英语诗歌

英语诗歌
英语诗歌

英语诗歌入门诗歌是纯文学。英美文学传统中此种文学形式十分繁荣,在这方面甚至可与被称为“诗的国度”的中国相提并论。正如学习汉语不明诗词歌赋为何物,就难入佳境一样,学习英文而不解诗味,也堪称憾事。然而,由于用词典雅、句法精炼、形式别致以及意象丰富等等缘故,英文诗号称难读。本课程精选莎士比亚以来名家名诗数十首,解其句读,析其格律,达其妙趣,并判其风格,使初学者尝其一脔,略知滋味,并望其由此获得进入英诗宝库之门径。

导引

诗歌是一种精美的艺术,趣味高一点的人一般都喜欢诗歌。受过良好教育的中国人都会背诵若干首古诗。现在人们很重视学习英文,学习英文,视野也应宽阔一些,也应当对英文诗歌多少有些领略才好。中国文学中诗歌成就极大,英语文学中,诗歌也极其丰富多彩。语言艺术的最高表现形式在诗歌。如果只是知道实用性的英文,只学习商业英文、法律英文等英文,对英语文学毫无修养,对英文诗歌一无所知,那将是一个不小的遗憾,将会影响到审美能力的发展和提高,

学英文而不懂英文诗歌,不仅从审美角度看是一个遗憾,而且从英语学习这一角度看,不学一些英文诗歌,其英语水平也达不到很高的层次。诗歌语言最精炼,语汇最丰富,表达形式最精美,语言的色调最细腻。如果对诗歌有一定修养,其语言表达能力会大大提高。试想一个学汉语的人,如果对唐诗宋词一无所知,其汉语水平不会很高。学英语者也是如此。如果他对莎士比亚、弥尔顿、华兹华斯、拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的著名诗篇一窍不通,其英文水平也不会很高。

总之,有一定英语基础的人不能不更上一层楼,读一点英文诗。这不仅有助于提高我们的文学素养,丰富我们的审美能力,也有助于提高我们的英语水平。

英诗基础知识

读英文诗歌相当不容易。其中的主要原因是诗歌有其独特的语言特点和表达方式,与散文有明显区别。为更好地欣赏英文诗歌,很有必要了解一些相关的基本知识。这方面的知识极其细致,以下只介绍一些最基本的。

一节奏

诗歌是具有音乐性的语言。音乐作品的最大特点之一是音符的流动是有节奏的。所谓节奏就是强拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起来,有规律地反复出现。懂点音乐的人都知道,音乐中基本的节奏有两种,即强——弱(2/4拍)和强——弱——弱(3/4拍)。举两个简单的例子:《东方红》的节奏就是强——弱:

5 56│2 —│1 16│2 —│5 5│6i 65│1 16│2 —│

《新年好》(HAPPY NEW YEAR)这首儿歌的节奏是强——弱——弱:

11 1 5 │33 3 1│13 5 5 │43 2 —│23 4 4 │32 3 1│13 2 5│72 1 —│

中国古诗有节奏。其节奏主要是通过汉字特有的声调表现出来的。传统汉语中的声调有四:

平、上、去、入。平声称“平声”,上、去、入三声统称仄声。平声与仄声结合起来反复出现,就是中国诗歌的节奏。如一首五言绝句,其最常见的节奏是:

仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。

平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。

王之涣《等鹳雀楼》:白日依山尽,黄河入海流。欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。此诗即是这样的节奏。其中“欲”字是仄声,与格式不合。但根据格律要求,诗行中的第一字可平可仄。英文诗歌也有节奏。英文没有平声、仄声之分,但有重读轻读音节之分,其节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节表现出来的。一个重读音节与一个或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来,有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。

我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词,都有重读音节与轻读音节之分,在一句话中,根据语法、语调、语意的要求,有些词也要重读,有些要轻读。如he went to town to buy a book.. I’m glad to hear the news. 英文中有重读和轻读之分,重读的音节和轻读的音节,按一定模式配合起来,反复再现,组成诗句,听起来起伏跌宕,抑扬顿挫,就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音,次重音根据节奏既可视为重读,也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗:

Alone │she cuts │and binds│the grain,

And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain.

