Diction正确选择词义
Diction 正确选择词义Diction Polysemy Methods Diction Diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. Examples Examples (1) This general was charged with treason. 这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work. 委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项工作。As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived, the solders charged the enemy position bravely. 总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地向敌人的阵地冲去。She complained that she had been charged too much. 她抱怨说，向她收的费太高了。Examples (2) The power in place, he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down in charge. 火药装好后，他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把炸药捣实。This store will charge things you buy, and let you pay for them later. 这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内，让你以后付款。Having charged the battery, he set the engine in motion. 电池充电后，他启动了马达。Polysemy It means that one word has various parts of speech and various meanings. Faith said, “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”Eg. run ---Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language (the 2nd College Edition) Methods Based on the speech of the word Based on the context and the logical relations Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term collocation Based on the speech of the word Your
account of what happened is not quite right. 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。It’s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I’ve passed it. 我有优先通行权。She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。Based on the context and the logical relations Verbal context including time context, place context, cultural background. Eg. George passed. Verbs(1) We passed another town before daylight. 我们在天亮前经过了另一个镇。I used to pass the whole evening that way. 以前我总是这样消磨整个黄昏。Now the moment has passed. 现在已经错过机会了。Verbs (2) If I kept on reading that feeling would pass. 如果我继续这样下去，这种感觉就会消失。That vessel will soon be passing us. 那只船就要和我们相遇了。We know what was passing in his mind. 我们知道他心理在想什么。Adjective(1) It was a good dinner. 这是一个丰盛的宴会。He proved to be a good listener. 他这个人善于倾听别人说话。Tom must be a good football player. 汤姆一定是个优秀的足球队员。Adjective (2) I can’t find good words for it. 我找不到合适的语言来表达。It was a good morning; there were high white clouds above the mountain. 这是一个明媚的早晨，群山上高高地飘着白云。The cheques are all good, of course. 当
然，这些支票是完全有效的。Adjective (3) Each time he gave the bartender a good tip. 每次他都给酒保优厚的小费。I do not speak without good evidence. 我不会说没有可靠根据的话。It was a good paper. 这是一家声誉很高的报纸。Noun(1) We can make out the meaning of the word from the context. 我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born. 撒哈拉悲剧正在这种情况下发生。Noun (2) We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit. 我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。In this context, I’ve to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful trend in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world. 就此而论，我不得不提醒大家注意这样一个事实：印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。“Proper words in proper place make the true definition of style.”合适的词用在合适的地方就是好文章。――Jonathan Swift Others 此外，英语中有些词固定搭配相同，由于上下文不同，句意可能发生变化，必须进行逻辑判断，以求对原文词义正确理解和翻译。examples Examples (1) He traveled to foundling homes, prisons and lunatic asylums in his search for people with extraordinary heads, and in time built up a huge catalogue of the relationship between particular
