后三个短语也可接动词),表示“(连…都不…,)更别说…了。”

(46) He doesn’t like music, still less dancing.

(47) He does not speak English well, to say nothing of German or French.

(48) She can't afford to buy a bicycle, let alone a car. (CIDE)

(49) "Are you getting a new car this year?" "You must be joking! I can't afford to pay my bills, let alone buy a new car!" (CIDE)

(50) At the age of fourteen I had never even been on a train, much/still less an aircraft.

5.半否定(semi-negation)

用hardly, seldom, rarely, scarcely, few, little, almost not / no;

(51) He seldom went out on Sundays.

(52) It is hardly possible, is it?

(53) Few believed it, did they?

(54) He is interested in almost nothing except computer games.

6. 排除否定(excluded negation)

用all…but, every…but, anything but等。

(55) All the people at the meeting agreed but Jack.

(56) I ‘d like to do everything except housework.

(57) He is anything but a good teacher.

在否定句中用but/except则成了肯定的意思:Nobody except Bill can do it.

7. 强势否定(emphatic negation)

强势否定实际上就是加强否定的语气。

7.1 使用副词:certainly, simply, just, absolutely等用于否定结构之前。

You just don't listen, do you? I told you you'd burn yourself if you touched that pan, didn't I?

No one wants to buy these toys - we just can't sell them.

Look here, my (dear) boy, this simply won't do.

It is absolutely impossible to finish the work within a week.

7.2 使用介词短语:in no way, by no means, at no time等。

It is by no means certain that we will be able to move to our new office in June.

I would like to point out that I am in no way connected with them.

At no time and under no circumstance will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.

7.3 在not后使用single, at all, a bit, in the least, the slightest 等表示“微量”的词语。

He didn’t have a single word about it.

I am not in the least tired.

If an accident happens to him I will not surprised at all.

7.4 用the last表示“最不…”。

He is the last person to do such a thing. 他是最不可能做这种事情的人。

Housework is the last thing that I want to do.

Bill was the last person that Kate wanted to see.

三、否定结构中的用词问题

1.非肯定词

英语中有些词义相近的词语,有的只用于肯定结构,称为“肯定词(assertive words)”;有些只用于非肯定结构,称为“非肯定词(non-assertive words)”。如:

注:

⑴非肯定结构指:否定,疑问,条件。

⑵ever可用在以下的肯定意义中:This is the most beautiful city that I have ever been to.

⑶非肯定词用于含有not, never, hardly等词的否定句时,不可置于否定词之前。以下是误

句:(葛著DEU)

Either of them is not a doctor. (应改为:Neither of them is a doctor.)

Anybody cannot do it. (应改为:Nobody can do it. )

2.情态动词may, can, must

这三个词用于否定句时,意思大相径庭。

He may not come this afternoon. (他可能不来)

He cannot come this afternoon. (他不可能来)

He mustn’t come this afternoon. (不准他来)

3.almost和nearly

almost后可接nobody, nothing等否定词,nearly则不行;可以说not nearly(远非),但almost前不能用否定词。

There was almost nothing in the fridge.

There is almost no possibility of our winning the lottery.

There's not nearly enough (= There is much too little) food for all these people!

She's not nearly as beautiful as you said she was.

4.在非肯定句中用long,在肯定句中用(for)a long time

Have you been waiting long?

I waited (for) a long time.

She seldom stay out long.

He didn’t speak for long. (PEU)

It takes a long time to get to her house.

一个疑问:在否定句中,for long与long是否等同? PEU的例句似乎表明等同,但叙述时似乎并没有等同的态度。

△注意以下特殊情况

⑴long与too, enough, so, as等词连用时,可用于肯定句:

I have been working here too long.

You can stay as long as you like / want.

⑵在否定句中如果用for a long time,意思就有了区别:

She didn’t speak for a long time. 她好久没讲话。= For a long time she didn’t speak.

She didn’t speak long. 她的讲话不长。

5.在非肯定句中用far,在肯定句中用a long way

How far did you walk?

We walked a long way.

与too, enough, as, so搭配时,far用于肯定句。

6.在否定句中,besides与except, but意思相同:

Mark Twain had no other ties besides / but / except this one.

7.still, yet; ever

still要用于否定词之前,因为它是个肯定词须用在否定范围之外;yet和ever是非肯定词,须用于非肯定结构中。

She still didn’t know the result of the discussion.

