2009年考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(十一)

2009年考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔

记(十一)

TEXT 4

It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.But not even a great health care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.The most obvious example is late stage cancer

care.Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

In 1950, the US spent ＄12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be ＄1540 billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.

I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.

Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this

pursuit.As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.

56. What is implied in the first sentence?

［A］Americans are better prepared for death than other people.

［B］Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.

［C］Americans are over confident of their medical technology.

［D］Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.

57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that .

［A］medical resources are often wasted

［B］doctors are helpless against fatal diseases

［C］some treatments are too aggressive

［D］medical costs are becoming unaffordable

58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of .

［A］strong disapproval

［B］reserved consent

［C］slight contempt

［D］enthusiastic support

59. In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care .

［A］more flexibly

［B］more extravagantly

［C］more cautiously

［D］more reasonably

60. The text intends to express the idea that .

［A］medicine will further prolong people's lives

［B］life beyond a certain limit is not worth living

［C］death should be accepted as a fact of life

［D］excessive demands increase the cost of health care

achieve12 v.①完成，实现；②达到，达成，获得

aggressive5 a.①侵略的，好斗的；②大胆的，积极的

attitude14 n.①（to，towards）态度，看法；②姿势

author69 n.①作者；②创始人

billion11 num./n.［美］十亿，［英］万亿

cancer11 n.癌

chair4 n.①椅子；②主席（职位）；vt.主持，担任

claim12 v.①要求；②声称，主张；③索赔；n.①要求；②主张，断言；③索赔；④权利，要求权，所有权

conclude5 v.①结束，终结；②断定，下结论；③缔结，议定

confident3 a.（of，in）确信的，自信的

confront3 v.①使面临，使遭遇；②面对（危险等）

consent3 v./n.（to）同意，赞成，答应

contempt4 n.轻蔑，藐视

contrast5 v.对比，对照；n.对比，对照，差异

court10 n.①法院，法庭；②宫廷，朝廷；③院子；④球场

doctor12 n.①博士；②医生；v.伪造，篡改

dramatic4 a.①戏剧的，戏剧性的；②剧烈的，激进的；③显著的，引人注目的

energetic2 a.有力的，精力旺盛的

enthusiastic2 a.热情的，热心的

excessive3 a.过多的，过分的

express4 v.表达，表示；a.特快的，快速的；n.快车，快运

failure6 n.①失败，不及格；②失败者；③故障，失灵；④未能

fatal4 a.致命的，毁灭性的

finite2 a.有限的

former10 a.①前任的；②以前的，在前的；pron.前者

frustrate1 v.挫败，阻挠，使灰心

fund14 n.资金，基金；v.资助，投资

governor1 n.总督，州（省）长

hip2 n.髋部；a.时髦的

humble2 a.①谦卑的，恭顺的；②低下的，卑微的；v.降低，贬抑

ideal5 a.①理想的，完美的；②空想的；③理想主义的；④唯心的；n.理想

imply12 v.意指，含...意思，暗示

inevitable5 a.不可避免的，必然发生的

intend15 v.想要，打算，企图

justice2 n.①公正，公平；②审判，司法；③法官

justify8 v.证明...是正当的，认为有理

measure14 v.测量；n.①尺寸，大小；②［常pl.］措施，办法；③法案，法律规定

mere7 a.①纯粹的；②仅仅，只不过

obvious13 a.明显的，显而易见的

optional1 a.可以任选的，非强制的

painful5 a.疼痛的，使痛苦的

