哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕 中英对照精解

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debate [di'be validity [v?'l doctrine ['d is ?ud] n. 插曲?l] adj. 道德的'haip ?u'θetik ?l]a:ri ?u] n. 情节zni ?] n. 推论n. 投票, 选举v k ?'n ?ndr ?m] n li] adv.艺术地,有d] v. 防护, 辩likt] n.冲突,矛?n'flikti ?] adj d] v. 防护, 辩护?'s ?mp ??n] n.假 [.k ?ntr ?'dikt ?ri 'k?nib ?liz ?m] n u:tili't ??ri ?n] n.功 adj. 法律的, 合'?iprekt] adj. 失 n. 全体船员

??st] prep. 在 n] n. 船舱, 机vaiv] 活下来, 幸eit] n.v. 辩论liditi] n. 有效性?ktrin] n. 教义曲, 一段情节, 片的 ] adj.假设的,假节梗概, 剧本 论, 推理, 论证 v. 投票, 选举, n. 谜语, 难题 有技巧地,熟练地辩护, 防守 矛盾vi. 冲突,争. 相冲突的 护, 防守 假定,设想,担任(职i] adj. 矛盾的n n.吃人肉的习性功利主义者adj 合法的, 法定的失事的, 遭海难... 之中,在...之机舱, 小木屋

幸存; 残留 论, 讨论 性, 正确性, 正当义, 主义, 学说片段, 轶事

假定的,爱猜想的表决 地,狡诈地 争执 职责等),假装 n.矛盾 性, 同类相食 j.功利的,实用的的 难的 之间(=among) 当

的

Funding for this program is provided by... 此节目由以上公司 fund [f?nd]资金,基金,专款

Additional funding provided by... 以上人士提供赞助

This is a course about justice 这是一堂关于公平与正义的公共课 course [k?:s]学科，课程，教程

and we begin with a story. 让我们先从一个故事讲起 hurtle ['h?:tl] v.猛冲;飞驰,猛烈碰撞

Suppose you’re the driver of a trolley car, 假设你现在是一辆有轨电车的司机 suppose [s?'p?uz] 假定; 设想，料想

and your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 miles an hour. 而你的电车正在铁轨上以时速60英里疾驶 trolley ['tr?li] 〔英〕手推车；〔美〕(有轨)电车And at the end of the track 在铁轨末端 brake [breik]制动器<->break [breik]毁坏,打破you notice five workers working on the track. 你发现有五个工人在铁轨上工作

You try to stop but you can't, 你尽力想停下电车, 但是你做不到

your brakes don’t work. 电车的刹车失灵了 美剧绝望的主妇Desperate Housewives

You feel desperate because you know 你觉得十分绝望，因为你知道 desperate:绝望的,穷途末路的,拼命的

that if you crash into these five workers, they will all die. 如果你就这样撞向这5个工人，他们必死无疑 crash into 碰到，撞在

Let’s assume you know that for sure. 假定你很清楚这一点 assume [?'sju?m] 假定，想像，设想

And so you feel helpless until you notice 正当你感到无助的时候, 你突然发现

that there is, off to the right, 就在右边

a side track and at the end of that track, 一条岔道，那根轨道的尽头

there is one worker, working on the track. 只有一个工人在那里工作

Your steering wheel works, so you can turn the trolley car, 你的方向盘没有失灵, 只要你愿意 steering ['sti?ri?] 舵把,方向盘；掌舵,驾驶,转向。if you want to, onto the side track 你可以让电车转向到那条分叉铁轨上 steer [sti?] 掌(舵)驾驶(船/车);指导领导操纵killing the one but sparing the five. 撞死一个工人但却因此救了另外5个人 spare [sp??] 不伤害,不损害,使某人免遭(麻烦)。Here’s our first question: what’s the right thing to do? 现在提出第一个问题，我们该怎么做才对?

What would you do? Let’s take a poll. 你会怎么做? 我们做个调查看看 poll [p?ul]投票，投票数；

How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track? Raise your hands. 有多少人会选择让电车转向到分叉铁轨上,请举

手

take a poll:投票表决

How many wouldn’t? How many would go straight ahead? 多少人不会?多少人选择就这样笔直开下去?

Keep your hands up those of you, who would go straight ahead. 选笔直开下去的人先别放手

A handful of people would, 少数人会 handful ['h?ndful] 少数,少量,一小撮;一把the vast majority would turn. 大多数人选择转向 majority [m?'d??:riti] 大多数,过半数,大部分Let’s hear first, now we need to begin 让我们先听听看

to investigate the reasons why you think 现在我们研究下你为什么觉得 investigate [in'vestigeit] 研究，调查；审查。

it's the right thing to do. 这样做是正确的

Let’s begin with those in the majority who would turn to go 让我们先从大多数人开始吧,谁选择转向的？

onto the side track. Why would you do it? 你为什么这么选？

What would be your reason? Who’s willing to volunteer a reason? 你的理由是什么？谁愿意给我一个理由的？ volunteer [.v?l?n'ti?] vt自愿去做,自动请求去做。

n自愿者 adj自愿的志愿的

Go ahead. Stand up. 站起来说吧

Because it can't be right to kill five people 因为当你可以只撞死一个人时

when you can only kill one person instead. 却去撞死5个人肯定是不对的

It wouldn’t be right to kill five if you could kill 当可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死5个人肯定不对

one person instead. That’s a good reason. 这是个好理由

That’s a good reason. Who else? 这是个好理由其他人呢？

Does everybody agree with that reason? Go ahead. 每个人都同意刚刚那个理由么? 你来

Well I was thinking it’s the same reason on 9/11 我觉得这和9.11的一项事件是同样原因

with regard to the people who flew the plane into the Pennsylvania field as heroes 我们把那些将飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚空地的人视为

英雄

regard sb/sth (with sth); ~ sb/sth as sth将某人

[某事物]视为;认为某人[某事物]是

because they chose to kill the people on the plane 因为他们选择只牺牲飞机里的人

and not kill more people in big buildings. 从而拯救了大楼里的更多生命

So the principle there was the same on 9/11. 所以原因和9.11事件中那些人的选择是相同的 principle ['prins?pl] 本质,本体,根源,本原,源泉。It’s a tragic circumstance but better to kill one 虽然一定会发生悲剧但只撞死一个人 tragic ['tr?d?ik]悲剧的;悲剧性的,悲惨的。

so that five can live, 好过撞死五个 circumstance['s?:k?mst?ns]事故,情况,环境

is that the reason most of you had, 你们大多数人是不是都这么想

those of you who would turn? Yes? 选择转向的各位，是么？

Let’s hear now from those in the minority, 现在让我们听听那些少数人的想法 minority [mai'n?:riti]少数,较少票数,少数(党,民族) those who wouldn’t turn. Yes. 选择直行的人……

Well, I think that’s the same type of mentality 我觉得这和对种族灭绝与极权主义 mentality [men't?liti] 智力;精神;心理,意识;思想that justifies genocide and totalitarianism. 的诡辩相似 genocide ['d?en?said] 种族灭绝

In order to save one type of race, you wipe out the other. 为了拯救一个种族,你抹去了其他的种族 totalitarian [t?u.t?li't??ri?n] 集权主义者

So what would you do in this case? 那么在这个事例中你会怎么做？ race [reis] 人种，民族，种族；竞赛

You would, to avoid the horrors of genocide, 你会，为了避免骇人的种族灭绝主义 horror ['h?r?] n战栗，可怕的事物；痛恨

you would crash into the five and kill them? 而选择撞死那5个人么?