Have you finished the work yet?

I have not ever been to Beijing. (not ever=never)

8.含有not和含有never的固定短语

not to mention 更不必说

believe it or not 信不信由你

not to say 简直

It would be unwise, not to say stupid, to leave your first job after only six months.

never mind

never say die 永不言败

英语否定句翻译

英语否定句翻译 一、全部否定(Complete Negation) 全部否定是指将句子否定对象加以全盘、彻底地否定。常用的全部否定词与习惯用语有:not, no, none, never,nobody, nothing,neither…nor, nowhere, no one,etc. 只要使用上述否定词,都是具有全部否定意义的句子。翻译成中文时,一般把全部否定词照翻即可。 例:He is not a translator.他不是翻译。 This problem is so difficult that none of us can solve it.这个问题太难,我们当中没人能解决。 二、部分否定(Partial Negation) 部分否定在英语句子中是对some,all,both,every,many,much,always,often等词的否定,不论否定词“ not”放在这些词的前面,还是同句中谓语一起构成否定式谓语,都属于部分否定。 可译为:“并非所有的都”;“并不全是”;“不一定总是”。例:All that glitters is not gold. (=Not all that glitters is gold.) 闪光的东西不一定都是金子。 Both of the instruments are not precision ones. (=Not both of the instruments are precision ones.) 这两台仪器并不都是精密仪器。 从以上两例可看出,not every=some,not both=one,not

always=sometimes,not wholly=in some degree not together=somewhat. 三、双重否定(Double Negation) 双重否定是指两个否定词并用,否定同一个单词,或者一个否定词否定另一个否定词,其否定意义互相抵消得到肯定意义。如果一个句子中同时含有两个否定因素,无论是形式上还是意义上的,可采用两种方法翻译:可译成汉语的双重否定,其语气较强烈;也可以译成肯定。双重否定句主要有以下三种: 1.全否定词+全否定词英语中的全否定词有:not,no,without,none,nobody,no one,nothing,neit her…nor,nowhere,etc.当这类词出现在同一个句子中时即可构成双重否定句。 例:No one has nothing to offer to society. 人人都可以为社会奉献点什么。 He cannot speak English without making mistakes. 他一说英语就出错。 2.全否定词+半否定词一个全否定词和一个半否定词(little,seldom等)同时出现在一个句子中时,构成双重否定句。例:Nowadays it is not seldom that a man lives to be seventy years old.如今人活到70岁常见的。 3.全否定词+含有否定意义的词。如:impatient,unimportant,

英语中的否定

浅析英语中的否定 编讲:田老师在教学中不难看出,影响学生英语理解和阅读的除了有单词和主从句(长难句)外,还有一些否定句子困扰学生,严重影响了学习兴趣。现在就英语中的否定作统一的浅析以便教和学更轻松。 第一篇:否定转移和不转移问题 否定转移的主句动词在语义上可分: A:表示看法的动词: be supposed to, believe, expect, imagine, suppose, think, fancy,guess,should say等表示主观意见和猜想的动词在句中作谓语时,按习惯其宾语从句的否定通常转移到主句。如: 1. I didn’t think I have seen you before. 2. She didn’t imagine that we would say anything. B:表示感觉的动词: 在seem,feel,taste,sound,appear,look like, feel as if, look as if, sou nd as if作联系动词的句子中,特别是seem,按习惯以它的否定来代替其他部分的否定。例如: 1. The baby doesn’t appear to be awake. 2. It doesn’t look(看起来)like it’s (天不会)going to rain. 3.English doesn't seem easy to learn. 英语好像不容易学。

4.It didn't seem during those years that therecould be anyone else who might share my own peculiar tastes. 在那些年月里,似乎没有人会有我这样的特殊情趣。 C类似的情况还有半助动词happen。 例如:He didn't happen to be at home. 他碰巧不在家。 D将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesn't seem th at they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 E有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。 I don' t remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语having…) It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。 (anyone 作主语时,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。) F 状语和状语从句的否定转移 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle saidso. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何,就轻信此事。

