购买决策的参与：消费价值观的探索性研究(外文翻译附原文)
购买决策的参与：消费价值观的探索性研究每个消费者每天都会面临作出同时购买多种产品的决定，有很多的因素在影响消费者进行购买决策参与程度，其中的一个因素是消费者在生活中的个人价值观或者消费偏好。这些价值观，会影响消费者在购买各种各类的产品时作出的决策。本文试图通过访问分别在两个年龄组（18——24岁和30——35岁）的200名消费者，以了解消费者购买决策的参与度和个人价值观之间的关系。
在贸易自由化之前，市场上的产品特点是低质量、高价格和很少的可供选择的产品类别。随着经济的全球化，大量优质的具有竞争力价格的产品被提供。因此，今天的消费者可以挑选不同类别的产品。
这种选择各种不同类别产品的行为，在消费者行为研究中被称为购买决策。因此，消费中不同的参与程度被称为购买决策的参与。对消费者关于产品购买参与的市场研究理论的建立，可以应用于企业关于品牌定位策略和促销策略。Laurent、Kapferer (1985)认为，应该是在与消费者的沟通中了解购买决策的认知来源，并获得消费者在消费过程中主动观察的动态画面。
消费行为的研究人员一直试图界定和描述购买参与，但一直没有统一的想法或意见(Cohen，1983；Laurent、Kapferer,，1985；Mittal and Lee，1989)。根据Mittal和Lee (1989)，参与被认为是反映个人与他的基本价值观、目标和自我概念(Engel、Blackwell, 1982)的程度。同样，Greenwald、Levitt（1984）认为，参与是指个人的相关性或相关产品的重要性。而Mitchell（1981）提出的参与是一个内部状态变量，表示感知，兴趣和诱发需求的一个特定的刺激或情境；Park、Mittal（1985）将它作为一个目标导向的激励能力。
从上述定义，可以将参与概括为动机、激励、或者兴趣的状态，这种状态存在于购买过程。它的形成动力是当前环境、产品或通讯（外部变量）和过去的经验、自我中心值（内部变量），它会影响产品搜索的类别、过程和决策。根据Mittal、Lee （1989）的定义，参与是从需求、动机和利益上直接涉及到目标对象。
因此，消费者的购买行为可以分为复杂的、习惯性的，单一的和多样化的，取决于买方的参与程度和品牌之间的差异程度。消费者进行复杂的购买行为是因为在高的消费参与和购买的产品品牌之间有较高的差异性。单一的购买行为是因为消费者在高参与下，产品的价格高但是风险少，并且消费者看到了产品品牌之间的差别并不大。消费者购买行为趋于习惯性是因为低的消费参与和显著的品牌差异。消费者进行多样化的购买行为是因为低的消费参与品牌之间没有显著的差异。据观察，消费者往往偏向于积极的产品信息搜索，投入大量的时间，审慎评估可用的信息，他们是高参与到购买决策中。虽然这种行为有一定的风险，但是不同的消费者，参与程度变大往往是根据以下任何一个条件：
1、消费者缺乏满足他们需要的产品的替代品的信息
2、需要大量的购买资金
3、该产品具有相当大的社会意义
4、该产品被视为具有可以提供很大的效益的潜力
虽然理论研究本身似乎一直在向前发展，但是它一直难以实施，因为参与本身的概念和测量都在发生很大的变化，没有一个唯一的，被普遍广泛接受的含义。因为参与这个词一直没有被仔细地定义和概念化。有个文献评论将参与确定为五种类型：自我参与、承诺参与、沟通、购买重要性的程度和信息的搜索。另一种观点认为参与理论与产品广告和购买决策有关。一些研究人员认为，人、产品和位置是参与的重要组成部分。其他定义认为低参与的购买情况下，很少对产品有关信息进行搜索，在购买之前也没有形成积极的态度。
一些研究试图区分品牌参与和产品参与，区分态度持久和参与响应。尽管缺乏关于参与的一致的定义，但是参与通常被视为重要的消费行为，被很多学者进行了关注和研究。但定义不是唯一的问题，也有测量方面的问题。研究人员认为参与是关于自我参与、风险感知和购买的重要性方面的测量。同样，研究人员集中在行为参与方面的有关因素，如产品信息和评价的搜索等因素。一些研究者认为，参与是一个有效的决定措施。另有一些人认为，参与应该由该产品所引起的消费者的重视程度去衡量。在确定参与程度之前，研究者必须定义它到底是什么，应该是衡量自我，参与动机，参与任务，情景变量或者什么的。它是很明确的，需要被广泛接受的。
Laurent、Kapferer（1985）总结，没有一个单一参数的可以很好地描述，解释，或预测参与。因此，建议研究人员在分析参与时应该更充分的研究消费者的个人资料和产品类别之间的关系。因此参与有五个方面，这些方面是：他的产品感知重要性，感知误购的消极后果的重要性、误购的主观概率、享乐价值的产品档次、知觉符号产品的价值。
Engel、Blackwell、Miniard（1993）做了相关研究，提出Engel、Blackwell、Miniard （EKB）模型作为消费者行为理论框架，提出影响游客纪念品购买行为变量之间的关系。EKB模型的提出，确定产品购买决策评估过程的四个关键组成部件：信念，态度，评价标准和意向。此外，影响产品的评价的个体特征，包括个性，生活方式、动机、价值观、规范和参考群体（Engel、Blackwell、Miniard 1993）。在此模型的基础上，实证模型制定了上述研究，纳入购买决策的参与和纪念品评价影响的变量。消费者的一般特征，如个人的价值观和对其他文化的态度，预计到影响他们旅行的具体特点（旅游业风格）。从上述研究中预测，个人的价值观，反过来也会影响三种产品的购买决定，即房子、汽车和娱乐用品。
从上面的回顾，它可以将影响购买决策的参与可视化，并制订个人的价值观和购买决策参与之间的关系。在这里的个人的价值观的偏好会指导他们的生活。Rokeach （1972）定义的个人的价值观值为一个持久的信念，有一个特定的行为或存在状态模
式，个人和社会是可能存在相反的行为或状态或逆向模式。从这个定义，它是明确的，有不同的价值，过程值和终端值。过程值是结束的手段，他们指导行动的预期目标，但如果他们违反意愿创造了痛苦、愤怒和内疚的感情。另一个过程值，如道德价值观，人际关系。同样终端值是有关指导个人行为的终止状态或所期望的目标，可能有个人或社会取向。如果一个人内心和谐和感恩，那么重点就是放在个人内部的水平，而如果一个人内心是给世界和平与平等，然后重点的方向是对人际关系。因此可以这样理解，这两种类型的价值观影响一个人做任何活动（Kalhe，1983；Rokeach,，1968，1973）。许多研究都发现，价值观在时间上是一致的或持久（Beatty，1985）的。
方法论
分析：这是一个使用探索性研究的调查方法，找出购买决策的三个影响因素如年龄、价值观、产品类别。
示例：它包括200个lndore 和Allahabad的受访者。在18——24岁和30——34岁年龄组，采用随机抽样技术。平均年龄的受访者是18.27年和32.76年分别。