mental characteristics and bumps on the skull. 他走访了育婴堂、监狱、精神病院，去寻找头型特殊的人，同时积累起大批资料，记载特殊的脑功能特点与颅骨凸起部分之间的关系。I know you think I am talking nonsense, but in time you will realize that was right. 我知道你认为我在胡说八道，但你将来终究会理解我说的话是对的。Examples (2) We have been working all day. We must have a break. 我们干了一整天了，必须休息一下。Suddenly the line went limp. “I am going back.”Said Smith. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I’ll be back in five minutes.”引爆线突然耷拉下来。史密斯说：“我回去看看，一定是某个地方断了线。等一下，我五分钟就回来。”Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term 任何语言都有语体之分，有文雅、通俗、粗野；还有俚语、公文语以及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻划任务性格特征。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。翻译时有五要素：节奏的缓急，态度的褒贬，感情的浓淡，语气的轻重和用语的雅俗。Examples 词语的轻重shine 照耀；指光的稳定发射glitter 闪光；指光的不稳定发射glare 耀眼；表示光的最强度sparkle 闪烁；指发射微细的光度twinkle 闪烁；指轻快有节奏地闪烁词义的范围和侧重不同agriculture 指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，包括的范围最广farming 指农业的实践cultivation 指农作物的栽培技术agronomy 指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中去的实践模拟动作情
状不同Walk 走Saunter 悠然自得地走Amble 从容不迫地走Stride 大踏步地走Trudge 步履艰难地走Traipse 懒散疲乏地走Shamble 蹒跚地走Prance 昂首阔步地走Scamper 蹦蹦跳地走Clump 拖着沉重的脚步走词语的感情色彩to expire 逝世to pass away 去世to close (end) one’s day 寿终to breathe one’s last 咽气，短气to go west 归西天to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉to give up the ghost 见阎王to kick the bucket 翘辫子to kick up one’s heels 蹬腿，翘脚to lay down one’s knife and fork 不吃饭根据上下文确定词义的褒贬(1) They incited him to go into further investigation 他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。根据上下文确定词义的褒贬(2) The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. 敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。An aggressive country is always ready to start a war. 一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。An aggressive young man can go far in this firm. 一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。Collocation 任何一种语言，在长期的使用过程中，会形成一些固定的词组或常见的搭配。所以翻译时，必须注意英汉词语的不同搭配。examples Examples (1) That beat me. 真把我难住了。We can beat him. 我们可以打败他。He was cursing to beat the band. 他骂了个痛快淋漓。Examples (2) These constant changes in
the weather beat me. 这儿变化无常的天气使我适应不了。He can beat me in mathmatics. 他的数学比我高明千万倍。It beats me how he did it. 我不懂他怎么干出这种事来。Examples (3) The long tramp beats me. 长途跋涉使我筋疲力尽。I beat the truth out of him. 我从他那里探出了真实情况。They beat their swords into plowshares. 他们化剑为犁。The sun continued to beat on them. 太阳还是热得炙人。* *
雅思写作常用写作词汇汇总
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雅思写作必备词汇
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能囊括翻译实践中的所有情况,具体问题还须具体分析,翻译者不但要灵活运用已有的技巧,而且要善于创造新的技巧,以使译文 传意达旨,形神兼备。 选词,即选义择词,贯穿于整个翻译的 实际操作过程之中。这里的“词”指表达某一实体或整体性概念的单词、词组和短语。“选义”是由人类语言的一词多义现象决 定的。任何一种发展完备的人类语言,其中的大部分词汇都是一词多义。例如单词charge: 动词含义有两个,在科技英语的环境下是“充电”,而在日常生活中是“索取(费用)”。名词通常是“电流”的含义。该如何措辞则要看具体语境了。此外,英语中有一些名词,同时有两个形容词,比如名词sun,它的形容词可以是sunny,也可以是solar,这里就有个辨义和确定词义的问题。另外,语言使用中还普遍存在着多词一义的现象,即同一意思对应不同的词语。在英语里,一词多义是非常常见的,这与英语的多 源生有关。现代英语中不仅有许多词汇是从古英语演变而来,还有约80%的词汇从外国
雅思IELTS写作136个必备词汇(十天突破雅思写作_第四版_慎小嶷)