这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是:轻——重。在每行中再现四次,这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”(foot),相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一轻一重,就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数,这两行诗的音步数都是四,所以就称其为四音步诗。

二常见的音步类型

音步是轻读与重读构成的。根据重读与轻读搭配的方式的不同,可以划分出不同的音步类型。音步类型不同,节奏自然也不同。最常见的音步类型有以下四种:

(一)抑扬格

如果一个音步中有两个音节,前者为轻,后者为重,则这种音步叫抑扬格音步,其专业术语是(iamb, iambic.)。轻读是“抑”,重读是“扬”,一轻一重,故称抑扬格。

英语中有大量的单词,其发音都是一轻一重,如adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等,所以用英语写诗,用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说,抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此,在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格,百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。前面的那两句诗就是抑扬格诗。

(二)扬抑格

如果一个音步中有两个音节,前者为重,后者为轻,则这种音步叫扬抑格音步,其专业术语是(trochee, trochaic.)。重读是“扬”,轻读是“抑”,一重一轻,故称扬抑格。与抑扬格恰好相反。

英语中也有一批其读音为一重一轻的单词,如Happy, many, holy, yonder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing等。写扬抑格的诗,此类词正好合适。但这类词在英语中其数量不及前面的那些多,与英文的语言规律不十分吻合,所以扬抑格诗不多。举两句诗例:Present │mirth has │present │laughter

Shakespeare

Shake your │chains to │earth like │dew

Shelley

(三)抑抑扬格

抑抑扬格含三个音节,即轻——轻——重,专门术语是:Anapaest, anapaestic

例词:

cavalier, intercede, disbelieve, reappear, disapprove, indistinct, on the hill.

例句:

拜伦的以下四行诗是抑抑扬格:

The Assyr│ian came down │like the wolf │on the fold,

And his coh│orts were glea│ming in purp│le and gold;

And the sheen│of their spears │was like stars │on the sea,

When the blue │waves rolls night│ly on deep │Galilee.

——Destruction of Sennacherib

这是拜伦写的描述古代亚述人围攻耶路撒冷,被瘟疫所袭的诗的一节。第四行第二音步中的waves 一词可轻可重。诗题中的Sennacherib 是亚述国王。fold 指羊群,purple and gold 描写亚述军队的服饰,Galilee,巴勒斯坦北部的加利利湖。cohorts军团,sheen,光芒。

(四)扬抑抑格

重——轻——轻是扬抑抑格,专门术语是:dactyl, dactylic.

例词:

happily, merciful, eloquent, messenger, merrily, properly, accident, quantity.

例句:

Dragging the │corn by her │golden hair.

Davies: the villain.

英文诗歌中的音步类型有十几种之多,常见者即此四种,第一种则最常见。此外诗句中也常有抑抑格(pyrrhic[/peirik]和扬扬格(spondee[/sp :ndi])出现。

需要说明的是,这些音步类型只是理论上的分析,实际上,一首诗仅用一种音步类型写,这种情况极少见,大多是以某一种为主,同时穿插其他类型。如果一首诗只含有一种音步,就会显得非常单调机械。一首诗只要是以某种类型为主的,尽管有其他类型穿插其中,也称此诗为某某格。如,以抑扬格为主要节奏写成的,就称此诗为抑扬格诗。现代兴起的一些自由诗(FREE VERSE),不受这些格律的限制。

三诗行

(一)一诗行不一定是一个完整的句字。

英文诗每行的第一个字母都大写,但是一诗行不一定是一个完整的句子,不一定能表达一个完整的意思。有时候,一行诗正好是一句,有时两行甚至许多行才构成一个意思完整的句子。前者叫end-stopped line(结句行),后者叫run-on line.(跨行句)。这是英文诗与中国诗的最大区别之一。中国诗歌都是一行表达一个完整的意思。看下面一节诗:

I shot an arrow into the air,

It fell to earth, I knew not where;

For, so swiftly it flew, the sight

Could not follow it in its flight.