Presumably, yes. 理论上，是这样 presumably [pri'zju:m?bli]推测起来大概,可能You would? 真的？

-Yeah. 是

Okay. Who else? That’s a brave answer. 好吧，还有谁？这是个大胆的想法

Thank you. 谢谢

Let’s consider another trolley car case 让我们再考虑另一个有关电车的例子

and see whether those of you in the majority 看看是不是那些占多数的人

want to adhere to the principle 仍然会坚持刚才的原则 adhere [?d'hi?] 遵循,坚持;追随,依附to;黏附to; “better that one should die so that five should live.” “牺牲一个人总好过撞死5个人.”

This time you’re not the driver of the trolley car, 这次你不是电车的司机了

you’re an onlooker. You’re standing on a bridge 你是个旁观者，你站在桥上 onlooker 目击者,旁观者

overlooking a trolley car track. 俯瞰桥下电车的铁轨 overlook俯视,眺望,瞭望;漏看,忽略;监督

And down the track comes a trolley car, 此时电车开过

at the end of the track are five workers, 铁轨尽头有5个工人

the brakes don’t work, the trolley car 刹车失灵

is about to careen into the five and kill them. 电车马上就要冲向那5个人了 careen [k?'ri:n] n,v(使)倾斜;(美)摇摇摆摆向前冲And now, you’re not the driver, you really feel helpless 而这次，你不是司机你真的感到毫无办法

until you notice standing next to you, 直到你突然发现，你旁边

leaning over the bridge is a very fat man. 一个非常非常胖的人靠在桥上 lean 倚靠;依靠;依赖;倾斜,偏向袒护

And you could give him a shove. 你可以推他一下 shove [??v] 使劲猛推

He would fall over the bridge onto the track right in the way of the trolley

car.

他会摔下桥而且挡住电车的去路

He would die but he would spare the five. 虽然他会被压死,但因此另外五个人将得救.

Now, how many would push the fat man over the bridge? 这次，多少人会推一把桥上的胖子

Raise your hand. 举起你的手

How many wouldn’t? 多少人不会这样做？

Most people wouldn’t. Here’s the obvious question. 绝大多数人不会问题显而易见 obvious ['?bvi?s] 明显的，明白的，显而易见

What became of the principle “better to save five lives even if it means sacrificing one?” 刚才的原则发生了什么?牺牲一个人总比牺牲5个

人好？

sacrifice ['s?krifais] 牺牲,把…奉献给…

What became of the principle that almost everyone endorsed in the first case? I need to hear from someone 刚才第一个事例里几乎每个人都赞同的原则怎么

了么?我要听听。

endorse [in'd?:s] 保证，担保；承认，赞成

who was in the majority in both cases. 两次都站在多数人阵营里的人的想法 How do you explain the difference between the two? Yes. 你怎么解释前后不同的选择? 你来

The second one, I guess, involves an active choice of pushing a person down which I guess that person himself would otherwise not have been 第二个例子, 我觉得,涉及到主动选择的问题。我

想去推一个人，而那个人本不会涉及到这场事故

involve [in'v?lv] 包括，涉及，引起，包含

situation [.sitju'ei??n]地点;形式,局面;境遇,处境

and so to choose on his behalf, I guess, to involve him in something that he otherwise would have escaped is, I guess, more than what you have in the first case where the three parties, the driver and the two sets of workers, are already, I guess, in the situation. 我们替他做了选择, 把他卷入进来，而这件事本

与他无关；但第一个例子里，三方, 司机、两队

工人已经身在这麻烦事当中了。

behalf [bi'hɑ:f] 利益,维护,支持

on one’s behalf: 替/给/为/代表某人

But the guy working, the one on the track off to the side, 但是那个在铁轨上单独工作的家伙

he didn’t choose to sacrifice his life any more than the fat man did, did he? 他没有自己选择牺牲他的生命,而胖子也是这样, 不是么?

That’s true, but he was on the tracks and… 是的, 但是他已经在铁轨上了所以……

This guy was on the bridge. 那那个胖子也已经在桥上了啊

Go ahead; you can come back if you want. All right. 你愿意的话可以待会儿接着说. 好吧.

It’s a hard question. You did well. You did very well. 这是个很困难的问题，你做的很好，你做的很好It’s a hard question. 问题很难.

Who else can find a way of reconciling the reaction of the majority in these two cases? Yes. 还有谁能综合解释一下为何多数人在两个事例中

的选择截然不同? 你。

reconcile ['rek?nsail] 使一致,使调和

reaction [ri'?k??n] 反作用，反应；反冲；反动力

Well, I guess in the first case where you have the one worker and the five, it’s a choice between those two and you have to make a certain choice and people are going to die because of the trolley car, 是的, 我觉得在第一个例子中一个工人和五个工人这两者之间选择，你不得不做出选择，工人们是死于那辆电车

not necessarily because of your direct actions. The trolley car is a runaway thing and you’re making a split second choice. 而不是因你直接行为必然造成的电车失控了, 你

必须在一瞬间做出选择

a split second:极短的时刻,一瞬间,刹那

runaway：失控物,逃走者,逃亡者

Whereas pushing the fat man over is an actual act of murder on your part. 而推那个胖子的话，就你的行为来说，是确确实

实的谋杀行为。

murder:凶杀，谋杀

You have control over that where as you may not have control over the trolley car. 你可以控制自己是否推他，但你没办法控制电车是否撞向工人

So I think it’s a slightly different situation. 所以我认为这两个场合略有不同

All right, who has a reply? That’s good. Who has a way? 很好, 谁想对他说的做出回应?很好,谁想回应? Who wants to reply? Is that a way out of this? 谁想说? 有别的答案么?