措施：两个工具被用来衡量受访者个人价值和购买决策的参与。该工具由Kahle （1983）测量上9点规模，“1”=非常不重要到，“9”=非常重要。使用Mittal（1989）开发的工具来衡量购买决策参与，它包括四个项目范围从“1”=最不关心，“7”=高度关注与响应。数据的收集是有一定的管理措施，确保受访者他们阅读问卷每个部分的指示说明，确保完成问卷所有题目，确保他们给予每个产品类别答复。
数据分析：对数据进行分析，使用t检验和相关分析，包括每个产品类别，跨年龄组和重要价值。
结果与讨论
从表1显示，不同的两个年龄组在房子以及汽车产品的购买决策的参与差异上是不显著，既不在0.05的水平，也不在0.01的水平。这可能是因为事实上，在他们的生活中购买房子和汽车对年轻人和中年人在支付上有同等的重要性，因为它涉及巨大成本和长期投资。而购买娱乐用品，两个年龄组之间的在0.01水平上有显著性差异，普遍认为，因为年轻一代更重视乐趣和享受。
结果在表2显示,将高度的责任感和成就感做为受访者一种价值观，发现这类消费者在所有产品类别比较和决定时有较高的购买参与，这种价值观表现为消费者的自我尊重和安全。由此可以得出结论，成就感是影响购买决策参与的，因为它是一个最终状态（标记为终值），每一个人都会去努力实现（Rokeach，1982）。
同样，比较个人价值对整个配对产品类别的影响，很明显在表2看出在房子和娱乐用品上，受访者在以安全为主导的价值时，在0.01水平的水平上，购买决策参与方式之间存在显著性差异。可以推断，人们无法通过购买娱乐来获得安全，而可以通过购买房子获得安全，因为房子在每个人的生活中是非常关键的。
同样的受访者以成就感为主导的价值观时，在购买房子和汽车用品是有较高的购
买决策。可以看到这么一个事实，住宅是每一个人生活需要的基本部分，而汽车始终也是一个价格比较高的商品，人们很重视这两样产品，所以在支付时也会相对重视。
调查结果还显示，对于许多常规的低参与的购买，这部分购买行为具有买方价值不大，交易成本低的特点。事实上，这个过程可能是完全自动的。
而对于普通客户的交易，买方获得的产品或服务的一部分是在一些努力的情况下实现的，买杂货和空中旅行的费用往往是这种类型。在这里，买方必须施加一些合理的努力来获取货物或服务，并需要额外的服务才能顺利进行。客户努力增加意味着买家在购买过程中的获得更高的既得利益。
最后，高级客户的交易成本发生时，需要顾客在购买过程中大量的投资。对于消费市场，他们高参与消费商品有房子，汽车或儿童的医疗保健等。对于这些产品，消费者投资大量时间，精力和金钱，此时完善的交易规则和服务是非常重要的。
因此，可以得出结论，购买决策的参与是依赖于交易成本以及买方拥有价值。结论
这项研究结果清楚地表明，个人价值观显著影响各种产品的购买决策参与，尤其是房子。这两个年龄组的研究中，对个人是至关重要的价值观：被充分尊重，安全感，自尊，成就感的九个值进行了测量。虽然很明显地从这项研究中得出价值观影响各种产品的购买决策参与，但还需要进一步研究，找出受访者价值体系是否存在交互作用，以做出购买决策。
除上述因素外，各年龄组的范围从18到60岁，受访者的收入水平和性别也应加以研究，得出它们在个人价值与购买决策的参与之间一个适当的联系，这些可以作为一个中间变量。
PURCHASE DECISION INVOLVEMENT: AN
EXPLORATORY STUDY ON CONSUMER V ALUES
Dr. Rajnish K. Misra , Richa Agrawal
Every consumer day in and day out is faced with taking decisions while purchasing various products. How far they are involved in their decisions is dependent on many factors. One such factor is the personal values or preferences that an individual has in one’s life. These values guide the consumer in making purchase decisions about various categories of products. The present paper attempts to understand the relationship between purchase decision involvement and personal values among 200 respondents belonging to two age groups (18-24 years) and (30-35years) respectively. The pre-liberalization scenario was characterized by low quality, high priced and fewer choice in different product categories. With the globalization of Indian economy, large number of quality products is available at competitive prices. The consumers today are therefore, forced to choose from the variety of product categories.
This choice of product from different product categories, in consumer behavior researches is referred to as purchase decision. Thence, level of involvement for that purchase decision is called purchase decision involvement.
