考博资料站-人大考博英语各题型重点突破——阅读理解的阅读方法.
人大考博英语各题型重点突破——阅读理解的阅读方法 考博英语阅读是重中之重，那么如何提高自己的阅读能力或者说是提高阅读的得分率是大多数人最最关心的问题，不同的人有着不同的阅读方法。有人主张先看题目，后看文章;有人主张先看文章，后看题目。但其目的只有一个，那就是快速浏览文章，抓住文中考点，准确快速地答题。在这里，我推荐一种阅读方法，并稍加分析。
第一步：扫描题目
这里所说的扫描题目仅限于去发现题干中是否有人名(因为题目中一旦出现人名很有可能是针对人物观点的提问，记住人名就可以在下一步的阅读中有意识的去关注该人物的观点)以及需要推断词义的单词或短语的出现(这种扫描大约会花2～3秒钟。事实证明，人的大脑在扫描的一瞬间去记住一两个单词是可行的，即使试题当中没有我们所需要的内容，2～3秒钟的损失也是无关紧要的)。在下一步的文章阅读中我们就会有意识地去发现与题干中提到的人物或单词相关的一些信息，为我们在做题时迅速定位打下基础。与之相反的先看文章、后看题目的方法，一旦题目中出现这种问题，又必须重新回到文章中去找。事实证明，要在一篇400～500个单词的文章中去查找到一个人名或生词是要花费一些时间的，相对于提前花2～3秒钟扫描题目获得的收益小得多。
第二步：开始阅读文章
在这里，我们需要掌握两大技巧。
第一：学会跳跃和扫描式阅读，以提高阅读的速度。
第二：学会应对文中出现的一些难点，加深对文章的理解。
提高阅读速度的方法
1.跳跃式阅读
跳跃式阅读所要跳过的内容自然是和文章中心没有太多联系的内容。如对某一专家身份头衔的说明，这类文字内容与文章的中心虽不相关，却会经?常在文中出现，这些内容事实上会增加信息的复杂程度，干扰考生思路，而题目中不会考查。
如1990年的试题，Text 2
"but there is a growing awareness that this is not enough,"says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers.
【分析】这里，我们只需看引号内的内容即可，至于"on female labor..."后面长长的头衔称谓完全可以跳过去。
（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八 交流群105.619.820）
2.扫描式阅读
扫描式阅读的内容与跳跃式阅读的内容相比，与文章的联系稍稍紧密一些，但一般不是考试的重点，我们只需对其有大致印象即可。这类内容一般由用来说明中心的论据构成。当段落中心已经?很明确时，我们可以对说明中心的具体论据实行快速扫描。
3.提高阅读速度的另一途径是：熟记词汇的各种形式及其词义
由英语语法所决定，英语文章中的词汇除了少量虚词是以原?形出现外，其他大多数单词都是以一定的变化形式出现。而我们平时所记忆的词汇均是以原形给出，在阅读时，单词原?形和变形之间就有一个思维的转换过程，再加上有些变形的词义在原?形的基础上有较大幅度的改变，也就增加了思维转换的难度，极大地妨碍?了阅读速度的提高。熟
记词汇的各种形式及其词义则直接省略了思维转换过程，有利于提高阅读速度。
一、人大考博英语题型：
人大考博英语的题型一般3-4年会进行一次变化，一般会在下面两种题型设置之间进行调整。
题型一：
词汇 完型 阅读 翻译 作文
20题10分 20题10分 4篇20题20分 英译汉10分
汉译英10分
20分
题型二：
词汇 阅读 翻译
小作文
（应用文写作）
大作文
20题10分 4篇20题20分 英译汉10分
汉译英10分
10分 20分
二、人民大学考博英语复习参考书：
育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》《考博词汇》，是最为权威的考博英语备考资料。同时也得到了育明考博学员的肯定和证明，并且每年都会再版更新。可以联系育明考博购买邮寄，或在全国各大书店及卓越亚马逊及当当网下单。
（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八）
三、育明考博-人大考博英语复习答题指导
1、词汇备考：
人大考博英语词汇以六级和考博词汇为主，有少量六级以上词汇出现。有时也会加入一些考察语法的题目主要包括动词非谓语形式、虚拟语气、倒装语序、强调句式和复合句中的连接词。对考博英语词汇量在7000—8000左右。在词汇的备考中虽然不推荐盲目的扩大词汇量，但是足够的单词储备还是会对应试起到比较积极的作用。考生应当根据自身的复习时间和实际需要，可以选择考博词汇、六级词汇、托福词汇等进行备考，推荐育明教育考博教研室主编的《考博词汇》进行有针对性的词汇备考。
有很多人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的。单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的，于是就产生了记忆的牢固度问题。所以我们一直在向强调反复记忆单词，但是如何反复记忆却是一个复杂的工作。
普遍的记忆规律是：30分钟后再重复一遍，12小时后，1天后，3天后，7天后，15
天后重复记忆，就会记得很牢。
针对词汇的记忆我们育明考博的英语专业课老师提出了三大关键词“快速、多次、重复”，并且这三大关键词也得到了历届学员的肯定与证明。
2、完型备考：实用答题方法
有些年份在人大考博英语的试题中是没有完型填空部分的，但是大家也不能忽视了对它的准备，还是应当结合历年真题进行有针对性的备考。一般完型短文的长度为250－300词，有20个空白分值比例为10分。空白处删去的词既有实词也有虚词，主要考察考生对文章的宏观理解掌握以及固定搭配、时态语态和语法结构。
育明教育的英语专业课老师推荐的完形填空答题方法：
A.无关词排除法：完型文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，且整个文章很紧凑，就是紧紧围绕着中心主线展开。因此，理论上正确的选项一定是紧扣文章的主题和中心主线的。故而，一些看上去明显和文章主题和中心主线毫无关系的选项基本上可以排除在正确答案之外。
B.同现词对比法：完型文章由于常常有明确的中心主线，所以作者往往会使用一些重点词汇围绕着中心主线贯穿全文。同现实际上就是一组具有相同倾向性的词语，这些词语所表现的倾向性往往与中心主线中的导向一致，或者说这些同现词语的任务就是对文章的导向进行展开支持。因此，文章的整体导向这个已知线索可以成为解出这些同现词语的关键信息。
C.复现词对比法：复现是完型文章中词汇的另一种衔接手段，即表达相同意思的词汇在文章的不同地方出现。复现可以是相同的词重复出现，也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。复现的解题意义在于：如果判断出一个未知填空与上下文的那些已知词汇有复现关系，只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的就是正确答案。
D.关联词推断法：关联是完型文章中经常出现的一种结构，即将两个或两个以上的同类别词语，比如两个动词、两个形容词以连续排比的结构出现。在这种情况下，两个关联词汇在句子中的语法地位一样，且常常起一样的语法作用，之间又明显具有某种逻辑关系。关联的解题意义在于：出题人一般会将一个关联词语设置成已知信息，另一个是未知的，这样那个已知的词语便成为破解未知词语的关键线索。
F.时间关系解构法：完型文章中出现的时间信息一般都是非常有用的线索，因为只要通过分析这些时间线索就可以很快把握与这些时间线索联系在一起的信息之间的关系。