I don’t think that’s a very good reason because you choose to - either way you have to choose who dies because you either choose to turn and kill the person, which is an act of conscious thought to turn, or you choose to push the fat man over which is also an active, conscious action. 我觉得那不是一个很好的理由，因为你选择...

无论你怎么选你都是在选择杀人。因为不管你是

选择让电车撞向另一边的一个人，这是你自己有

意识的行为,还是你选去推桥上那个胖子，这也是

你自己主动, 而且有意识的行为

conscious ['k?n??s] adj.神志清醒的, 意识到

的, 自觉的, 有意的n.意识

So either way, you’re making a choice. 所以无论你怎么做,你都在做选择

I’m not really sure that that’s the case. 我不是很确定我刚刚说的是完全对的 It just still seems kind of different. 它只是看起来好像有点不同

The act of actually pushing someone over onto the tracks and killing him, you are actually killing him yourself. 把一个人推向铁轨的行为，他死了,你事实上是自己亲手杀了他

You’re pushing him with your own hands. 你亲手去推他了

You’re pushing him and that’s different than steering something that is going to cause death into another. 你推他了这就造成了不同，前者则是你打方向盘造成了别人的死亡。

You know, it doesn’t really sound right saying it now. 好吧, 现在说起来似乎就不是那么对了

No, no. It’s good. It's good. What’s your name? 不, 不, 你说的很好了，你叫什么? Andrew. 安德鲁

Andrew. Let me ask you this question, Andrew. 让我问你个问题，安德鲁

Yes. 好的

Suppose standing on the bridge next to the fat man, 假如我站在桥上，在胖子身边

I didn’t have to push him, suppose he was standing over 我不必一定要去推他,假设他站在一扇活动门旁

a trap door that I could open by turning a steering wheel like that. Would you turn? 而我可以像这样用方向盘打开那扇门,你会开

么？

trap [tr?p] n. 圈套, 陷阱,

trap door:地板门; 天窗; 活板门

For some reason, that still just seems more wrong. 那个多少那个看起来更加不对了 Right? 是么?

I mean, maybe if you accidentally like leaned into the steering wheel or something like that. 我是说, 可能你只是不小心靠到了方向盘上,或者类似的

But... Or say that the car is hurtling towards a switch that will drop the trap. 或者说电车冲到了那个转换器上导致活动门打开了

Then I could agree with that. 那我会赞同 That’s all right. Fair enough. 好的

It still seems wrong in a way that it doesn’t seem wrong in the first case to turn, you say. 在第一种情况下是正确的选择，这会儿就不对了...你说

And in another way, I mean, in the first situation 换种说法, 我觉得, 在第一种情况下 you’re involved directly with the situation. 你已经直接卷入事件中了

In the second one, you’re an onlooker as well. 而在第二种情况下你只是个旁观者 All right. 好的

-So you have the choice of becoming involved or not by pushing the fat man. 所以你不得不选择是否卷入进去，是否要推那个胖子。

That’s good. Let’s imagine a different case. 很好现在想象一个不一样的场景 imagine [i'm?d?in] vt.想象,幻想,猜测 vi. 想象

This time you’re a doctor in an emergency room and six patients come to you. 这次你是急诊室里的一个医生，有六个病人向你

求助

emergency [i'm?:d??nsi] n. 紧急状态, 突发事件

patient ['pei??nt] n. 病人

They’ve been in a terrible trolley car wreck. 他们都被电车重重压过 wreck [rek] n. 失事,破坏,残骸v.使失事,使瓦解,

拆毁;毁灭,营救失事船只,船失事

Five of them sustain moderate injuries, 其中五个人中度受伤,

one is severely injured, you could spend all day 另一个受到重伤, 你可以花一整天 injury ['ind??ri] n. 损害, 伤害

caring for the one severely injured victim 救治那个重伤的受害者 moderate ['m?d?rit] adj中等的,适度的

but in that time, the five would die. 但是同时另外五人会因此死掉 severely [s?'virli] adv. 严格地, 激烈地

Or you could look after the five, restore them to health but during that time, the one severely injured person would die. 或者你可以去照顾那五个让他们恢复健康，但是

同时,那个受重伤的病人会死

victim ['viktim] n. 受害者, 牺牲

sustain [s?s'tein] vt.承受,支持,经受,维持

How many would save the five? Now as the doctor, 现在作为一个医生多少人会选择去救那五个人？

how many would save the one? 多少人选救那个重伤的？

Very few people, just a handful of people. 很少人，非常非常少 versus ['v?:s?s] prep.对

Same reason, I assume. One life versus five? 我猜是同样理由吧，一条生命对五条生命？ transplant [tr?ns'plɑ:nt] vt.移居,移栽(植物), 移

植(器官) n. 移植,被移植的事物

Now consider another doctor case. 现在考虑另一个关于医生的例子

This time, you’re a transplant surgeon and you have five patients, 这次，你是个器官移植的外科医生你有五个病人surgeon ['s?:d??n] n. 外科医生

each in desperate need of an organ transplant in order to survive. 他们每个人都迫切需要进行器官移植才能活命 lung [l??] n.肺； kidney ['kidni] n肾

One needs a heart, one a lung, one a kidney, 一个人需要心脏一个人需要肺脏，一个人需要肾liver ['liv?] n.肝脏

one a liver, and the fifth a pancreas. 一个人需要肝脏而第五个人需要胰脏 pancreas ['p??kri?s] n. 胰脏

And you have no organ donors. You are about to see them die. 你因没有可用的捐献器官将不得不看着他们死去donor ['d?un?] n. 捐赠人

And then it occurs to you that in the next room 然后你想到 在隔壁的房间

there’s a healthy guy who came in for a check-up. 有一个健康的家伙来医院做检查 check-up ['t?ek?p] n.核对,检查,体格检查

And he’s – you like that –and he’s taking a nap, 而且他正在,-你像那个家伙- 他正在打瞌睡

you could go in very quietly, yank out the five organs, 你可以悄悄的走进去取出他的五个器官 yank [j??k] v. 猛拉,猛拔

that person would die, but you could save the five. 虽然这个人会死但你却救了另五条人命

How many would do it? Anyone? How many? 多少人会这么做？有么？多少人？

Put your hands up if you would do it. 如果你会这么做举起你的手

Anyone in the balcony? 二楼的呢？ balcony ['b?lk?ni] n. 阳台, 楼座, 包厢

I would. You would? Be careful, don’t lean over too much. 我会。你会么?小心，别走极端（不探出身体太多）

How many wouldn’t? All right. What do you say? 多少人不会？好吧，你有什么说法么

Speak up in the balcony, 在二楼的同学,

you who would yank out the organs. Why? 你会取出那个人的五个器官, 为什么?