The use of involvement theory in market research has helped to construct profiles of products and consumers and can therefore be applied as a promotional strategy for brand positioning and facilitating the consumers in making better purchase decisions. Laurent and Kapferer (1985) were of the view that understanding the sources of involvement provides a dynamic picture of the consumers subjective situation and gives clues to the appeals that should be made in communicating with consumers. Consumer behaviour researchers have tried to define and describe purchase involvement, but it has always been referred as conglomeration of ideas and views (Cohen, 1983; Laurent and Kapferer, 1985; Mittal and Lee, 1989). According to Mittal and Lee (1989), involvement is said to reflect the extent of persona l relevance to the individual in terms of his / her basic values, goals and self-concept (Engel and Blackwell, 1982). Similarly Greenwald and Levitt (1984) view that high involvement means personal relevance or importance of the product. Whereas Mitchell (1981) proposed that involvement is an internal state variable and indicates the amount of arousal, interest and lor drive evoked by a particular stimulus or situation; Park and Mittal (1985) viewed it as a goal - directed arousal capacity. From the above definitions, it can be summarized that involvement is a state of motivation, arousal or interest. This state exists in process. It is driven by current situation, products or communication (external variables) and past endurance; ego or central values (internal variables). Its implications are types of searches, processes, and decision making, while definition by Mittal and Lee (1989) directly relate involvement to goal object, and thus to needs, motives and benefits. Consumers buying behaviour can therefore, be classified into complex, habitual, dissonance reducing and variety seeking behaviour, depending on the degree of buyer involvement and the degree of difference among brands. Consumers undertake complex buying behaviour in situations characterized by high consumer involvement in purchase and significant difference among brands. Dissonance reducing buying
behaviour occurs when consumers are highly involved in an expensive, infrequent or risky purchase, but see little difference among brands. Consumers indulge in habitual buying behaviour in situations characterized by low consumer involvement and significant brand differences. Consumers undertake variety seeking buying behaviour in situations characterized by low consumer involvement but significant brand differences. It has been observed that consumers often indulge in active information search, invest large amount of time, critically evaluate the information that is available, when they are highly involved in a purchase decision. Although it is risky to generalize, as consumers are different, involvement tends to be greater under any of the following conditions-
Consumers lack information about alternatives for satisfying their need.
A large amount of money is involved.
The product has considerable social importance.