G.整体结构对照法：由于总分之间的基本关系是互相支持，互相印证的对照关系，而且总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开。当一些未知填空出现在总述句时，解出这些填空的相关联已知线索往往可以在与其对应的分述部分找到。
3、阅读备考：阅读中各种题目的对策
说明：阅读理解部分有4篇文章，总阅读量在2200-2600字左右，内容涵盖科技、教育、经济、金融、哲学、生活以及社会热点话题。每篇文章后有5道选择题，主要考查对文章主题的理解、对细节的判断推理、对作者观点和态度的识别等。
在平时的积累方面，建议经常看看英文网站，看看英文杂志，比如Nature、Science 就很不错，当然这只是英文泛读，用于增加英文阅读的兴趣及增加话题的广度。另外，
还需要精读一些文章学习其语言风格、语法结构、行文结构、主题思想等具体内容。这类文章可以选择考博真题中的阅读理解，也可以选择自己比较喜欢的一些英文美文，但是建议难度要与考博试题难度相当。
除了知识的积累和真题练习，我们还应当掌握阅读理解中每一种出题类型的答题技巧和经验。
A. 细节事实题----回到原文，找准出处。选项中符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是答案。
B. 判断词汇和短语的意义题
内容全面、概括性强的一般为答案；与文章主题相近的一般是答案；与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。
C. 推理判断题
合乎常理的选项一般是答案；选项措辞过于绝对化、找茬原文和对文中做字面解释的的一般不是答案。
D. 主旨大意题
答案常在首尾段，出现频率高的词可能是蕴含中心思想的关键词；局部信息概括、概括范围过宽的都为错误选项。
E. 观点态度题---看清楚态度的对象以及态度的主体。
作者的态度一般会在行文中体现，要关注形容词、副词；引语和实例也会映射作者的态度。
4、翻译备考：翻译答题要求
翻译部分主要测试考生用正确的词汇及语法结构，运用基本的英汉、汉英翻译理论与技巧，按照英汉习惯表达思想的能力。翻译考核内容分为英译汉和汉译英。
英译汉为一篇150词左右的短文或若干段落，要求译文忠实于原文，汉语流畅。
汉译英为一篇100词左右的汉语段落。要求译文忠实于原文，表达基本正确，无重大语言错误。
A.英式思维 拆分语法结构
在考博翻译中的大部分句子都是结构复杂的长难句，所以理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。例如： 例1 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
拆分句子：
1.句子的主干是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;
2.定语从句：which后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是social science;
3.方式状语：in the same reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned manner是方式状语。其中的reasoned， orderly， systematic， and dispassioned 是并列定语，修饰manner;
4.定语从句：that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 是定语从句，其先行词是manner;
5.拆分后句子的总结构是：
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry(主干) which seeks to study humans and their endeavors(定语从句)in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner(方式状语)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(定语从句)
B.直译和意译
在考博英语翻译中，由于题材基本上是关于自然科学和社会科学的文章，所以我们遵循的方法是：能直译就直译，既能直译又能意译的以直译为主，不能直译的采用意译，一般情况下直译与意译相结合。
1.能直译就直译
例：In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say," United we stand, divided we fall "
译文：在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去”。
2.不宜直译就意译
例：The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters。
译文：关于增税的谈论激怒了许多选民。
分析：原文表层信息--关于增税的谈论对选民来说是一面红旗(红旗对中文读者来说象征着革命)。
原文深层信息--a red flag是令人生气的事物，源于西班牙的斗牛民俗。斗牛场上，人们用红布来激怒牛。
3.直译与意译相结合
例：The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. The world won't end if you don't pass a test. So don't worry excessively about a single test。
译文：考试的目的在于显示你对某一科目的掌握程度。一次考试不及格天是不会塌下来的。因此不必为一次考试过分担心。
另外，我们不能忽视词语词组的翻译应以适应上下文为主要标准。例如“work”，在考博翻译中往往不能翻译成“工作”，而要翻译成“研究工作”；作为名词，也不能翻译成“作品”，而应当翻译成“研究成果”。这是考博翻译的一些具体要求和得分点之所在。
C.英语简单句拉长变多长句
Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves (参考译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门学问的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。)
英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整： less through…and more from构成一个复杂的状语，修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，“产生兴趣”这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零“…产生兴趣…，这与其说是因为…，还不如说是因为…”
5、写作部分介绍
（1）题量和分值
人大考博英语的写作部分题量大（400词），分值高（30%），考试时间为50分钟。目前，大部分院校写作一般占总分的15%或20%，字数在200词至250词之间，时间为半小时或40分钟。通过比较可知，人大考博英语的写作部分分值比重最大，而在50分钟内完成400词左右的两篇写作题量是比较大的。
（2）题型与出题形式