I’d actually like to explore as lightly alternate possibility of just taking the one of the five who needs an organ who dies first and using their four healthy organs to save the other four. 我只是想提出另外一种稍稍不同的选择，只要从

那五个病人里找出第一个死去的，然后就能用他

健康的器官来救另外四个人

alternate [`?lt ?r,ne?t] v.轮流, 交替; 使轮流, 使

交替adj.轮流的

That’s a pretty good idea. That’s a great idea 这是个非常好的主意好主意 rake [reik] n. 耙子v.了望,耙平,擦过,掠过; except for the fact that you just wrecked （raked）只可惜你的办法 wreck [rek]n.失事, 破坏, 残骸

v. 使失事, 使瓦解, 拆毁; 毁灭,船失事the philosophical point. 掠过了我们要讨论的哲学观点

Let’s step back from these stories and these arguments 我们先把这些事例和争论放一边 argument ['ɑ:gjum?nt] n. 辩论,争论,

to notice a couple of things about the way the arguments 注意一些别的事情我们的争论是如何

have begun to unfold. 开始展开的 unfold [?n'f ?uld] v. 展开,开放,显露

Certain moral principles have already begun to emerge from the discussions we’ve had. 一些道德准则已经在我们刚刚的讨论过程中开始

显现出来了

moral ['m?r?l] adj.道德的,精神上的n.道德,品行

And let’s consider what those moral principles look like. 现在让我们认真思考，那些道德准则究竟是什么

The first moral principle that emerged in the discussion 讨论中涉及到的第一条

said the right thing to do, the moral thing to do 事情的正确以及道德与否

depends on the consequences that will result from your action. 取决于你的行为所产生的后果 consequence ['k?nsikw?ns] n.结果,后果At the end of the day, better that five should live 如果在最后可以有五个人活下来 consequentialist结果主义的

even if one must die. 那么哪怕牺牲一个人的生命也是值得的 consequential [.k?nsi'kwen??l] adj.结果的That’s an example of consequentialist moral reasoning. 这个例子体现了结果主义的道德推理 reasoning ['ri:zni?] n. 推论,推理,论证Consequentialist moral reasoning locates morality 结果主义的道德推理将行为的道德与否取决于 morality [m?'r?liti]n.道德,美德,品行,道德观in the consequences of an act, in the state of the world 该行为所产生的后果即我们的行为

that will result from the thing you do. 对外界产生的影响

But then we went a little further, 但是当我们进一步讨论的时候,

we considered those other cases and people weren’t so sure about consequentialist moral reasoning. 我们加入了一些别的事例，于是大家就对结果主

义的道德推理产生疑问了

hesitate ['heziteit] vi.犹豫,不情愿

When people hesitated to push the fat man over the bridge or to yank out the organs of the innocent patient, 当你们犹豫是不是要推那个胖子的时候，或是不

是要取走那个无辜病人的器官

Innocent ['in?snt] adj.清白的,无辜的,无害的,天

真纯洁的,无知的

people gestured toward reasons having to do with 你们在考虑是不是要这么做的时候 gesture ['d?est??] n.手势,姿态v.用手势表示the intrinsic quality of the act itself, 会考虑到这个行为的本身 intrinsic [in'trinsik] adj.固有的,内在的consequences be what they may. People were reluctant. 无论结果如何，这么做你们并不情愿 reluctant [ri'l?kt ?nt] adj.不情愿的,勉强的People thought it was just wrong, categorically wrong, 人们觉得这是错的而且大错特错 categorically [.k?ti'g?rikli] adv.绝对地,无条件地to kill a person, an innocent person, even for the sake of saving five lives.即使是为了救5个人而杀害一个无辜者也是错的 sake [seik] n.缘故,理由,目的,利益

At least people thought that in the second version of each story we

considered.

至少大家在刚刚我们的故事中是这么想的

So this points to a second categorical way of thinking about moral reasoning. Categorical moral reasoning 所以这就引出了第二种道德推理绝对主义的道德推理： 绝对主义的道德推理

locates morality in certain absolute moral requirements, 认为道德有其绝对的道德原则

certain categorical duties and rights, regardless of the consequences. 有明确的责任和权利而无论其结果是怎么样的

We’re going to explore in the days and weeks to come the contrast between consequentialist and categorical moral principles. 在未来的几周内我们将讨论结果主义和绝对主义

之间道德准则的区别

contrast ['k?ntr?st,k?n'~]n.v.差别,对比,对照物

The most influential example of consequential moral reasoning is utilitarianism, a doctrine invented by Jeremy Bentham, 结果主义的道德准则中最著名的理论是功利主

义，杰里米·边沁提出的学说

influential [.influ'en??l] adj.有权势的,有影响的n.

有影响力的人物

the 18th century English political philosopher. 他是18世纪的一位英国政治哲学家 doctrine ['d?ktrin] n.教义,主义,学说The most important philosopher of categorical moral reasoning 而绝对主义道德推理的代表

is the 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant. 是18世纪的德国哲学家 伊曼纽尔·康德

So we will look at those two different modes of moral reasoning, assess them, and also consider others. 我们将探索这两种不同的道德推理，评估它们，

同时也将考虑其他的一些道德推理模式

assess [?'ses] v.估定,评定

If you look at the syllabus, you’ll notice that we read 如果你看过教学大纲，你会发现 syllabus ['sil?b?s] n.摘要,大纲a number of great and famous books, 我们将要阅读大量的名家著作

books by Aristotle, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, John Stewart Mill, and others. 亚里士多德，洛克，伊曼纽尔·康德， 约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒等等

You’ll notice too from the syllabus that we don’t only read these books; 你也会发现我们不只是读它们 controversy ['k?ntr?v?:si] n. (公开的)争论, 争议

we also take up contemporary, political, and legal controversies that raises philosophical questions. 我们也会举一些当代的有关政治或者法律的争议

事件，并借此提出些哲学上的问题

contemporary [k?n'temp?r?ri]

n.同时代的人 adj.同时代的,同时的,现代的

We will debate equality and inequality, 我们将辩论何为平等与不平等, debate [di'beit] n.v 辩论, 讨论

affirmative action, free speech versus hate speech, same sex marriage, military conscription, 反歧视行动，言论自由与攻击性言论、同性之间

的婚姻、征兵

affirmative action 肯定行动,反歧视行动

affirmative [?'f?:m?tiv] adj.n.肯定的,正面的

a range of practical questions. Why? 等等一系列现实问题，为什么呢？ military ['milit?ri] adj.军事的n.军队Not just to enliven these abstract and distant books 不只是为了让这些久远且抽象的书生动起来 conscription [k?n'skrip??n] n.征兵,募兵

but to make clear, to bring out what’s at stake in our everyday lives, including our political lives, for philosophy. 更是要在哲学层面上弄清一些我们日常生活中的