perish1 v.①丧生；②凋谢；③毁灭，消亡

physician10 n.内科医生

potential13 a.①潜在的，可能的；②势的，位的；n.潜能，潜力

procedure4 n.程序，手续，步骤

productive4 a.生产（性）的，能产的，多产的

prolong3 v.拉长，延长

proof2 n.①证据，证明；②校样，样张

pursuit6 n.①追赶，追求；②职业，工作

quest3 n.寻求

quote5 v.引用，援

reality10 n.①现实，实际；②真实

remark7 n.（about，on）评语，议论，意见；v.①（on）评论，谈论；②注意到，察觉

replace7 v.①放回，替换，取代；②归还

reserve2 n.①储备（物），储藏量，储备金；②缄默，谨慎；v.①保留，储备；②预定，预约

resource7 n.①［pl.］资源，财力；②办法，智谋；③应变能力；④设备

reverse1 n.①相反，反转，颠倒；②背面，后面；a.相反的，倒转的；v.颠倒，倒转，（使）倒退

scholar5 n.学者

sentence9 n.①句子；②判决，宣判；v.宣判，判决

shield2 n.①防护物，护罩；②盾，盾状物；v.保护，防护

solve9 v.解决，解答

supreme2 a.①极度的，最重要的；②至高的，的

surgeon1 n.外科医生

sustain5 v.①支撑，撑住；②维持，持续，经受，忍耐

system31 n.①系统，体系；②制度，体制

technology27 n.工艺，技术

therapy2 n.治疗，理疗

threaten8 v.①恐吓，威胁；②有...危险，快要来临

trend12 n.倾向，趋势；v.伸向，倾向

unlikely5 a.未必的，靠不住的

vain2 a.①徒劳的，徒然的；②自负的，虚荣的；n.徒劳，白费

worth5 n.价值；a.值得的

advance10 v.①前进，进展；②推进，促进；③提出（建议等）；④提前；n.①前进，进展；②预付，预支

cataract1 n.①大瀑布；②白内障

cautiously1 ad.慎重地

clinical1 a.临床的

consumer20 n.消费者

dazzlingly1 ad.灿烂地，耀眼地

depression2 n.①沮丧，消沉；②（经济）萧条，不景气disapproval1 n.不赞成

disintegrate1 vt.（使）分解，（使）碎裂expectancy2 n.期待，期望

extravagantly1 ad.挥霍无度地

flexibly1 ad.易曲地，柔软地

genetically2 ad.遗传地

inability1 n.无能，无力

ineffective2 a.无效的

infirm1 a.弱的，不坚固的，柔弱的

leader10 n.

overfund1 vt.对...提供充足资金

productively1 ad.有结果地，有成果地

reasonably2 ad.适度地，相当地

routinely1 ad.例行公事地

surgical1 a.外科的，手术上的；n.外科病房，外科手术treatment7 n.待遇，对待，处理，治疗unaffordable1 a.供应不起的

underfund1 vt.投资不足

unimaginable2 a.，想不到的，不可思议的unsustainable1 a.不能成立的，不能支持的

难句1

Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.

［结构分析］

1. 本句主干结构为：... we demand everything ... ；

2. everything后面是that引导的定语从句，that在从句中作主语；

3. 第一个逗号前为过去分词短语shielded引导的状语成分，第二个逗号后面是even if引导的让步状语从句；

［本句难点］主要是过去分词作状语，以及定语从句的用法；

［方法对策］抓住句子主干，然后再分析状语等其他成分；

［例句精译］由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何作用。

难句2

Physiciansfrustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patienttoo often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

［结构分析］

1. 本句主干结构是：Physicians ... offer aggressive treatment ... ；

2. 两个破折号之间是插入语，补充说明physicians的情况，包括and连接的两个分词；

3. beyond后面是what引导的宾语从句；

［本句难点］插入语的影响，以及宾语从句的影响；

［方法对策］第一遍可以不读两个破折号之间的插入语，直接找出句子的主干结构，然后再分析其他情况；

［例句精译］医生由于不能治愈疾病，同时又担心病人失去希望，常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法，这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。

难句3

I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.

［结构分析］

1. 本句主干结构为：I ... know + that引导的宾语从句；

2. 宾语从句的主干结构：people ... have achieved ...；

3. 两个逗号之间，countries为Japan and Sweden的同位语，其后为that引导的定语从句；

［本句难点］插入语的影响以及定语从句对句子理解的影响；

［方法对策］插入语可以不看，直接找出句子的主干结构，然后再分析其他修饰成分；

［例句精译］我也深深的知道，在医疗开销少得多的日本和瑞典，人们获得了比我们更长的、更健康的寿命。

56. ［答案］C

［解析］本文指出美国的医学尽管很发达，但要企图去改变一些不可能的事，比如花那么多钱去抗拒老人死亡这个自然规律，也是太不自量力了，倒不如学习日本和瑞典把有限的医疗费用于一般大众的普通病治疗研究上，而不是把钱花在治疗老人的心血管、癌症等方面。所以，首段首句认为美国人对其医疗技术过于自信了。纵观首段，尤其要注意But后边才露出作者的本意。A文中没提。D不能说vain pride，能医治那么多病他们的pride是有道理的。至于B,那是事实，不能选，因为这是一道推理题。注意，推理题只能选自己推想出来的答案，而不能选题中有的现成答案。

