高考英语复习:专题15完形填空(学)

高考英语复习:专题15完形填空(学)
高考英语复习:专题15完形填空(学)

专题15 完形填空(学)

完形填空题要求考生具备的能力之一就是“正确的阅读理解能力”,同时,还要具备扎实的语法、词汇和文化知识的综合积淀,是一种全面考查考生语言运用能力的题型。针对以上我们对完形填空试题的题型分析,答题时考生可以从如下几个方面入手做出正确的选择:

一、树立语篇意识,解决局部问题

每篇完形填空都围绕一个主题展开,其结构严谨,上下文互为映衬,前后照应,所以在解决局部问题时,考生要树立牢固的语篇意识,遵循从“整体---局部----整体”这个解决问题的规律,不要把注意力孤立地局限在句子层面上,而要从段落或整篇文章入手,整体把握文章的内容,结合上下文,寻找答案的线索。

二、借助逻辑连词,推敲前后文意

英文中的逻辑连词是构成语篇的纽带,也是相关语句信息的结合点。命题人常在这些“关节”

上设置题目,考查学生的语用能力。常用的逻辑连词主要有:(1)词(包括连词、副词和少数介词),如and, but, or, because, though, however, yet, therefore, otherwise, despite等;(2)短语,如in other words, or rather, in addition, as a result, so that, on the contrary, instead of等;(3)分句和独立结构,如that is to say, what is more, all things considered等。逻辑连词对准确理解语篇意义能够起到很强的提示作用。完形填空中很多题目都围绕它们而设的。考生在解题时要充分利用这些逻辑连词,找到与文中某些词、短语有密切关系的选项,如其同义词、近义词或反义词等,有时这些词、短语甚至复现在文中。

三、通达文章语境,明辨词语差异

高考完形填空选项的设置一般均属于同一词类,有的甚至在意义上也非常接近。为了顺利解答此类问题,考生在平时记忆单词时,要在例句中把握其用法并能在考试中结合语境,比较四个选项的细微差别,推敲什么是最佳答案。

四、活用知识积累,甄别习惯搭配

词汇的习惯用法或固定搭配,特别是动词、名词、形容词、介词等的搭配在完形填空题中出现的比例很大。如果考生在备考时对常用的习惯用法或固定搭配能牢固地掌握,并在解题时灵活运用,就能达到事半功倍的效果。

五、联系生活常识,再现相关情景

完形填空题所选的文章多是具有一定故事情节和教育意义的记叙文或叙议结合、富有哲理的论说文,这些语篇都非常贴近学生生活。考生在解题时,可以根据生活常识或结合常识身临其境地想像当时的情景,从而做出正确的判断。例如:

The passengers on the bus watched with sympathy as Susan made her way carefully up the steps. She paid the driver and then, using her hands to 31 the seats, settled in one of them.

31.A. touch B .grab C .count D .feel

【解析】D考查常识理解。考生要知道盲人是看不见的,所有的动作都是靠摸索的,据此可知应该选择

“feel”(摸索,感知),而不应该是“有目的”地去“touch”(触碰);

32.A.weakness B . sickness C .darkness D .sadness

【解析】C考查常识理解。盲人陷入到黑暗的世界,这种表达在中文里面我们也使用,所以明显应该是“a world of darkness”;

六、了解文化背景,克服母语干扰

完形填空的语篇信息常交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识。有些选项的设置与文化背景有关,这就要求考生有较宽的知识面,同时具备一定的文化意识,特别要有对英语国家文化的敏感性和鉴别力,只有这样才能既快又准确解题。

总之,要提高完形填空的解题水平,考生除必须掌握一定的语法、词汇知识外,还有赖于提高阅读理解能力。因为只有看懂了短文才能确定正确答案。另外考生还要有计划地多做一些完形填空的练习,逐渐增加训练的频度,提高训练的难度,通过训练提高阅读理解能力,做到能根据短文所给线索和信息进行分析、推理、归纳、判断,进一步提高词语辨析和灵活运用的能力。只有通过平时多读多练,不断拓宽知识面,进一步了解英美风土人情等有关文化背景知识,熟练掌握英语习惯用语的表达等,才能为正确完成完形填空试题提供前提保障。