问题包括我们的政治生活、哲学等

at stake 在危急关头

enliven [in'laivn] vt. 使活跃

And so we will read these books and we will debate these issues, 所以我们将阅读这些书，对一些事件展开辩论 inform [in'f?:m] v.通知,告诉,向…报告,告发and we’ll see how each informs and illuminates the other. 这样我们就会看到它们之间的联系 illuminate [i'lju:mineit] vt.照明,阐释,说明This may sound appealing enough, but here I have to issue a warning. 这听起来很有吸引力但是我需要提醒你们一点 appealing [?'pi:li?] adj.引起兴趣的, 动人的

issue ['i?ju:] n.发行物,争论点 vi.发行

And the warning is this, to read these books in this way as an exercise in 读这些书，可以作为你们认知自我的一种练习 illuminate [i'lju:mineit] vt.照明,阐释,说明

to read them in this way carries certain risks, 但同时也有一定的冒险

risks that are both personal and political, 这种冒险既有个人层面上的也有政治层面上的 risks that every student of political philosophy has known. 修政治哲学的学生们应该都知道这点

These risks spring from the fact that philosophy teaches us and unsettles us by confronting us with what we already know. There’s an irony. 冒险来自于这样一个事实，哲学教化的同时也扰

动着我们，使我们和本来已知的事物产生矛盾，

这是个讽刺。

irony ['ai?r?ni] n.反讽,讽剌,讽剌之事

The difficulty of this course consists in the fact that it teaches what you already know. 这门课程的难度正在于它在教你一些你已经知道的东西

It works by taking what we know from familiar unquestioned settings and making it strange. 它使我们一些本来毫无疑问熟悉的事物一下子变得陌生

That’s how those examples worked, 刚刚一开始时就起到了这种作用 hypothetical ['haip?u'θetik?l] adj. 假设的,

the hypotheticals with which we began, with their mix of playfulness and sobriety. 我们开始时的那些假设虚构事件混合了趣味性和

严肃性

playfulness 英['pleifulnis]美['plef?ln?s] n. 玩笑;

嬉闹

It’s also how these philosophical books work. 那些哲学书也有同样的力量 sobriety [s?u'brai?ti] n.清醒,严肃,节制Philosophy estranges us from the familiar, 哲学使我们原本熟悉的东西变的陌生 estrange [is'treind?] vt.使疏远

not by supplying new information but by inviting and provoking a new way of seeing but, 它不是给我们更多新信息而是给予我们另一种看

待事物的方法

invite [in'vait] v.邀请;请求;招待;征求

provoke [pr?'v??k] v.激怒,煽动,挑拨

and here’s the risk, once the familiar turns strange, it’s never quite the same again. 所谓的冒险就是一旦那些熟悉的东西变陌生了，

它们就再也不会和以前一样了

innocence ['?n?s?ns]

n.无罪;天真无邪,纯真;清白;无知

Self-knowledge is like lost innocence, however unsettling you find it; it can never be un-thought or un-known. 自我认知就像一个失去天真的过程，无论你多么

不安的寻找，你也无法回到无思或未知的状态了

unsettle英['?n'setl]美[?n's?t!]

vt. 使心神不宁;使动摇;使不安定;使混乱

What makes this enterprise difficult but also riveting 这个过程困难却又不得不全身心投入 enterprise ['ent?praiz]n.1.(有一定冒险性的)事业

2.进取心,事业心

3.企业,公司

is that moral and political philosophy is a story and you don’t know where the story will lead. 道德和政治的哲学就像个故事，你不知道它会将

你带向何方

riveting [?riv?ti?] 非常动听的，令人着迷的：完全

吸引或凝聚某人注意力的,迷人的

But what you do know is that the story is about you. 但你清楚的知道，这是关于你的故事 rivet ['r?v?t] n.铆钉v.用铆钉固定,注目,敲进去Those are the personal risks. Now what of the political risks? 以上是个人层面的冒险，那么政治层面上的呢？

One way of introducing a course like this would be to promise you that by reading these books and debating these issues, 有一种介绍这门课程的方法是向你承诺：你读了

这些书，参与了这些讨论之后，

responsible [ri'sp?ns?bl] adj. 有责任的, 责

任重大的, 负责的, 可靠的

you will become a better, more responsible citizen; 你将会变成一个更好的、更负责的公民

you will examine the presuppositions of public policy, 你将审视那些对公共政治领域的假设 presupposition [.pri:s?p?'zi??n] n.预先假定,臆测you will hone your political judgment; you will become a more effective 你的政治判断力将得到锻炼你将得以更加积极的participant [pɑ:'tisip?nt] n. 参与者

But this would be a partial and misleading promise. 但是这样的承诺可能片面而且存在误导

Political philosophy, for the most part, hasn’t worked that way. 政治哲学, 在很大程度上，并没有那种作用

You have to allow for the possibility that political philosophy 你需要承认的是政治哲学 allow for 考虑到，顾及

may make you a worse citizen rather than a better one 可能使你变成一个更坏的公民而非更好的 distance ['dist?ns] n.距离,远方,冷淡

or at least a worse citizen before it makes you a better one, 或者至少会在你成为好公民之前先让你变坏 vt.与 ... 保持距离,把(对手)甩在后面

and that’s because philosophy is a distancing, even debilitating activity. And you see this, 那是因为哲学,是个使人冷漠甚至衰弱的活动。而

且，你看

debilitate [d?'b?l?te?t] v. 使衰弱

going back to Socrates, there’s a dialogue, 苏格拉底时代有一段对话 Gorgias 《苏格拉底对话录:高尔吉亚篇》柏拉图作the Gorgias, in which one of Socrates’ friends, Callicles, 苏格拉底的朋友卡利克勒

tries to talk him out of philosophizing. 希望能说服他离开哲学 philosophizing哲学思维

Callicles tells Socrates “Philosophy is a pretty toy 他对苏格拉底说 “哲学确实很美好” indulge [in'd?ld?] vt.纵情于,放任vi.放纵自己于if one indulges in it with moderation 但只是当你在生命中的恰当时刻 moderation [.m?d?'rei??n]n.缓和,适度,节制

at the right time of life. But if one pursues it further than one should, it is absolute ruin." 适度涉入的时候（才美好）可是如果你过于沉迷