英语部分否定和全部否定

关于部分否定和全部否定 1.not all+名词,all...not,not...all表示部分否定 2.no+名词表示全部否定 Not all birds can fly. 讲解:本句=All birds can not fly=Some birds can’t fly=不是所有的鸟都 会飞 那么所有的鸟都不会飞如何表达? No birds can fly.=Birds can’t fly.----全部否定 大家清楚了吗?当然我上面犯了个错误,同学门看出来了吗?呵呵,鸟怎么能不会 飞呢?是bird就会飞.那什么鸟不会飞呢?ostrich[鸵鸟],这个单词难记吗?我来 教你记住它.先从后往前拆了它,rich+st+o,然后把rich联想成富人,st想成street,o想成一个项圈,最后开始造句,只有有钱人才会在大街上溜鸵鸟.记住 了吗?呵呵,鸵鸟肉很好吃,无奈本人不rich.好了,扯远了,给大家几个句子体会 一下部分否定. 例句: 1.Not all men can swim.=All men can not swim. 2.Not all Chinese people like beef.=All Chinese people don’t like be ef. 3.I don’t kown all of them,言外之意,I only know some of them,not all. 特别说明:前两个句子等号右边的部分同学们很容易理解成全部否定,其实不然. 但这里我要说明的是,这样的表达在现代英语里并不常见,所以在写作中大家最 好用等号左边的表达. 全部否定比较简单,我再举一个 No men can fly.[这个不是病句,是真理,没人反对吧,本人水平有限,太难的句 子怕写错了] 中学英语教材中,英语的否定句是一个语法的重点,同时又是一个难点。在教学 中发现有不少学生对英语句子的全部否定和部分否定翻译时不够准确,大部分学 生是按照字面翻译。英汉互译时,遣词不准,不注重英汉语言的习惯表达法。这 样既影响了学生对文章中的语句理解的准确性,又影响了学生运用英语的能力。 笔者就中学英语的否定句类型浅谈全部否定和部分否定句的英汉互译。 英语中的否定句,就其否定的范围来说,可分为全部否定(complete negation)和部分否定(partial negation)。表示全部否定时,常用含“绝无” 意义的否定词(如:none/no/neither/nobody/nothing/never/nowhere等)加上肯定式谓语。例如:None of the answers are correct.全部答案都不正确。 Neither of the films is interesting. 这两部电影都无趣味。 Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.