The product is seen as having a potential for providing significant benefits. Although the theories themselves appear to be straight forward, it has been difficult to operationalize them because of great variation in conceptualization and measurement of involvement itself. There is no single, widely accepted meaning of involvement because the term has been neither carefully defined nor conceptualized. One review identified five types of involvement: ego involvement, commitment, communication involvement, purchase importance and extent of information search.Another review identified Involvement Theory with advertising products and with purchase decisions. Some researchers see the person, product and situation as the major components of involvement. Others define low involvement as purchase situations in which there is little information search and no attitude formation regarding the product prior to purchase. Some studies have tried to differentiate between brand involvement and product involvement, others differentiate between situational enduring and response involvement. Despite the lack of agreement about the definition of involvement, it is generally regarded as important consumer behaviour, which constrain and receive a great deal of research attention. But definition is not the only problem; there are also problems of measurement. Researchers who regard involvement as a cognitive state are concerned with the measurement of ego involvement, risk perception, and purchase importance. Similarly researchers who focus on the behavioural aspect of involvement measure such factors as the search for and evaluation of product information. Some researchers consider decision time an effective measure of involvement. Others argue that involvement should be measured by the degree of importance the product has to the buyer.
Before the degree of involvement can be identified, the researcher must define exactly what it is that should be measured- ego, motivation, task involvement, situational variables, or what. It is clear that solid and widely accepted measure of product invol vement need to be developed.
Laurent and Kapferer (1 985) summarized that not one single parameter of involvement could satisfactorily describe, explain, or predict involvement. And, therefore, proposed that researchers should use an involvement profile to specify more fully the nature of the relationship between a consumer and a product category. Thus,
they produced five antecedents or facets of involvement. These facets are: perceived importance of he product; perceived importance of negative consequences of a mis-purchase; subjective probability of a mis-purchase; hedonic value of the product class; perceived sign (abstract) value of the product.
In a related study done by Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard (1993) proposed an Engel, Kollatt, and Blackwell (EKB) model of consumer behaviour served as a theoretical framework for proposing relationships between the variables expected to influence tourists’ souvenir-purchasing behaviour. The EKB model proposes that the product evaluation process leading to purchase decision consists of four key components: beliefs, attitudes, evaluative criteria, and intention. In addition, product evaluation is influenced by individual characteristics, including personality, lifestyles, motives, values, norms, and reference groups (Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard 1993). On the basis of the EKB model, the empirical model was developed for the above study that incorporated the purchase decision involvement and variables influencing souvenir evaluations. Consumers’ general characteristics such as personal values and attitude toward other cultures were expected to influence their travel- specific characteristics (tourism styles). It was anticipated from the above study that personal values, in turn, would influence purchase decision of the three products namely, house, automobile and entertainment goods.
From the above review, it can be visualized the factors influencing purchase decision involvement, and draw the relationship between personal values and purchase decision involvement. Here values are preference people have that guide them in their life. Rokeach (1972) has defined value, as an enduring belief that has a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence, is personally and socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. From this definition, it is clear that there are two types of values, instrumental and terminal. Instrumental values are the means to an end that is they guide the action towards desired goal, but if they are violated create pangs of anger and feelings of guilt. There are two instrumental values, like moral values, which have interpersonal focus, whereas competence values, are personal in nature.
Similarly terminal values are concerned with guiding the individual actions towards end state or desired goals, which may either have personal or social orientation. If a person places importance to inner harmony and salvation, then the focus in at intra-personal level whereas, if importance is given to the world peace and equality then the orientation of individual is towards interpersonal relationships. Therefore, it can be understood that these two types of values influence whatever activity a person does (Kalhe, 1983; Rokeach, 1968,1973). Numerous studies have found that values are consistent over time or enduring (Beatty, 1985). Methodology
Study: It is an exploratory study using the survey method to find out the implications of factors such as age and values people hold on the purchase decision involvement across three product categories.
Sample: It comprised of 200 respondents of lndore and Allahabad. In the age group of 18-24 and 30-34 years using a random sampling technique.
The average age of the respondents was 18.27 years and 32.76 years respectively. Measures: Two tools were used to measure the personal values of the respondents and the purchase decision involvement. The tool developed by Kahle (1983) for measuring the twelve values on a nine point scale ranging from ‘1’ = very unimportant to ‘9’ = very important. The other tool used to measure the purchase decision involvement was developed by Mittal (1989). It comprised of four items with response ranging from ‘l’= least concern to ‘7’ = high concern. The data was collected by administering the measures on the identified respondents by asking them to read through the instructions carefully for each part, ensuring the questionnaire is complete in all respect. It was specifically mentioned to them that while filling the part B, they were instructed to ensure that they are giving the responses for each product category.
Data Analysis: The data were analyzed using T- tests and correlation analysis for each product category across the age group and important values.