它，它将把你毁灭

pursue [p?'sju:] v. 追捕,追求,继续从事

ruin['ruin] v.n.毁灭, 毁坏,破产,崩溃,废墟

accomplishment n.成就

"Take my advice,” Callicles says, “abandons argument. Learn the accomplishments of active life, “听我的吧” 卡利克勒说“放下那些哲学争论，想想什么才是现实生活中真正的成就”

take for your models not those people who spend their time on these petty quibbles but those who have a good livelihood and reputation and many other blessings.” 别学那些在模棱两可的哲学语句中浪费时间的

人,你该看看那些真正过的好的人富足的生活，以

及名誉等等其他的东西

quibble ['kwibl] n. 遁辞,谬论,双关话

livelihood ['laivlihud] n.生计,营生,生活

blessing ['blesi?] n.祝福,祷告

So Callicles is really saying to Socrates “Quit philosophizing, get real, go to business school.” 所以卡利克勒实际上是在对苏格拉底说“放下哲学吧, 哥们, 现实点，转投商学院吧

And Callicles did have a point. He had a point because philosophy

distances us from conventions,

不过卡利克勒说对了一点，哲学会使我们 convention [k?n'ven??n] n.大会,协定,惯例from established assumptions, and from settled beliefs. 和原先的惯例、预定的假设及固有观念变得疏远assumption [?'s?mp?n]n.设想,假定;承担Those are the risks, personal and political. 以上就是我要说的个人与政治层面上的冒险 established [is't?bli?t] adj已制定的,确定的And in the face of these risks, 当面对它们的时候 settled ['setld] adj.固定的,稳定的,定居的

there is a characteristic evasion. The name of the evasion is skepticism, 我们有个特别的回避方式，它的名字叫怀疑主义,evasion [i'vei??n] n.逃避,藉口,偷漏(税)

it’s the idea – well, it goes something like this – 它的意思是，像这样的， Character ['k?r?kt?]n.个性,性情;人物,字母,符号

we didn’t resolve once and for all either the cases or the principles we were arguing when we began 我们才刚开始学，没有办法一下子彻底解决那些

我们争论的案例或原理，

characteristic [.k?rikt?'ristik] adj.特有的,典型的

n.特性,特征,特色

and if Aristotle and Locke and Kant and Mill haven’t solved these questions after all of these years, 而且如果亚里士多德, 康德, 洛克, 穆勒他们用

了那么多年也没有解决这些问题，

skepticism ['skeptisiz?m] n.怀疑论,怀疑态度,怀

疑主义

over the course of a semester, can resolve them? 待上一个学期，就能解决它们了么? semester [si'mest?] n.学期

And so, maybe it’s just a matter of each person having his or her own principles and there’s nothing more to be said about it, no way of reasoning. 而且, 这可能只是一个关于每个人各自有自己不

同原则的问题，没有什么可以值得讨论的，也说

不出这些问题是为什么

reasoning ['ri:zni?] n.推论,推理,论证

That’s the evasion, the evasion of skepticism, 这就是怀疑主义的逃避方式 evasion [i'vei??n] n. 逃避,藉口,偷漏(税)

to which I would offer the following reply. It’s true, 关于此我想可以这么回答：确实,

these questions have been debated for a very long time 这些问题已经被讨论非常非常久了

but the very fact that they have recurred and persisted 但正是因为它们不断的被讨论 recur [ri'k?:] vi.重现,再发生

may suggest that though they’re impossible in one sense, 说明虽然在某种意义上它们不可能被解决 persist [p?'sist] v.坚持,持续,执意

they’re unavoidable in another. 可是另一方面它们也不可回避 unavoidable [.?n?'v?id?bl] adj.不可避免的

And the reason they’re unavoidable, the reason they’re inescapable 之所以不可回避 inescapable [.inis'keip?bl]adj.无法逃脱(避免)的, is that we live some answer to these questions every day. 是因为这些问题的答案就在我们的日常生活当中throw up 抛起; 放弃; 举起

So skepticism, just throwing up your hands and giving up on moral reflection, is no solution. 所以, 怀疑主义只是让你在道德思考方面举手投

降，放弃思考，没有解决方案

Human reason 人类理性，人的理智

Immanuel Kant described very well the problem with skepticism. 康德对怀疑主义的描述有一段很精彩 dogmatic [d?g'm?tik] adj.教条的,武断的when he wrote “Skepticism is a resting place for human reason, 他写到“怀疑主义只是人类理性的暂歇之地” wandering ['w?nd?ri?z] n.漫游;闲逛where it can reflect upon its dogmatic wanderings, 它让我们在一些教条中徘徊 reflect upon v.考虑,回想,回顾

but it is no dwelling place for permanent settlement." 但是它绝非是我们能够永远待着的地方 dwelling ['dweli?] n.住处

"Simply to acquiesce in skepticism,” Kant wrote, "怀疑主义的简单默许"康德写到 permanent ['p?:m?n?nt] adj.永久的,持久的“can never suffice to overcome the restlessness of reason.” 永远无法满足对问题的无尽推理 settlement ['setlm?nt] n.安置,解决

I’ve tried to suggest through these stories and these arguments 我已经试着在那些故事和争论中 suffice [s?'fais] vi.足够,合格

some sense of the risks and temptations, 掺入了一些风险和诱惑， overcome [.?uv?'k?m] vt.战胜,克服

of the perils and the possibilities. 或者说是冒险和机会。 restlessness ['restlisnis] n.辗转不安

I would simply conclude by saying that the aim of this course 我现在简单总结一下这门课的目的是 temptation [temp'tei??n] n.诱惑,引诱

is to awaken the restlessness of reason and to see where it might lead. Thank you very much. 唤醒无尽的求知和推理看看它会将我们带向何

方。非常感谢各位

peril ['peril] n.危险, 冒险

Like, in a situation that desperate, you have to do what you have to do to survive. 就像, 在一个很紧急的情况下,为了生存你不得不去做

-You have to do what you have to do? 你不得不做你不得不做的事情？

You got to do what you got to do, pretty much. 是的, 你必须去做它们

If you've been going 19 days without any food, you know, 你知道的，当你连续19天都没有东西吃的时候

Someone has to make the sacrifice and people can survive. 某个人必须做出牺牲，其他人才能存活

Alright, that's good. What’s your name? 好的，说的很好，你叫什么？

Marcus.-Marcus, what do you say to Marcus? -马库斯，你要对马库斯说什么？

Last time, we started out last time 上一次, 上次我们以一些故事

with some stories, with some moral dilemmas 一些道德上进退两难的故事开场 dilemma [di'lem?] n.困境,进退两难

about trolley cars and about doctors 关于电车的, 关于医生的 vulnerable ['v?ln?r?bl] adj.易受伤害的,有弱点的and healthy patients vulnerable to being victims of organ transplantation. 还有在器官移植中极易变成牺牲品的健康病人