题型：根据2006年人大考博英语新大纲，人大考博英语的写作部分包含两种题型，第1题是应用文写作，第2题是文学文写作，考查范围较广，很少有院校写作部分会涉及应用文写作。
出题形式：对于文学文写作，1998年人大考博英语出题形式为图表作文，1999年至今人大考博英语出题形式都为无提纲标题作文，值得说明的是，1999年至2001年人大考博英语要求写出提纲，然后为正文内容，2002年之后人大考博英语则没有对提纲作出要求。无提纲标题作文可以使考生有较大的自由发挥空间。对于应用文写作，出题形式为试题一般会规定相应的情景，给出写作需要包含的要点，对格式、语体的限制性较大。 （3）写作文体
在2006年以前，人大考博英语只考文学文写作，一直为议论文。根据人大考博英语新大纲，2006年增加了应用文写作，为工作应用文或生活应用文，包括私人和公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等。
（4）写作题材
综观人大历年考博英语写作试题，文学文写作的写作题材多为社会热点、教育、道德素质（人生观、价值观）类；应用文写作内容关于生活或工作方面。如下表：
考试年份 考试话题 写作题材
1998年 捕鼠能手 社会问题
1999年 医生 道德素质
2000年 教育对人类社会的作用 教育
2001年 个人对社会的贡献 道德素质
2002年 全球化的机遇与挑战 社会现象
教育
2003年 社会科学、人文学科在21世纪
的重要作用
2004年 谈对全球化的了解 社会现象
2004年（样题） 2008北京奥运的展望 社会热点
2006年（样题）
会议安排 工作方面
扩大眼界 道德素质
6、人大考博英语写作复习答题
（1）应用文写作
①掌握私人和公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等应用文的结构、格式，比如称呼、落款、结束语等，建议考生背诵一些这方面的范例。
②抓住试题给出的要点。写作时不能游离要点，废话太多，或抓住一点，不及其余，
而应在全面的基础上有的放矢、一语破的。
③注意选词炼句。充分认识到基础写作与应用写作的区别，不能用基础写作的思维和表达方法来写应用写作，要注意选词造句的不同，语言必须精炼、简洁。
④要能换位思考，能让自己站到试题所要求的特定身份的位置上去，以特定身份去思维。
（2）文学文写作
①掌握议论文的组织结构
由于人大考博英语文学文写作一直为议论文文体，掌握议论文的组织结构则尤为必要。议论文的展开方式一般为三段式：首段确认所讨论的问题，并解释讨论该问题的重要性；正文常提出证据加以论证；结论常常就开头提出的问题进一步确认、证实、加强，以概括性的语言结束全文。考生可以把这种结构作为写作摸板。
需要注意的是，这里提到的三段式指的是文章内容包含三部分，在具体成文时不一定严格按三自然段来写，尤其是在第二部分展开时可以分多个段落，如“First…Secondly…Finally”、“On the one hand…On the other hand…In addition”等结构。
②从多角度分析问题
人大考博英语文学文写作采用无提纲标题作文的出题形式，这就给考生很大的自由发挥空间，考生可以从多角度分析问题，如2004年人大考博英语写作部分标题为My Understanding of Globalization，考生可以从经济市场角度分析，也可以从文化的全球化来入手。
③关注常考的写作题材
人大考博英语文学文写作题材多为社会热点、教育、道德素质类，所以考生应该留心国际和国内的社会热点问题和社会时事，如当今伊朗的核问题，中国规范房地产改革交易秩序等问题，关于教育、道德素质等方面的新闻事件要格外留意，这方面所涉及的词汇要注意积累。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
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中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although,in the manner of a disgraced government minister,I covered my exit by claiming“I wanted to spend more time with my family". Curiously,some two-and-a-half years and two novels later,my experiment in what the Americans term"downshifting"has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of“have it all",preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life",and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed:12-hour working days,pressured deadlines,the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on“quality time”.
考博英语(阅读理解)历年真题试卷汇编3.doc
考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编3 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00) The United Nations Population Fund has picked October 31 as the day the world will be home to 7 billion people. For better and worse, it's a milestone. And there will be more milestones ahead. Fourteen years from now, there are expected to be 8 billion people on the planet. Most of the growth will occur in the world's poorer countries. Proportionally, Europe's population will decline, while Africa's will increase. At around the same time, India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth. The growing global population is just one side of the coin. A recent report from the World Health Organization signaled the seriousness of the human population explosion: more than 3 billion people — about half the world's population — are malnourished. Never before have so many, or such a large proportion, of the world's people been malnourished. And in a growing number of countries there is a seemingly unstoppable march toward sub-replacement fertility, whereby each new generation is less populous than the previous one, and population aging. As a result of declining fertility and increasing longevity, the populations of more and more countries are aging raging rapidly. Between 2005 and 2050, a rise in the population aged 60 years or over will be visible, whereas the number of children(persons under age 15)will decline slightly. Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure. The latest national census in China shows the number of elderly people in the country has jumped to more than 13. 3 percent of the population, an increase of nearly 3 percentage points on the percentage from the previous census in 2000. A quarter of the country's population will be over 65 by 2050, according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission. The growing number of elderly is a challenge that the government needs to tackle, we can't rely on the ever-increasing population to support them or maintain the nation's economic growth. Better solutions are needed, such as raising retirement ages to reflect the greater longevity and working capability of today's older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are more accessible. It was heartening to hear the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security spokesperson announced in Beijing on Tuesday that the government will take retirement policy seriously and proactively. Shanghai began testing a flexible retirement system last October. Eligible employees in the private sector are allowed to postpone retirement until the age of 65 for men and 60 for women. Public servants, however, will continue to retire under the present system age 60 for men and 55 for women.（分数：10.00） (1).According to the passage, India will______in 14 years.（分数：2.00） A.be a poorer country B.be the most populous country C.decline in population D.increase investment in Africa (2).What problem will result from the global population explosion?（分数：2.00） A.Population aging. B.Increasing longevity. C.Declining fertility. D.Expanding malnourishment. (3).Population on aging represents the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00） A.rapid economic development B.challenge to public in institutions C.success story of mankind
考博英语阅读100篇,含答案
考博英语阅读资料100篇 Unit One Passage 1 The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail- way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used. Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores. Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices. Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples. The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. V ery large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based 1. The main subject of this passage is______. A) transportation and storage B) storage of products C) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution 2. Warehousing is important in that _ A) inventories build up before the goods are sold B) the prices will go down C) more goods are produced than can be consumed D) the food has to be put on the market immediately 3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?