英语否定句的翻译技巧

英语否定句的翻译技巧 济宁学院旅游地理系 刘翠莲 [摘 要]英语中的否定句形式多样,给学生的理解造成很大障碍。其否定概念的表达分为明否定(包括全部否定、部分否定和双重否定)和暗否定(含蓄否定)。要准确理解和翻译英语中的否定句,需要清楚这些否定结构的特点,结合汉语的表达习惯,掌握一定的翻译技巧。 [关键词]全部否定 部分否定 双重否定 含蓄否定 翻译 无论在英语中还是在汉语中,肯定句和否定句都是人们日常交际常用的表达手段和陈述方式。由于文化背景、语言习惯和思维方式的不同,英汉两种语言在意义表达上又有很大的区别,尤其是否定句的应用,这给学生的理解和翻译造成很大障碍。翻译英语否定句,首先要弄清楚其结构在用法上的一些特点,否则就容易出错。一般来讲,英语中否定概念的表达可分为明否定和暗否定。前者借助否定词或否定结构来表达否定的概念,包括全部否定、部分否定和双重否定。后者又称含蓄否定,指不通过具有否定意义的词来表达否定,否定含义常暗含于句子及语境之中。这里就这几种否定结构谈谈翻译上的特点。 一、全部否定 全部否定指将句子否定对象加以全盘彻底的否定,通常使用一些含“绝无”意义的否定词加上肯定式谓语来表示。这些否定词常以n字母开头如:no,no t,none,never,nobody,no th ing, now here,no r,neither等),此类英语否定句一般仍译为汉语否定句。如:N one of u s are perfect1我们谁也不是完人。M y tex t2 book is now here to be seen.哪儿也找不到我的课本。 需要注意的是,根据句子的意思和汉语习惯否定成分有时会发生转换,这就是否定转移现象。常见的情况有:1)否定句含believe,con sider,expect,fancy,fear,hope,feel,i m agine,sup2 po se,th ink,tru st等表心理活动的动词时,no t通常否定该动词后面的内容。如:Scien tists don’t believe that compu ters can re2 p lace m an in every field1科学家们认为,计算机不可能在所有领域中都代替人。2)系表结构中否定词在意义上通常否定句子中的表语。如:You r sen tence doesn’t sound righ t1你的句子听起来不对。3)“no+名”时否定应转移到谓语动词上面。如:A t no ti m e and under no circum stances w ill Ch ina be the first to u se nuclear w eapon s1中国在任何时间和任何情况下都不会首先使用核武器。4)在“否定词+becau se…”结构中,becau se引导原因状语从句,主句的谓语为否定式时,有时可按正常语序翻译,如:W om en in som e Islam ic coun tries do no t vo te becau se they have no righ t to1一些穆斯林国家的妇女不参加选举,因为她们没有选举权。但有时情况较为复杂,即no t并非真正否定谓语,而是否定becau se本身。如:T he m ach ine didn’t move be2 cau se he pu shed on it1不是因为他推了它,这台机器才移动(原文形式上否定谓语,实际上否定的重点是状语从句,故译文否定状语从句)。因此,翻译时应结合上下文语境做出正确的判断。 5)在含目的状语的否定句中,有时no t并不否定其后的动词,而是否定句中的目的状语。如:Som eti m es the ch ildren don’t p lay chess fo r am u sem en t1有时孩子们下棋并不全是为了娱乐。 二、部分否定 部分否定,可用含“部分”意义的代词、副词(如som e,som e2 th ing,som ew here等)加上否定谓语构成,这样的句式比较容易理解。但还有一些特殊的表示部分否定的句型,不同于汉语的思维方式。1)用否定词no t来否定表示全部概念的词,如:bo th, all,every(everyth ing,everybody,everyw here)等。这些词都是表示“所有、每一个、两者都”等概念的,如果用no t否定这些词就使句子产生了部分否定之义,表示“不都……”,“并非……都”等。如果否定词no t放置这些词之前(如:no t all…,no t every …,no t bo th…等)就更能突出部分否定的意思。如:N o t all h is w o rk is successfu l1并非他所有的工作都是成功的。应特别注意no t不位于这些词前面时的译法。如:Everybody w ou ldn’t like it1=N o t everybody w ou ld like it1并不是每个人都会喜欢它。 2)no t否定含al w ays,m uch,m any,often,en tirely的句子,如: H e w as no t en tirely happy1他并不感到十分高兴。3)句子中含有few,little,hardly,scarcely,barely,seldom等词,如:H e hard2 ly w o rk s on w eekends1他周末很少工作。4)在否定句中用连词and连接两个状语、表语、定语、宾语等时,也表示部分否定,否定and之后的部分。如:H e is no t a b righ t and diligen t boy1他并不是个既聪明又勤奋的孩子。(聪明但并不勤奋) 三、双重否定 双重否定句是指在一个句子中连用两个否定词或连用一个否定词与一个表示否定意义的词的句子。翻译时可译成肯定句,也可译成汉语的双否定(语气较强烈)。双重否定句的结构主要有以下三种: 11全否定词十全否定词英语中的全否词包括no t,no, none,no one,no th ing,nobody,never等,当这些词有两个出现在同一句中时构成双重否定。如:You can’t m ake som eth ing ou t of no th ing1巧妇难为无米之炊。 21全否定词十半否定词当一全否定词与一个半否定词(few,little,seldom等)出现在同一句子中时,构成双重否定。如:Few studen ts in ou r co llege canno t speak English1我们这个学校几乎没有学生不会说英语。 31全否定词十含有否定意义的词含有否定意义的词主要包括某些带有否定前缀或后缀的单词,如:i m po ssib le,unp re2 pared,disp leased,disobey等,以及一些本身含有否定意义的词,如:deny,fail,refu se,neglect,igno re,w ithou t等。如:W e are no t unp repared fo r the ou tcom e of the conference1对于会议的结果,我们是有准备的。W e shall no t fail to help you w hen neces2 sary1必要时我们定会帮助你。 另外,在“否定词十bu t”的结构中,bu t当作关系代词用,相当于“w h ich w ho that…no t…”,具有否定含义,也构成双重否定句,译成汉语时要留意。如:Scarcely a w eek passes bu t she w rites to her paren ts1差小多每个星期她都要给父母信。还要注意no th ing(nobody,now here,none)…so…bu t…的双重否定问题,这种句子的翻译通常为:无论……只要……就(便)……;所有(一切)……(只要)……便(就)……。如:T here is no th ing so difficu lt bu t it becom es easy by p ractice1无论多么困难的事,只要实践便会变得容易。也可译为:所有(一切)困难的事,只要实践都会变得容易的。 四、含蓄否定 含蓄否定句是寓否定意义于肯定表达形式之中的特殊表达 — 6 1 —