Results and Discussion
As evident from Table -1, the difference in the purchase decision involvement for both house as well as automobile product is not significant neither at 0.05 level nor at 0.01 level for both the age groups. This may be because of the fact that younger and the middle aged respondents pay equal importance to the purchase of house and automobile, as it involves huge cost and a long term investment in their life. While purchasing entertainment goods, the difference is significant between two age groups at 0.01 level lending support to general belief that they give lot of importance to fun and enjoyment because younger generation are moved more by the type and quality of music.
Findings in Table -2 show that respondents with a high sense of accomplishment as a value have higher purchase decision involvement across all product categories in comparison to those having values of self-respect, security and being self-respected. It can be concluded that the sense of accomplishment is influencing the purchase decision involvement because it is an end state (labeled as terminal value) towards which every one strives to achieve'(Rokeach, 1982).
Similarly, on comparing influence of personal values across paired product category, it is evident from Table-2 the difference between means for purchase decision involvement for house and entertainment goods is significant at 0.01 level in respondents with security as dominant value. It can be inferred that people cannot derive security by purchasing an entertainment good rather they go for purchasing a house because the decision to purchase a house is very critical in every one's life. Likewise respondents having sense of accomplishment as dominant value is also having higher purchase decision involvement for house than that for automobile goods. It can be viewed from the fact that house is part of the basic needs of every individual and therefore, while comparing the two it is important to see how much importance people pay to these products, and when ranked the automobile will always become a luxury in comparison to house.
The findings implicate that as in buyer-seller exchange, it is assumed that some component of service is present, even if it is nothing more than locating or bagging.
For many routine or low involvement purchases, this service component may be of little value to the purchaser beyond the expected norms surrounding the acquisition. These situations are characterized by low customer-transaction costs. Straight re-buys exemplify low customer- transaction cost situations for industrial purchasers. In fact, the process may be entirely automatic.
While moderate customer-transaction costs are present in situations involving some effort on the part of the purchaser to obtain the product or service, the costs for grocery shopping and air travel tend to be of this type. Here the buyer must exert some reasonable effort to acquire the goods or services, and additionally require that the service component be satisfactorily performed. The increase in customer effort means that the purchaser is more vested in the buying process. Modified re-buys fit into this category for industrial customers.
Finally, high customer-transaction costs occur when the customer is heavily invested in the purchase process. For consumer markets, they occur with high involvement goods such as a house, car, or a child's medical care. With these products, consumers invest a great amount of time, effort, and money in consummating the transaction and the service component is generally very important. New task buys fit into this category for industrial firms.
Therefore, it can be concluded from the above that the purchase decision involvement is dependent on the transaction cost as well as the values the buyer possesses. Conclusion
Findings of this study clearly indicate that that there is significant influence of personal values on purchase decision involvement of various products especially house. The values that are of crucial importance to individuals are being well respected, security, self respect, sense of accomplishment out of nine values that have been measured across the two age groups in this study.
Though it is clear from this study that values do influence the purchase decision involvement for various products it requires further study to find out whether needs of the respondents interacts
with their value system while they make purchase decisions. Besides the above factors, the various age groups ranging from 18 to 60 years, income level and gender of the respondents should also be studied to derive an appropriate link between the personal values and the purchase decision involvement, as these may act as an intervening variable.