57.［答案］A

［解析］这道题出得很狡猾，但它有一个解题规律，如："这个孩子很调皮，例如，他常砸别人家的玻璃。"如果问："这个例子说明了什么？"答案："他很调皮。"所以，"例如"题往例如前边去找答案，故本题答案为：useless，即：wasteful或wasted。

58.［答案］B

［解析］理查德说："老弱病残有义务去死以便给年轻人让路。"作者接着说："I would not go that far"说明作者并不反对，尽管看法没有那样极端。

59.［答案］D

［解析］从原文作者对日本人、瑞典人的赞誉中可知D为答案。

60.［答案］C

［解析］这是一道主旨题，又叫中心思想题。还记得吗？中心思想题应该把每段的首句串起来加以考虑。而第二段首句"Death is normal"（死亡是正常的），（应该接受它！）由此可果断排除其余选项。

据说，死亡在英国是无法抗拒的，在加拿大是不可避免的，而在美国(加州)是可以选择的。这种说法并不奇怪。在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎翻了一番。髋骨不行了可以更换；临床的忧郁症可以加以控制；白内障仅用30分钟外科手术便可以摘除。这些进步给老年人口带来的高质量生活是50年前我刚从事医学时不可想像的。但是再好的医疗体系也不能治愈死亡--而我们不能面对这个现实，正危及到我们这个时代的伟大。

死亡是正常的；我们的基因决定我们即使在最理想的环境里也会解体和灭亡。我们所有人在某种程度上都懂得这一点，但是作为病人，我们常将死亡视为一个可以解决的问题。由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何作用。最明显的例子是晚期癌症的治疗。医生由于不能治愈疾病，同时又担心病人失去希望，常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法，这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。

1950年，美国在医疗卫生方面的开支是127亿美元。2002年，这项开支将达到15400亿。任何人都明白这个趋势不可能维持下去，但是很少有人愿意扭转它。有些学者总结说，如果政府资金有限，它应该停止支付延缓某一个年龄以上人群寿命的医疗费用--比如83岁左右。据说，科罗拉多州前州长理查德·拉姆曾经说，老年多病者"

有责任死去和让位"，以让更年轻、更健康的人们去发挥他们的潜能。

我不会说得这么极端。现在精力充沛的人们通常能工作到60岁，甚至更久，并仍然具有惊人的高效率。78岁的维尔康英公司总裁萨姆勒·雷斯顿曾戏称他只有53岁。法院法官桑德拉·欧科纳70多岁，前外科医生协会总裁C·埃弗雷特·库普80来岁还主持了一个网站的起步工作。这些领导人就是活生生的证据，证明预防是有意义的，证明我们能够对付年龄带来的健康问题。作为一名年仅68岁的人，我希望像他们一样在老龄阶段保持创造力。

然而，一个社会在这方面能够承担的费用是有限的。作为一名医生，我深知最昂贵和最激进的手段也可能是无效的和痛苦的；我也深知在医疗开销少得多的日本和瑞典，人们获得了比我们更长的、更健康的寿命。作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求不可能奏效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在研究能提高人们生活质量的更为普通的医疗方面则花钱太少。（结论：我们花那么多钱去抗拒老人死亡这个自然规律是极其愚蠢的！）

56. 文章第一句暗示了。

［A］美国人比其他民族对死亡所做的准备更充分

［B］美国人的生活水平比以往任何时候都高

［C］美国人对他们的医疗技术过于自信了

［D］美国人对长寿感到自豪全是徒然

57. 作者举癌症患者的例子是想说明。

［A］医疗资源经常被浪费

［B］医生对于致命的疾病感到无能为力

［C］一些治疗方法太大胆

［D］医疗费用越来越支付不起了

58. 作者对理查德·拉姆所作评论的态度是。

［A］强烈反对

［B］有保留的赞同

［C］有点蔑视

［D］热情支持

59. 与美国人相比，日本人和瑞典人投资医疗护理的资金。

［A］更灵活

［B］更过分

［C］更小心

［D］更合理

60 .本文试图表达的观点是。

［A］医学将进一步延长人的寿命

［B］超出一定限度的人不值得活下去

［C］应该把死亡当作我们生命的一部分而加以接受

［D］过度的要求提高了保健护理的费用

考试大编辑祝考研人梦想成真！

【

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资料精选，适合职场人士使用借鉴参考。

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