关于英语中的否定句

关于英语中的否定句 1) 一般否定句 I don‘t know this. No news is good news. There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house. 2)特指否定 He went to his office, not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don‘t think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are ri ght. 3)部分否定 I don‘t know all of them. I can‘t see everybody/everything. All the answers are not right.(并非所有答案都对。) All is not gold that glitters. (闪光的不一定都是金子。) Both of them are not right.(并非两人都对。) 4)全体否定 None of my friends smoke. I can see nothing/nobody. Nothing can be so simple as this. Neither of them is right. 5) 延续否定 You didn‘t see him, neither/nor did I. You don‘t know, I don‘t know either. He doesn‘t know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French. 6) 半否定句 We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing. I know little English. I saw few people. 7) 双重否定 You can‘t make something out of nothing. What‘s done cannot be undone. There is no sweet without sweat. No gain without pains. I can‘t help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it. No man is so old but (that) he can learn. 8)排除否定 Everyone is ready except you. He did nothing but play.

英语中的部分否定

英语中的部分否定(即不完全否定)有如下一些表示方法: 一、all 的否定式: not all…(或:all…not)表示“并非都……”、“不是所有的都……”例如: Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。 二、both 的否定式: not…both (或:both… not) “并非两个……都……”例如: I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。 Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。 三、every…的否定式:“不是每……都……”例如: Not every book is educative. (或:Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。 Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。 四、always的否定式:“并非总是(并非一直)……”例如: He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 五、entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式:“不完全……”,“并非完全……”例如: The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不能够完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。 I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。 六、all the time 的否定式:“并非一直……”、“未必老是……”例如: A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。

英语语法否定转移

否定转移 否定的转移是指英语否定句在句中某一部分(常在谓语部分),但在语义上却是否定另一部分的现象。翻译这类句子时不要单纯依赖语法分析,而应从语义上分析,根据上下文理解句意。例:He doesn’t teach because teaching is easy for him. 他之所以教书,并不是因为他觉得教书轻松。 一、否定形式在表示“看法”的谓语动词上,语义上却是否定后面的宾语从句。 此类动词有:think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, anticipate, fancy, consider, find (感到), guess, be supposed to, calculate, figure, reckon。 - I don't believe I've met you before. ("I believe I haven’t met youbefore.") 我认为我没有见过你。 - I don't think you will be late. 我认为你不会迟到。 - I don't suppose he cares, does he? 我看他不在乎,对吧? - He doesn't expect we need worry. 他认为我们不必着急。 - I don’t recon she is old enough to go to school.我认为她还没到上学的年纪。 注:上述判断性动词出现以下情况时,其否定不发生转移: (1)用作插入语时: - Li Lei, I think, won’t be angry with you. 我想李蕾不会生你的气。 - Tom, I suppose, won’t be against it. 我猜想汤姆不会反对。 (2)这些动词跟其他另一个动词一起做并列谓语时: - I believe and hope he won’t do that. 我相信并且也希望他将不会那样做。 (3)用于疑问句时: - Do you think it is not going to rain? 你认为天不会下雨吗? (4)主句中添加情态动词can't, mustn't, wouldn't时: - You mustn’t think he’s stupid. 你不应该认为他愚蠢。 - I wouldn't have imagined that you would be here. 我不曾想到你会在这儿。 - I can’t imagine how he could survive that car accident.我想象不出在那次车祸中他是怎样活命的。 (5)think , expect 作料想讲时: - I didn’t expect I’d meet you here. 我没料到会在这里碰上你。 - We didn’t think he is such a selfish man. 我们没料到他是这样一个自私的人。 (6)suppose , think 用于祈使句式或被副词修饰时: - Don’t suppose you have passed the exam, this is only a part of the exam. 别以为你通过了考试,这仅仅是考试的一部分。 - I simply don’t think you will give me a hand when I’m in difficulty. 我根本不指望你在我困难的时候能帮助我。 - I really don’t think it’s necessary for us to go there now. 我的确不认为我们有必要去那儿。 - I feel strongly that he shouldn’t do such a thing. 我强烈地认为他不应该做那样的事。 (7)上述动词所接的宾语从句中如有all , every , many , both 等表全体意义的词或副词时: - I don’t believe both of them are innocent.我不相信他们两个都是清白的。 - I never expect all the students will do the exercises after classes. 我从不抱希望于所有学生都会在课外做作业。 - We don’t consider everybody in our class is interested in this topic. 我们并不认为班里的每个人都对这个话题感兴趣。 (8)由于cannot help, ought not,need not,not at all等短语的关系而把I think 隔离: - I should have thought sometimes you couldn’t help thinking of the past. 我应该想到你会禁不住想起过去。