网络营销参与与消费者行为外文翻译
网络营销参与与消费者行为外文翻译 本科毕业论文设计外文翻译原文 Internet Marketing Involvement and Consumer Behavior Introduction One of the most stunning aspects of the past few years has been the speed at which the Internet market has expanded and matured This rapid rate of Internet adoption has resulted in an extraordinary pace of change in the marketing landscape- and opened up a variety of opportunities for marketers All across Taiwan and around the world shopping centers are closing their doors as consumers turn to the Internet for all of their shopping needs The Internet as the primary on-line marketing channel is now overtaking the commercial on-line servicesIn fact all of the on-line service firms now offer Internet access as a primary service Users can send e-mails exchange views shop for products and access newsfood recipes art and business information As the Internet establishes its position as a mainstream marketing channel consumer criticism regarding Internet marketing strategies have increased as well Critics worry about information privacy including issues related to the acquisition and dissemination
关于供应链的毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：供应链 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
论文翻译 Introduction to supply chain concepts Firms can no longer effectively compete in isolation of their suppliers and other entities in the supply chain. Interest in the concept of supply chain management has steadily increased since the 1980s when companies saw the benefits of collaborative relationships within and beyond their own organization. A number of definitions have been proposed concerning the concept of “the supply chain” and its management. This paper defines the concept of the supply chain and discusses the evolution of supply chain management. The term does not replace supplier partnerships, nor is it a description of the logistics function. Industry groups are now working together to improve the integrative processes of supply chain management and accelerate the benefits available through successful implementation. The competitive importance of linking a fir m’s supply chain strategy to its overall business strategy and some practical guidelines are offered for successful supply chain management. Definition of supply chain Various definitions of a supply chain have been offered in the past several years as the concept has gained popularity. The APICS Dictionary describes the supply chain as: 1 .the processes from the initial raw materials to the ultimate consumption of the finished product linking across supplier user companies; 2 and the functions within and outside a company that enable the value chain to make products and provide services to the customer (Cox et al., 1995). Another source defines supply chain as, the network of entities through which material flows. Those entities may include suppliers, carriers, manufacturing sites, distribution centers, retailers, and customers (Lummus and Alber, 1997). The Supply Chain Council(1997) uses the definition: “The supply chain –a term increasingly used by logistics professionals – encompasses every effort involved in producing and delivering a final product, from the supplier’s supplier to the customer’s customer. Four basic processes – plan, source, make, deliver – broadly define these efforts, which include managing supply and demand, sourcing raw materials and parts, manufacturing an assembly, warehousing and inventory tracking, order entry and order management, distribution across all channels, and delivery to the customer.” Quinn (1997) defines the supply c hain as “all of those activities associated with moving goods from the raw-materials stage through to the end user. This includes sourcing and procurement, production scheduling, order processing, inventory management, transportation, warehousing, and customer service. Importantly, it also embodies the information systems so necessary to monitor all of those activities.” In addition to defining the supply chain, several authors have further defined the concept of supply chain management. As defined by Ellram and Cooper (1993), supply chain management i s “an integrating philosophy to manage the total flow of a distribution channel from supplier to ultimate customer”. Monczka and (1997) state that “inte grated supply chain management is about going from