We noticed two things about the arguments we had, 在我们的讨论中我们注意到了两件事

one had to do with the way we were arguing. 当一个人不得不做出选择时

We began with our judgments in particular cases. 在特定事件中我们有自己的判断 articulate [ɑ:'tikjuleit,ɑ:'tikjulit]

We tried to articulate the reasons or the principles lying behind our judgments. 我们试图理清我们这判断背后的原因和原则 adj.发音清晰的,善于表达的 adj.有关节的

v.清楚地讲话,发音 v.以关节连接,接合

And then confronted with a new case, 然后我们遇上了一个新的事件 confront [k?n'fr?nt] vt.面临,对抗,遭遇we found ourselves reexamining those principles, 发现我们重新审视着那些原则 reexamine [.ri:ig'z?min] vt.再调查,复查revising each in the light of the other. 不得不按照新情况调整它们 in the light of 根据;依照

And we noticed the built in pressure to try to bring into alignment our judgments about particular cases and the principles we would endorse on reflection. 同时我们也发现非常难于在一些特定案例上协调

我们的判断，而且那些原则我们应该在反思的基

础上进行坚持。

revise [ri'vaiz] n.v.校订,修正,再校稿

alignment [?'lainm?nt] n.调整(成直线),准线

endorse [in'd?:s] vt.支持,赞同,背书于

We also noticed something about the substance 另外我们也注意到关于辩论本质的一些东西 substance ['s?bst?ns] n.物质,实质,内容of the arguments that emerged from the discussion. 出现在讨论过程中。

We noticed that sometimes we were tempted to locate the morality of an act in the consequences, in the results, 我们发现有时候我们试图基于其导致的结果来判

断一个行动是否道德，基于结果，

tempt [tempt] v.诱惑,吸引,引诱

in the state of the world that it brought about. 基于它给外界带来的影响。

And we called this consequentialist moral reasoning. 我们将之称为结果主义的道德推理。

But we also noticed that in some cases, 但我们也发现在有些事中

we weren’t swayed only by the result. 影响我们的不仅仅只有后果 sway [swei] v.摇摆,摇动,支配,影响n.摇摆Sometimes, many of us felt, 有时候, 我们中很多人

that not just consequences but also the intrinsic quality or character of the act matters morally. 会觉得不只是行为的结果，还有行为本身的固有

性质，对是否道德的判断也会产生影响。

intrinsic [in'trinsik] adj. 固有的,内在的

Some people argued that there are certain things 一些人称，有些事情

that are just categorically wrong even if they bring about a good result, 是绝对错误的，即使它会带来一些好的结果，

So we contrasted consequentialist moral principles with categorical ones.所以我们比较结果主义与绝对主义道德推理 influential [.influ'en??l]

Today and in the next few days, we will begin to examine 今天和以后的几天，我们将开始研究研究 adj.有权势的,有影响的n.有影响力的人物one of the most influential versions of consequentialist moral theory. 结果主义的道德推理最有影响力的版本之一 utilitarianism ['ju:tili't??ri?nizm] n.功利主义And that’s the philosophy of utilitarianism. 是功利主义哲学 utilitarianism ['ju:tili't??ri?nizm] n.功利主义Jeremy Bentham, the 18th century 杰里米·边沁

English political philosopher gave first the first clear 一位18世纪英国政治哲学家他给出了第一个

systematic expression to the utilitarian moral theory. 有关功利主义道德理论的清晰而系统的表述 systematic [.sisti'm?tik] adj.有系统的And Bentham’s idea, his essential idea, 边沁的思想他的基本思想

is a very simple one. 其实是非常简单的

With a lot of morally intuitive appeal, 凭着道德的直觉 intuitive [in'tju:itiv] adj.直觉的Bentham’s idea is the following, 他的思想就是遵循

the right thing to do; the just thing to do is to maximize utility. 正确的事情，公正的事情，即实现效用的最大化

What did he mean by utility? 他指的效用是什么呢？

He meant by utility the balance of pleasure over pain, 就是说比较而言，幸福要多于痛楚

happiness over suffering. 快乐要大于痛楚

Here’s how he arrived at the principle of maximizing utility. He started out by observing that all of us, 下面讲的就是他如何达到最大化效用原理，通过观察所有的人，边沁认为

all human beings are governed by two sovereign masters: pain and pleasure. 所有的人类都是被两种最主要的力量支配着：即

痛苦和快乐

sovereign ['s?vrin] n.元首,金镑adj. 具有主权的,

至高无上的, 极好的, 完全的

We human beings like pleasure and dislike pain. 我们人类都喜欢快乐，讨厌痛苦

And so we should base morality, whether we’re thinking about 所以我们应该基于道德不管我们认为在生活

what to do in our own lives or whether as legislators or citizens, 在生命中我们该做哪些事或者作为立法者或市民legislator ['led?isleit?] n. 立法者

we’re thinking about what the laws should be. 在思考法律应该如何制定

The right thing to do individually or collectively is to maximize, 个体或集体应该做的事就是去最大化 individually [.indi'vidju?li] adv.个别地,单独地act in a way that maximizes the overall level of happiness. 以一种行动最大化全人类的快乐水平 collectively [k?'lektivli] adv.共同地,集体地Bentham’s utilitarianism is sometimes summed up 边沁的功利主义有时 sum up 总结, 概括

with the slogan 可以由一句口号来总结

“The greatest good for the greatest number.” “最多数人的最大幸福”

With this basic principle of utility on hand, 有了这条最基本的功利主义原则

let’s begin to test it and to examine it 我们可以开始检验一下，审视一下它 hypothetical ['haip?u'θetik?l]

by turning to another case, another story, but this time, 通过讨论另一种实例，另一个故事，但这一次 adj. 假设的, 假定的, 爱猜想的

not a hypothetical story, a real life story, 这个故事不是虚构的而是一个真实的故事

the case of the Queen versus Dudley and Stevens. 达德利 史蒂文斯案件

This was a 19th century British law case 这是发生在19世纪英国的一件法律案例 that’s famous and much debated in law schools. 非常著名，而且在众多法学院中被讨论过

Here’s what happened in the case. I’ll summarize the story then I want to hear how you would rule, 下面我来总结一下这个案例，然后我想听一下你们将如何裁决

imagining that you were the jury. 想象你们现在是陪审团。 jury ['d?u?ri] n.陪审团,评委会adj.临时用的A newspaper account of the time described the background. 当时的一家报纸描述了整个背景

A sadder story of disaster at sea was never told than that of the survivor s of the yacht, Mignonette. 这是一个关于“木犀草”游艇上的生存者在海上