英语中的否定

英语中的否定 第一部分:重点讲解 I. 否定的种类: 否定句是英语中的常用基本句型之一,它用来表示对所表达情况的否认.英语的否定结构形式多种多样,无论在思路上,还是在表达方式上,都与汉语有许多差异.如果只按字面意思翻译,有时会造成误解.因此,在做英译汉和汉译英练习时,一定要认真体会其中的含义,不要望文生义,以防陷入这个可怕的迷宫. 按意义分,英语中的否定多种多样.有全部否定、部分否定、多重否定(双重否定). 1)全部否定 no, not, never, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither... nor,结构均表示强烈意味的完全否定, 在汉语中体现为"绝对不","没有","远不(非)......","一点也不","根本不......","无论如何也没有......"等. 2)部分否定 英语中一些含有总括含义的代词、形容词或副词,当用于否定句中时,只否定一部分,

而不是完全否定.如all, everybody(everyone), everything, anyone(anybody), anything, anywhere, everywhere, always, quite, both, entirely, altogether等词与not连用时,在汉语中译为"......不全是......","不都是......","并非全都是......","不总是......"等,而不是按照字面理解为"所有......都不是". All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光的东西不一定都是金子.(误:所有闪闪发光的都不是金子.) All of us don’t want to go. 照字面看来好像是“我们大家都不想去”,而实际上是“并非大家都不想去”,即有人想去,有人不想去。“None of us wants to go”才是“大家都不想去” 因此,“All……not……”应解释为“一切……并不都……”或“并非一切……都……”。例如: All knowledge and techniques of modern medicine cannot bring him back to life.

英语的十一种否定转移现象

英语语法:英语的十一种否定转移现象 摘要:否定的转移是指英语否定句在句中某一部分(常在谓语部分),但在语义上却是否定另一部分的现象。含有全体意义的代词和副词作主语或宾语时,形式上否定谓语,语义上否定主语或宾语,表示部分否定。 否定的转移是指英语否定句在句中某一部分(常在谓语部分),但在语义上却是否定另一部分的现象。翻译这类句子时不要单纯依赖语法分析,而应从语义上分析,根据上下文理解句意。例: He doesn’t teach because teaching is easy for him.他之所以教书,并不是因为他觉得教书轻松。 John didn't attend the meeting because he was ill.约翰没有出席会议, 因为他病了。 以上句子是否采用“否定转移”以译文意思合乎逻辑为准则。 一、在表示“看法”的谓语动词上的否定形式,语义上却是否定后面的宾语从句。 此类动词有: think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, anticipate, fancy, consider, find (感到),guess,be supposed to, calculate, figure, reckon。 I don't believe I've met you before. 我认为我没有见过你。 I don't think you will be late.我认为你不会迟到。 I don't suppose he cares, does he?我看他不在乎,对吧? He doesn't expect we need worry.他认为我们不必着急。 I don’t recon she is old enough to go to school.我认为她还没到上学的年纪。 注:上述表示“看法”或“判断”的动词出现以下情况时,其否定不发生转移: (1)用作插入语时: Li Lei, I think, won’t be angry with you.我想李蕾不会生你的气。 Tom, I suppose, won’t be againstit.我猜想汤姆不会反对。