ASP外文翻译原文
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毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
新媒体营销外文翻译文献
新媒体营销外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 研究微博中承诺和信用对消费者行为倾向的影响 ——基于关系营销的角度 摘要：本研究的目的是探索消费者对企业通过微博进行关系营销的观点。这项研究是以承诺-信用理论以及消费者对企业微博形象、承诺、信用、满意度和社群意识对消费者的行为倾向的研究为基础的。这项研究的成果可以成为企业利用微博进行关系营销的准则。这项研究显示消费者的满意度对承诺、信用、社群意识和消费者的行为倾向具有积极影响。企业形象对承诺和信用的影响是成立的，但对行为倾向的影响需须经由承诺和信用产生中介效果。信用对承诺和社群意识的影响是存在的，但是对行为倾向的影响须经由承诺和社群意识产生中介效果。最后，承诺和社群意识对行为倾向的影响是成立的。 关键词：微博、关系营销、满意度、企业形象、承诺、信用、社群意识、行为倾向 1、引言 当我们在新的经济时代面临着现今的商业环境时，许多企业在短时间内就变成了一个以顾客为中心的企业。为了提高竞争力，企业必须了解他们的顾客，了解顾客的需求，并且通过专项服务满足顾客的需求。随着技术时代环境的改变，企业已经通过信息系统与客
户建立了关系。随着顾客上网历史的增加，企业可以提供给他们更多的产品信息并且在第一时间获得顾客的回复。通过这种方法，客户服务的成本可以降低；企业与客户的关系可以变得稳定；企业与客户之间可以建立更多的联系；企业与客户之间的沟通可以个性化。 基于格朗鲁斯的研究，他认为关系营销意味着企业通过发展、维护和提高与顾客的关系来达到企业的目的。越来越多的企业发展其吸引力来构建自己的形象以留住和吸引新的顾客。因此，一个企业的专业性和企业形象的构建对企业来说是很重要的。一个公司是否可以提供服务或产品以满足客户的需求影响着客户对企业的信任和忠诚度。 基于Web2.0大流行，大众媒体已经覆盖了许多拥有新颖、有趣故事的网站，吸引了更多的公众关注互联网。这些问题对因特网的常用用户来说都不是问题。因特网发展很迅速。近来微博服务供应商例如Facebook、Twitter和Plurk是新闻的热点话题，已经聚集了大量用户。根据市场研究公司的成员尼尔森最近的一份报告，在2008年二月到2009年二月间，Twitter是用户增长速度最快的一个社交网站（从475000个用户到17600000个用户）。它的绝对访客增长率在美国是1382%。在2009年五月，全国用户数量达到37300000，这是一个令人吃惊的数据。博客用户一直在讨论是否微博可以取代博客。因特网用户最关注的是微博是否可以缩短他们与朋友们之间的距离，是否可以帮助他们交到新朋友。然而，商人们最关注的是微博是否可以替代博客变为一个新的营销武器。 博客营销是指不仅让因特网用户变的亲密，也是指需要“可信的”网络发言人的赞语。博客成为值得信赖的网络发言人是由于他们长时间在某些话题上努力花费时间。通过写文章，他们在互联网用户的心中构建了“大师”的形象。结果，即使他们的一个“好”字也对有科技非常强大的影响力。这就是博客营销的有效性。博客的权利：检查实际操作者在博客上的使用对公共关系产生的影响。 对于微博，我们可以在Twitter上看到谷歌。在谷歌在Twitter上的账户建立后，立马就有16000个追随者。现在谷歌在Twitter上的追随者有1670000人。这意味着谷歌每在Twitter上发表一条新闻，1760000个人在下一秒将在互联网或手机短信上被通知。这种传播新闻的速度和范围是令人吃惊的。 再来说说戴尔，一个主要的国际电脑制造商，例如，通过微博的能力来提供信息，特别提供了可以通过短信迅速传递给所有微博用户信息的功能。因为价钱很合理，许多用户已经立即决定变成戴尔的追随者。并且戴尔继续提供给追随者们更多的第一手优惠券。结果，通过微博达到的总订单金额已经达到了新台币100000000元。通过微博，消息可以更加迅速地传递给互联网用户。然而，这并不意味着任何一种营销信息都可以通过微博随意
本科毕业设计外文翻译(原文)
Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles Peter John Rodrigo, Vincent Ricardo Daria and Jesper Glückstad Optics and Plasma Research Department, Ris? National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dk http://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm Abstract: We demonstrate real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a colloidal mixture consisting of particles with both lower (n L < n0) and higher (n H > n0) refractive indices than that of the suspending medium (n0). Spherical high- and low-index particles are trapped in the transverse plane by an array of confining optical potentials created by trapping beams with top-hat and annular cross-sectional intensity profiles, respectively. The applied method offers extensive reconfigurability in the spatial distribution and individual geometry of the optical traps. We experimentally demonstrate this unique feature by simultaneously trapping and independently manipulating various sizes of spherical soda lime micro- shells (n L≈ 1.2) and polystyrene micro-beads (n H = 1.57) suspended in water (n0 = 1.33). ?2004 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.7010) Trapping, (170.4520) Optical confinement and manipulation and (230.6120) Spatial Light Modulators. References and links 1. A. Ashkin, “Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4853-4860 (1997). 2. K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, “Biological applications of optical forces,” Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247-285 (1994). 3. D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature 424, 810-816 (2003). 4. M. P. MacDonald, G. C. Spalding and K. Dholakia, “Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice,” Nature 426, 421-424 (2003). 5. J. Glückstad, “Microfluidics: Sorting particles with light,” Nature Materials 3, 9-10 (2004). 6. A. Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation-pressure,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156-159 (1970). 7. A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm and S. Chu, “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,” Opt. Lett. 11, 288-290 (1986). 