1 家长给小孩的教育parenting n. 2 学校对学生的教育schooling n. 3 培养cultivate vt. 4 意识awareness = sense = recognition n. 5 有创造力的creative / original adj. 6 身体的physical adj. 7 心理的psychological adj. 8 同龄人peer n. 9 动力motivation n. （形容词motivated, 有动力的） 10 适应... adapt to 提供…. afford sth. v. 11 纪律discipline n. 12 记忆memorise(英式拼写) vt. 13 获得acquire vt. （后面经常加knowledge / skills） 14 有趣的stimulating adj. （在教育类作文中经常可以替代 interesting） Media 15 形容词“无处不在的”prevalent adj. 经常可以代替everywhere 16 客观的objective adj. 17 不客观的biased adj. 18 名人celebrity n. 19 记者journalists n. 20 新闻界the press 21 报道coverage n. （动词是cover） 22 有误导性的misleading adj. 23 可靠的dependable adj. 24 非常及时的up-to-the-minute adj. sway vt. 25 媒体影响公众经常用sway后 面加宾语的表达 26 信息量大的informative adj. 27 娱乐性强的entertaining adj. Technology 28 改变transform vt. 代替change 29 突破breakthrough n. 30 发展advance v. & n. 31 惊人的速度 a staggering rate 32 信息爆炸information overload 33 提高，增强enhance = boost vt. 34 创新，发明innovations n. 35 远程通讯telecommunications n. 36 高生产率的（它的名词 productive adj. productivity生产率在科技类 话题也很常用）
英语写作30个最经典的替换词
英语写作30个最经典的替换词 ,characters, folks替换(people ,persons) 2. positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换 eg. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 4.(an army of, an ocean of; a sea of; a multitude of; a host of; many, if not most)替换many. 注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。 Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….用most, if not all ,替换most. 5. a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some 6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that,hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that) ,business ,matter 替换thing 8. shared 代common huge fruits 替换get many benefits 10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion 11. Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly. Eg. sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth. if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly 13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful, ,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer ,extremely, intensely 替换very 16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable ... 替换unnecessary, avoidable appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in one's attention替换attract one's attention. ,demension,sphere代aspect indicative of ,be fearful of代indicate, fear rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause. 22. There are several reasons behind sth 替换..reasons for sth 替换want. attention into 替换pay attention to in mind that 替换remember 26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思) 27. interaction替换communication on sth替换be against , disagree with sth name only a few, as an example替换for example, for instance 30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible 32. regarding / concerning 替换about. 33. crucial /paramount 替换important. 34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；第二（there is one more point, I should touch on, that…）；第三（the last but not the least）. 35. assiduous 替换hard-working. 36. arduous 替换difficult. 37. underdeveloped / financially-challenged 替换poor（因为poor通常含有贬义）.
谈英汉翻译中的选词技巧