关于英语中的否定句

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英语中的部分否定与全部否定

英语中的部分否定与全部否定 在英语里有一些用来表示“全体”或“完全”意义的总括词,如all, every(及everybody, everything等),both, always, quite, wholly, entirely, altogether, completely等,凡含有这些词的否定句并非表示全部否定。如: 1. Not all the ants go out for the food. 并非所有的蚂蚁都出外觅食。 2. Money is not everything. 金钱并非万能。 从上面例子中可以看出部分否定有下列两种形式: 一、直接把否定词not 放在被否定词之前。如: 3. Not all birds can fly. 并不是所有的鸟都会飞。 4. Not both children are clever. 两个孩子并不都聪明。 5. He doesn’t quite understand. 他并非全部理解。 6. We are not altogether interested. 我们并不完全感兴趣。 二、用not 来否定谓语。如: 7. I can’t catch everything in the book. 我没有完全掌握书中的内容。 8. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。 除了上述两种常见的形式外,部分否定还有其它表现形式。如: 9. She can’t sing and dance. (not...and... ) 她并非既会唱歌又会跳舞。 10. It was not for nothing that she spent two years studying skies. (not for nothing) 她花了两年时间研究天体并非毫无收获。 还有含有seldom, hardly, little 等词的句子也有表示部分否定的情况。 11. He seldom asks for leave. 他很少请假。 12. It hardly ever snows in Guangdong. 广东极少下雪。 13. We know few of them. 他们当中我们不认识几个人。

英文中常用否定前缀总结

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think否定转移的用法分析(一)

think否定转移的用法分析(一) 当主语是第一人称,think, believe, expect, guess 等谓语动词接that宾语从句时,如果用否定式,否定意义要转移到从句的谓语。例如:I don't think he is honest. “我认为他不诚实。”但我却看到这样一个句子:He doesn't think you realize the gravity of the situation. “他认为你没意识到局势的严重性。”我的疑问是,这个句子主句的主语是第三人称,为什么也否定转移了呢? 关于这个问题,实际上适用于各种人称,不单纯是第一人称。所以,完全可以说:He doesn't think you realize the gravity of the situation. 关于此问题,我想说明一下个人的理解: I don't think he is honest. 在翻译成汉语时,不一定非要把“否定”转移到从句。以下两种译法都对: “我认为他不诚实。” “我不认为他诚实。” 如果把以上两句汉语再翻译成英语时,则要按英语的习惯来翻译,应把否定词转移到主句上来,应说:I don't think he is honest. 不说:I think he isn’t honest. 由此说明,汉语翻译是否转移不受限制,而英语的转移则是习惯要求的。此外,下列情况,否定则不转移。 1. 如果否定词不是not,而是never, hardly 等,则不转移。因为一旦转移,意思跟原来不符。例如: I think he will never escape hard work. 我想他永远逃避不了辛苦的工作。 We think she can hardly finish the job in one day. 我们认为她很难在一天内完成这项工作。

noless…than等七种否定句型翻译

no less … than等七种否定句型翻译.txt7温暖是飘飘洒洒的春雨;温暖是写在脸上的笑影;温暖是义无反顾的响应;温暖是一丝不苟的配合。8尊重是一缕春风,一泓清泉,一颗给人 温暖的舒心丸,一剂催人奋进的强心剂no less … than等七种否定句型翻译 英语中的否定结构是翻译中的一个常见而以比较复杂质问题。由于英汉两种语言在表达方法上存在很大差异,尤其在表达否定概念上,英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语 都有很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式,而另一些肯定句型译成汉语 后又往往变成否定形式。 在阅读理解及其翻译过程中,这些否定句就象陷阱一样,稍有不慎,就会掉入其中。有时仅在否定、肯定之间稍有不慎就会“失之毫厘,谬之千里”,因此在阅读理解及其翻译一些否定结构时,切不可望文生义,而必须细心揣摩,真正透彻理解其意义。只有正确地理解 英语中的各种否定句型,才能在阅读是正确理解文章传达的意思,才能在翻译中译文准确、 恰当地表达出原文的含义。 本文章节标题 一、no less … than等七种比较结构中的否定现象翻译 二、部分否定 三、全部否定 四、双重否定 五、形式肯定但意义否定 六、形式否定但意义肯定 七、否定成分的转译 一、no less … than等七种比较结构中的否定现象翻译 英语中表示比较的句型相当多,如果句型中插进了一个否定词,其意义和用法就很 难掌握。下面介绍几种常见的表达方式: 1.no better than:表示“和……一样;实际等于……”,如: 1) He is no better than a beggar. 他实际上等于一个乞丐。

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