前两行是end-stopped line,后两行是run-on line。读跨行句诗,行末停顿较短。

跨行句在英文诗歌中极其普遍,有时十来行才成一完整句子。刚学英文诗的人,对此往往不习惯。对此我们需加注意。

(二)诗行的长短以音步数目计算:

英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行也有,但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的诗。

(各种长短诗行的专门术语:一音步诗:monometer 二音步诗:dimeter三音步诗:trimeter 四音步诗:tetrameter 五音步诗:pentameter 六音步诗:hexameter 七音步诗:heptameter 八音步诗:octameter.)

在分析一首诗的格律时,既要考律此诗的基本音步类型,也要考律此诗中诗行的音步数目。看下面的一首短诗:

An EMPTY HOUSE

Alexander Pope

You beat│your pate, │and fan│cy wit │will come:

Knock as│you please, │there’s no│body│at home.

(你拍拍脑袋,以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打,也无人把门打开。pate,脑袋。fancy,动词:以为,想象。)

此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格,每行五音步。因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”(iambic pentameter)。一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律(meter)。

四压韵(rhyme)

英文诗一般都押运韵。

(一)全韵与半韵(full rhyme and half rhyme)。

全韵是严格的押韵,其要求是:

(1)韵要押在重读音节上,其元音应相同;

(2)元音前的辅音应不同;

(3)如果元音之后有辅音,应相同。

(4)重读音节之后如有轻读音节,也应相同。

下面几对词都符合全韵的标准:

why---sigh; hate---late; fight---delight; powers---flowers; today---away; ending---bending.

如果仅是元音字母相同,读音不同,不符合全韵:如:

blood----hood; there---here; gone---alone; daughter----laughter.

这种情形被称为“眼韵”(eye rhyme),虽然诗人有时用之,但不是真正的押韵。

仅是辅音相同或仅是元音相同的属半韵:

元音不同,其前后的辅音相同,这叫谐辅韵(consonance)如:black, block; creak, croak; reader, rider; despise, dispose.

元音相同,其后的辅音相同者叫谐元韵(assonance),如lake, fate; time, mind.

(二)尾韵与行内韵(end rhyme and internal rhyme)

押在诗行最后一个重读音节上,叫尾韵。这是英文诗歌最常见的押韵部位。诗行中间停顿处的重读音节与该行最后一个重读音节押韵者,叫行内韵。如:

Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;

Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

(三)男韵与女韵((masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme)

所押的韵音局限于诗行中重读的末尾音节上,称男韵,也叫单韵,听起来强劲有力。如:late, fate; hill, fill; enjoy, destroy.

押韵押在两个音节上,后一音节非重读音节,称女韵,也叫双韵,听起来或轻快,或幽婉。如:lighting, fighting; motion, ocean; wining, beginning.

看下面一节诗:

I am coming, little maiden,

With the pleasant sunshine laden;

With the honey for the bee,

With the blossom for the tree.

前两行押女韵,后两行押男韵。

也有不少英文诗是不押韵的,不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗(blank verse)。多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse写成的。押韵的诗叫rhymed verse。无韵诗不同与自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵,但是有固定节奏,以扬抑格五音步最常见。自由诗节奏不固定,如同白话。

适合朗诵的英文诗歌

A Forever Friend 永远的朋友 "A friend walk in when the rest of the world walks out." "别人都走开的时候,朋友仍与你在一起。” Sometimes in life, 有时候在生活中, You find a special friend; 你会找到一个特别的朋友; Someone who changes your life just by being part of it. 他只是你生活中的一部分内容,却能改变你整个的生活。 Someone who makes you laugh until you can't stop; 他会把你逗得开怀大笑; Someone who makes you believe that there really is good in the world. 他会让你相信人间有真情。 Someone who convinces you that there really is an unlocked door just

waiting for you to open it. 他会让你确信,真的有一扇不加锁的门,在等待着你去开启。 This is Forever Friendship. 这就是永远的友谊。 when you're down, 当你失意, and the world seems dark and empty, 当世界变得黯淡与空虚, Your forever friend lifts you up in spirits and makes that dark and empty world suddenly seem bright and full. 你真正的朋友会让你振作起来,原本黯淡、空虚的世界顿时变得明亮和充实。 Your forever friend gets you through the hard times,the sad times,and the confused times. 你真正的朋友会与你一同度过困难、伤心和烦恼的时刻。 If you turn and walk away, 你转身走开时, Your forever friend follows, 真正的朋友会紧紧相随,

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