谈英汉翻译中的选词技巧 选词，即选义择词，贯穿于整个翻译的实际操作过程之中。这里的“词”指表达某一实体或整体性概念的单词、词组和短语。“选义”是由人类语言的一词多义现象决定的。任何一种发展完备的人类语言，其中的大部分词汇都是一词多义。 例如单词charge动词含义有两个，在科技英语的环境下是“充电”，而在日常生活中是“索取（费用）”。名词通常是指“电流”。该如何措辞则要看具体语境了。此外，英语中有一些名词，同时有两个形容词，比如名词sun，它的形容词可以是sunny，也可以是solar，这里就有个辨义和确定词义的问题。 另外，语言使用中还普遍存在着一义多词的现象，即同一意思对应不同的词语。现代英语中不仅有许多词汇是从古英语演变而来，还有约80%的词汇从外国输入，经过历史变迁，这些词汇并存和融合，使英语一词多义，一义多词的现象特别普遍。因此译者除了具有辨义这项本领外，还要具备“择词”这方面的技巧。 无论是“选义”，还是“择词”，都离不开具体的语境。英国翻译理论家纽马克说，没有词是完全孤立的(No word is an island entire to itself.)，词的意义必然受到前后相邻词句的影响。 从词语与语境的关系看，有些词基本不受语境影响(context-free)，如意义相对固定单一的专有名词、科技术语、数量词等；有些词则受语境制约(context-bound)，如那些含有感情色彩、价值判断且意义极为丰富的普通名词、形容词、动词、副词等。对于这些词语，先利用各种手段确定其意，然后恰当措辞表达。下面介绍两种确定词义的方法。 一、根据上下文和汉语习惯搭配来确定词义 理解原文是整个翻译过程的第一步。这是最关键、也是最容易出问题的一步。以下我们通过翻译实例来具体讲解在理解原文的前提下如何根据上下文确定词义： A．意群拆分确定词义： “In short”， a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it， was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direc tions.” 本句可以分四个意群来确定词义： 第一个意群：in short 简言之 school 学派 contend 坚持认为，争辩，讨论 第二个意群：the scientific revolution 科学革命（不可译为“科技革命”）as we call it 所谓的
雅思写作必备词汇之社会类 (1)
雅思写作必备词汇之社会类 1. benefit from从中受益 2. put forward valuable suggestions提出宝贵建议 3. play a major role in easing traffic 在缓解交通压力上扮演了重要角色 4. participate in the reconstructionof the city参与城市重建 5. raise the environmental management level提高环境管理水平 6. create a pleasant ecological environment创造出一种和谐的生态环境 7. give priority to优先关注 8. catch much attention引起很大关注 9. resource allocation资源配置 10. perfect the construction of urban infrastructure完善城市基础设施建设 11. reduce the number of vehicles减少车辆 12. water scarcity水短缺 13. the environmentalpollution环境污染 14. over-industrialization过度工业化 15. over-crowdedness过度拥挤
16. unemployment失业 17. wealth distribution财富分配 18. social instability社会动荡 19. urban construction城市建设 20. population explosion人口激增 21. a rising crime rate犯罪率上升 22. drain of energy and resources能源和资源消耗 23. offer more job opportunities提供更多的就业机会 24. a rapid pace of life快节奏生活 25. stress-related illnesses与压力有关的疾病 26. high cost of living高额生活费用 27. pastoral life田园生活 28. class polarization阶级两极分化 29. social welfare社会福利 30. give special care to …给予…特殊关照 31. urban sprawl城市扩张 32. convenient transportation means便捷的交通工具
教你偷梁换柱：写作亮点替换词汇
洛基提醒：英语学习已经进入互联网时代 always--invariably amount--quantity as a result--consequently basically--essentially,in essence,substantially able—capable,in a(ny)position all the time--continually,continuously,constantly,perpetually a lot--noticeably,considerably,a great deal,substantially a lot of--many,numerous,a wide variety of(themes)，a whole range of,a wide spectrum of(problems,themes,etc)，an abundance of(opportunities,sources etc。)我要收藏later--subsequent(ly) less and less--decreasing(ly) let,allow--permit like--to be partial to sth,liking liking--predilection for sth, partiality for sth be amount to—constitute become smaller --be the decrease/decline ,decrease,decline,diminish,dwindle,recede become worse--deteriorate before--prior to begin--commence better--superior be(come) used to --be(come) accustomed to big--major,significant,substantial carry out--conduct,execute,commit,implement change--alter,alteration,modify,modification do--conduct,transact(business) do not--fail to,omit to end--conclusion(to bring sth.to a conclusion) enough--ample,sufficient,adequate(grounds,evidence,preparation,resources etc) everywhere--ubiquitous(mistakes)，persvasive(influence) fairly--comparatively,moderately find out-- ascertain(the cause of sth, the truth of sth,whether sth.is true or not,what really happened etc) discern, discover(the cause of,factors behind sth ,etc) fitting--proper,appropriate hatred--animosity have--contain,be equipped with,possess if--in the event of,in case(of) in the end--eventually,finally,ultimately keep(doing)--continue,continally,continuosly,consistently,constantly,persist in know--be aware of,conversant with,familiar with long--extensive(coverage,footnotes,passages,scope)，protracted (delay,negotiations)， prolonged(illness,interrogation)