8. K. Sasaki, M. Koshioka, H. Misawa, N. Kitamura, and H. Masuhara, “Optical trapping of a metal particle and a water droplet by a scanning laser beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 807-809 (1992). 9. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Trapping of low-index microparticles in an optical vortex,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 524-533 (1998). 10. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Simultaneous trapping of low-index and high-index microparticles observed with an optical-vortex trap,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 533 (1999). 11. M. P. MacDonald, L. Paterson, W. Sibbett, K. Dholakia, P. Bryant, “Trapping and manipulation of low-index particles in a two-dimensional interferometric optical trap,” Opt. Lett. 26, 863-865 (2001). 12. R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Fully dynamic multiple-beam optical tweezers,” Opt. Express 10, 597-602 (2002), https://www.360docs.net/doc/916680235.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-14-597. 13. P. J. Rodrigo, R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Interactive light-driven and parallel manipulation of inhomogeneous particles,” Opt. Express 10, 1550-1556 (2002), https://www.360docs.net/doc/916680235.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-26-1550. 14. V. Daria, P. J. Rodrigo and J. Glückstad, “Dynamic array of dark optical traps,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 323-325 (2004). 15. J. Glückstad and P. C. Mogensen, “Optimal phase contrast in common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 40, 268-282 (2001). 16. S. Maruo, K. Ikuta and H. Korogi, “Submicron manipulation tools driven by light in a liquid,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 133-135 (2003). #3781 - $15.00 US Received 4 February 2004; revised 29 March 2004; accepted 29 March 2004 (C) 2004 OSA 5 April 2004 / Vol. 12, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 1417
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
外文翻译
华南理工大学广州学院 本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外文原文名Marketing Strategy Adjustment and Marketing Innovation in the Experience Economy Era 中文译名体验经济时代的营销战略调整与营销创新 学院管理学院 专业班级2013级工商管理1班 学生姓名潘嘉谊 学生学号201330090184 指导教师罗玲苑讲师李巍巍 填写日期2017年5月19日
外文原文版出处：.Marketing Strategy Adjustment and Marketing Innovation in the Experience Economy Era[J]. Contemporary Logistics,2012 (06) :230-267 译文成绩：指导教师（导师组长）签名： 译文： 体验经济时代的营销战略调整与营销创新 吴青学 摘要：从商品货物经济，到服务经济的的转移演化经历过程，经历了农业经济、工业经济，服务经济和体验经济。在服务经济时期，企业只是打包经验与传统的产品一起销售，而在促进经验经济的时期，企业要把最好产品为未来的潜在用户设计，让消费者心甘情愿支付购买产品。 关键词：体验经济；市场营销战略；营销创新 1 介绍 随着科学技术和信息行业的发展，人们的需要和欲望连同消费者支出模式开始发生转变，相应地对企业生产环境产生了一系列影响。经济社会发展由传统时期进入体验经济时期。从一个经济产品的转变，进而到经济体系经济模式的转变。由缓慢转变为激进经济模式。因此导致社会发展从一个经济时期到另一个经济时期，经济模式和经济体系的转变将不可避免地影响到交换关系的转化。这是关注体验的结果，是由人类社会的发展的规律所决定的生产水平的产物。一旦交流关系发生变化、营销模式必须做出相应的变化。 2 企业营销策略的选择方向 在体验经济时代，企业不仅要理性思考高瞻远瞩，从客户的角度实施营销活动，更要重视与沟通客户，发现在他们内心的期望。我们自己的产品和服务代表企业的形象，产品要指向指定的客户体验。在当今时代，体验营销已成为营销活动最强大的秘密武器因此，这是非常重要的。而传统的营销策略，包括调整经验营销都已经不适应当前发展需求，迟早要被时代所淘汰。 2.1 建立营销思想的观念要求提高客户体验 根据马斯洛需求层次理论，人的需要分为五个层次，分别是：生理的需要、安全的需要、归属于爱的需要、尊重的需要和自我实现的需要。随着经济的发展和消费者日益增强的购买能力变化，人们生理需求得到满足，个人需求将会上升心
本科生英文文献翻译格式要求
外文文献翻译格式要求： 外文文献翻译是本科生毕业的过程之一，有些格式需要我们注意一下。 （1）摘要，关键词：宋体五号（其中“摘要”和“关键词”为宋体五号加粗），行间距设置为18磅，段前段后间距设置为0.5行，对齐方式选择“两端对齐”方式； 各个关键词之间以分号（；）或者（，）隔开，最后一个关键词后不加标点； （2）正文一级标题：采用黑体小三号加粗，行间距设置为20磅，段前段后间距设置为0.5行，一般采用“1 引言”样式，其中1和“引言”之间用一个空格分开； 正文二级标题：采用黑体小三号，行间距设置为20磅，段前段后间距设置为0.5行，一般采用“2.1 系统原理”样式，其中1和“系统原理”之间用一个空格分开；； 一级标题和二级标题采用“左对齐”方式； （3）正文内容：采用宋体小四号，行间距设置为20磅，段前段后间距设置为0行，首行缩进2字符，正文对齐方式在段落格式设置中选择“两端对齐”，遇正文中有公式的，设置该行（段）行间距为“单倍行距” （4）插图：请设置图片版式为“浮于文字上方”，并勾选“居中”，图片大小根据版面，按比例适当进行缩放，图示说明采用“图 1 主控制器的结构图”样式置于图下，图序与说明以一个空格字符间隔，图示说明采用宋体五号，居中对齐，行间距设置为“单倍行距”，段前段后距设置为0.5行； （5）表格：在表格属性中选择“居中”对齐方式，表格说明采用“表1 两种方法试验数据比较”样式置于表格上方，表序与说明以一个空格字符间隔，表格说明采用宋体五号，居中对齐，行间距设置为“单倍行距”，段前段后距设置为0.5行； （6）参考文献：“参考文献”格式同一级标题格式，参考文献内容采用宋体五号，行间距设置为18磅，段前段后间距设置为0行，对齐方式选择“左对齐”方式，其中出现的标点一律采用英文标点； 以上摘要，关键词，正文，标题及参考文献中出现的英文字符和数字，一律设置为“Times New Roman”字体。 外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。本附件为封面，封面上不得出现页码。因此，可以将封面、译文和原文分为3节，然后分别对此3节分别添加页码，页码 分节及设置页码方法如下： 1.将光标定位到需要分节的地方，选择“插入”菜单
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/916680235.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-