按照文体分析文章,解答完形填空

记叙文

记叙文是高考完形填空的主打体裁。记叙文有如下特点:(1)叙事方式有所不同。有的记叙文按照时间顺序叙述,最后点破故事的结局,有的记叙文采取倒叙的手法,先点明故事的结局和影响,然后再叙述故事的发生和发展。考生在做题时,应先浏览全文,判断出作者的叙事手段,依据文章提供的信息,对故事内容进行准确定位,了解故事的来龙去脉,进而达到对文意的透彻理解,为做题找到准确依据。(2)记叙文往往有较强的故事趣味性,有情节的跌宕起伏和情感的细腻变化等特点,信息量很大。作者在叙述过程中往往会融入人物的语言、行为、心理的描写,这在一定程度上增加了考生理解文章的难度。这时,考生必须理清上下文的脉络,对人物的语言、行为、心理等给出合理的想像和推理,并仔细揣摩作者的用意,从而透彻理解文意,达到对语境的准确理解,这样才能作出合理的选择。

夹叙夹议文

夹叙夹议的文章是高考完形填空中最有难度的,也是最热点的一类体裁。所选文章语言地道、寓意深刻、可读性强。此类完形填空一般有以下三种结构特点:(1)事例——观点。先叙述作者自己亲历或所见所闻的一件事情,然后针对这件事情发表自己对生活的看法,或揭示生活的真理。(2)观点——事例。先提出一种观点或看法,然后围绕这一观点或看法用具体的事例来说明,一般是一个事例,有时也会用几个事例从不同的侧面加以说明。(3)观点——事例——观点。提出一种观点或看法,然后用事例说明,最后再进一步阐述或总结自己的观点。解题时,要做到:(1)读好短文首句,琢磨文章内容。完形填空的首句一般不设空,是完整的一句话,信息就从这里开始,

他暗示或告诉读者下文将会说什么。正确的利用首句信息对于把握文章的大衣是极其重要和有效的;(2)感受文体风格,领会作者意图。文章的写作风格往往能表现出作者的思想倾向和情感态度,因此分析作者是否一直用某种态度叙述某件事情,就能正确把握反映作者思想情感的关键词。议论文

议论文是高考完形填空中较难的一种文体,一般由三个要素组成:论点、论据、结论。要做好议论文类的完形填空最重要的是抓住作者的论点。不同的议论文论点的提出方式往往不同,大体有以下三种情况:(1)开门见山地提出论点。有些议论文在文章的一开始就提出论点。然后再通过具体的论据去说明论点,论据有时候既有正面的论据,也有反面的论据,最后总结全文。(2)导入式提出论点。有些议论文会先通过叙述生活中的一件具体的事情或描述生活中的现象,然后根据事情或现象所反映的问题提出自己的论点,再用具体的论据去说明自己的论点。(3)最后提出论点。有些议论文一开始作者仅仅是列举生活中的现象,而不表明自己的观点,而是通过对具体现象的分析,自然得出一种结论,这种结论往往就是作者的论点。对于纯议论形式的完形填空,要在掌握全文主旨的情况下,抓好每段的首句。抓住了每段的主旨句也就是把握了文章的脉络,理解文意就容易了。

说明文

说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明,通常结构严谨,句子结构复杂,因此也是高考完形填空中较难理解的一种文体。说明文一般有三类:一是实体事例说明文。包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等(实体事物是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品);二是事理说明文。包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等(事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等);三是文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化,进而编成故事,对其进行介绍。具体特点为:(1)开头点题。做说明文完形填空时,要明确说明的对象是什么,是具体实物还是理论性概念。因此,明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近年的说明型填空中,作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象。(2)结构清晰。把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时问顺序(指先后顺序),空间顺序(从局部到整体,从上到下、从内到外),逻辑顺序(前因后果,先果后因,先主后次);认识顺序(由此及彼,由浅入深,由具体到抽象,由现象到本质)。说明文型完形填空短文层次清晰,整体性强,所以,递进性词汇和名词的设题往往出现得较多。说明文往往较直白,写作脉络清晰,又没有很多感情因素的掺入,所以就不会有过多的情感词汇,自然不会有钻不出的“迷宫”。据此特点,我们便可以跟着“作者”走,理清整篇文章的思路,从而顺利答题。

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I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle. He was (30) violently. Linking arms with one of the instructors, I helped (31) the young man out of the water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face, something (32) to me. Those brown eyes were very (33) . “What’s his name?” I asked the instructor. “Ben,” he replied, and immediately I (34) . That stranger was my son! The instructors called for an ambulance. (35) , after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to (36) and later the family met up for dinner. We chatted about everything and then Ben (37) to me. “I just want to say thank you,” he said. “You (38) my life!” I still can’t believe what a (39) it was. I’m just so glad I was there (40) to help my son. 21. A. also B. often C. even D. last 22. A. delight B. relief C. anger D. worry 23. A. scared B. shocked C. thrilled D. ashamed 24. A. talk B. stay C. meet D. settle 25. A. bathed B. clean C. deep D. formed 26. 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