措辞的七个方法技能
措辞的七个方法技能 一、三思而后言 这句话的意思主如果当你要表达看法之前，都必须先肯定，对方已经预备好，愿意听你措辞了。不然你只会浪辛苦气，对牛操琴，白白错过了让别人接收你看法的大年夜好 于交谈的机会却不是难事。比如说：在公共场合，或有其它同伙、同事在场时，应避免谈论涉及隐私或一些敏感的话题。还有当对方认为烦躁时，也尽量避免持续谈论下去。 二、挑对措辞的机会 四、懂得别人的感到 举例来说，你是否有同伙很难缠，老是让你气的半逝世？有些人就是爱抱怨、生性消极、拖拖沓拉、又老爱编一大年夜堆饰辞。如不亚妹同伙这些行动已经威逼碘晾髑之间的友情，你就有权开口提示他。此时最重要的是，你必须指明本身憎恶他哪些行动，而不是一味的想改变他的个性。一小我要改变某些特定、确切的行动，要比改变个性轻易多了。 三、聆听他人的回馈 五、对事纰谬人
一小我要和别人交谈，不仅本身要懂得若何去说，也要懂得若何去聆听。缺乏聆听的技能，往往会导致草率的批驳。一小我会随便率性的批驳或发出不智的谈吐往往是因为他不管别人要说什么，只想主控全部对谈的排场。如不雅你细心聆听别人对你看法的回馈或反竽暌功，就能肯定对方有没有在听你措辞，得知对方是否以懂得你的不雅点或感到。而你也可以看出对方所关怀、愿意评论辩论的重点在哪里。 如不雅能先试着懂得对方的感到，我们也就能比较奇妙的说出一些难以开口的话。比方说，如不雅你的父母亲很担心你的投资计画不敷周全，你就不要对他们说：”你们为什么不克不及尽管本身的工作，老是把我当成三岁小孩-那是我的钱，我爱怎么竽暌姑就怎么竽暌姑！”。这种充斥稚气的典范防卫性反竽暌功无法增长父母亲对你的信念。你应当想想父母嗣魅这话时心中的感到。也许他们只是想阻拦你莽撞的投资，以免你重蹈他们的覆辙。而也有可能是你父亲对本身往后的财务状况认为忧虑，却竽暌怪不知道若何告诉你。所以当面对别人的批驳或某些让你不悦的行动，你只要能找出背后真正的原因或需求，就可以或许用别的一种说词去化解一场冲突。 在我们和人沟通的过程中，往往会因为一句话而引起他人的不悦，所以要避免说错话才行。而最好的办法，就是根本不去说那句话。为了避免发出欠妥的批驳，在你说任何
雅思写作常用单词Word版
雅思小作文必备词汇 图表chart = graph = diagram 直线line 曲线curve 柱bar /column 饼pie 表table = figures = statistics the thin（细线） / thick（粗线） / broken（虚线） / dotted（点线） line 表明，表示，阐明show , give information about，reveal，indicate，demonstrate 直线图类词汇 (上升类动词)Increase------------ decrease (下降类动词) go up-------------- go down rise up-------------- fall down climb-----------------slide ascend --------------decline keep an upward tendency ----keep a downward tendency 波动动词类：fluctuate fluctuate upward / downward（波动向上/向下） 保持平稳类动词： keep / remain / maintain / stay unchanged / constant / stable（形容词，不变的） 修饰动词的副词： slightly 轻微地，slowly 缓慢地，gradually 逐渐地，steadily 稳定地，rapidly 迅速地，significantly 明显地，sharply 明显地，dramatically急剧地， 修饰名词的形容词： slight, slow, gradual, steady, rapid, moderate, significant, sharp, dramatic 大约，大概，左右类词汇：almost / approximately / around / roughly / more or less / nearly 时间from … to …/during the period/ between … and … / starting from ….
翻译术语
Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Translatology 翻译学基本用语： 源语/译出语source language(SL), original language 译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language 原作者SL author, original author 译者(笔译者)translator 译者(口译者)interpreter 读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience 文本text 原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition 译本/译著translated text/translational work 源语读者source-language reader/SL reader 源语文化source-language culture/source culture 译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving
culture 语境context 笔译written translation 口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting 同声传译simultaneous interpreting 交替口译consecutive interpreting 翻译原则translation principle 标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria) 翻译过程translation process 翻译程序/步骤translation procedures 反应/读者反应response/reader’s response 对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence 等值/对等equivalence 对等物(词语)equivalent 形式对等formal equivalence 功能对等functional equivalence 动态对等dynamic equivalence 等效equivalent effect 充分性adequacy 可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability) 可读性readability(readable)