发生的最悲惨故事。

survivor [s?'vaiv?] n. 幸存者

The ship floundered in the South Atlantic, 这条船挣扎在南大西洋上 flounder ['flaund?] v.挣扎,踌躇, n.挣扎1300 miles from the cape. 离好望角1300英里的地方 cape [keip] n. 岬, 海角, 披肩

There were four in the crew, Dudley was the captain, 有四个船员，达德利是船长 captain ['k?ptin] n.船长,队长vt.率领,指挥Stevens was the first mate, Brooks was a sailor, 史蒂文斯是大副布鲁克斯是船员 sailor ['seil?] n. 海员, 水手

all men of excellent character or so the newspaper account tells us. 都是品质优秀的男人，或者至少报纸是这样说的

The fourth crew member was the cabin boy, 第四个船员是船上的侍者 crew [kru:] n.全体船员, (一组)工作人员Richard Parker, 17 years old. 17岁，名叫理查得·帕克 cabin ['k?bin] n.船舱,机舱,小木屋

He was an orphan, he had no family, 他是个孤儿，无所依靠 cabin boy 船上侍者

and he was on his first long voyage at sea. 这是他第一次的远航 orphan ['?:f?n] n.孤儿adj.无双亲的,孤儿的He went, the news account tells us, 报纸告诉我们 voyage ['v?iid?] n. 航行,旅程v. 航行,旅行rather against the advice of his friends. 他不顾朋友的建议

He went in the hopefulness of youthful ambition, 饱含着年轻人追求志向的希望和热情

thinking the journey would make a man of him. 认为远行能让他成为真正的男人

Sadly, it was not to be. 不幸的是，他所期待的没能成真

The facts of the case were not in dispute. 事实毋庸置疑 dispute [di'spju:t] v.争论,争议,辩驳,质疑A wave hit the ship and the Mignonette went down. 大浪冲击了”木犀草”后，船便开始下沉

The four crew members escaped to a lifeboat. 这个四个船员逃到救生船上

The only food they had were two cans of 他们唯一的食物就是两罐

preserved turnips, no fresh water. 腌制的白萝卜，没有可以喝的淡水 turnip ['t?:nip] n. 萝卜,芜青,大头菜

For the first three days, they ate nothing. 前三天他们什么也没吃

On the fourth day, they opened one of the cans of turnips and ate it. 第四天他们开了一罐腌萝卜吃了

The next day they caught a turtle. 第五天他们捉到一只海龟 turtle ['t?:tl] n.海龟

Together with the other can of turnips, 并把剩下的一罐萝卜和这只龟都吃了

the turtle enabled them to subsist for the next few days. 海龟使他们得以在以后几天生存 subsist [s?b'sist] vi.维持生活,生存vt.供养And then for eight days, they had nothing. 然后有八天他们又没有进食

No food. No water. 没有东西吃的，也没有水可喝

Imagine yourself in a situation like that, 想象在那样的情境下

what would you do? Here’s what they did. 你会怎么做？他们是这么做的

By now the cabin boy, Parker, is lying at the bottom of the lifeboat in the corner because he had drunk seawater against the advice of the others and he had become ill and he appeared to be dying. 现在那个侍者男孩，帕克，躺在救生船底部的一

角,因为他不听其他几人的劝告喝了海水,他病

了，似乎就要死了

appear [?'pi?] v.出现;看来好像,似乎;显露;

lie 躺lying, pp. lay pp. lain

lie 谎lying, pt. pp.lied

die 死dying pt. pp. died

lottery ['l?t?ri] n.彩票 / lot n.运气,一堆,签

So on the 19th day, Dudley, the captain, 因此在第19天，达德利船长 draw [dr?:] v. (drew, drawn)拉,拖,挨近,提取,

画, 绘制 n.平局;抽签;拉 draw lots 抽签suggested that they should all have a lottery, 建议他们应该来抽签决定

that they should draw lots to see who would die to save the rest. 谁应该死去以救活其它三个人

Brooks refused. He didn’t like the lottery idea. 布鲁克斯拒绝了，他不喜欢抽签这个主意 in any case(adverb) = no matter what; anyhow，

whatever 无论如何，总之

We don’t know whether this was 我们并不知道是否是因为

because he didn’t want to take the chance or because he believed in

categorical moral principles.

他不想冒这个险或者是他信奉绝对的道德准则 take the chance 冒风险, 碰运气

But in any case, no lots were drawn. 但不管怎样他们没抽签 avert [?'v?:t] vt.转开,避免,防止

gaze[geiz] vi.凝视n.凝视

The next day there was still no ship in sight 之后一天，依然没有船出现

so Dudley told Brooks to avert his gaze and he motioned to Stevens that the boy, Parker, had better be killed. 所以达德利让布鲁克斯改变想法，他还向史蒂文

斯打手势，最好把帕克这个孩子杀了。

motion ['m?u??n]v.n.打手势,示意,提议,运动

stab [st?b] n.刺,伤心,剧痛v.刺,戳;刺伤

Dudley offered a prayer, he told the boy his time had come, and he killed him with a pen knife, 达德利做了祷告，告诉男孩他的死期到了，然后

就用铅笔刀杀了他，

jugular['d??gjul?] adj.颈部n.颈静脉

vein [ve?n]n.血管,叶脉,静脉

stabbing him in the jugular vein. 用刀子刺进他咽喉的静脉 conscientious[.k?n?i'en??s]有责任心的

Brooks emerged from his conscientious objection to share in the gruesome bounty. 布鲁克斯的良心不再反对，转而一起分享这可怕

的“盛宴”

gruesome['gru:s?m]可怕的,令人毛骨悚然的

bounty ['baunti] n.慷慨,慷慨的赠予物,

For four days, the three of them fed on the body and blood of the cabin boy. 之后的四天里，他们三个就喝这个男孩的血，吃

他的肉

feed [fi:d] pt, pp fed vt.喂养,饲养,靠...为生,向...

提供vi.进餐,吃饲料n.饲料,一餐

True story. And then they were rescued. 这是真事 之后他们获得了营救 rescue ['reskju:] vt. n. 营救,救援

Dudley describes their rescue in his diary with staggering euphemism.“On the 24th day, as we were having our breakfast, a ship appeared at last.” 达德利在日记中用惊人的委婉语句描述了他们被

营救的情形：“24号，我们在吃早餐时。终于出

现了一艘船”

stagger ['st?g?] n.摇晃,蹒跚;晕倒症v.摇摇晃晃,

staggering['st?g?ri?] adj.摇晃的,惊人的

euphemism['ju:fimiz?m]n.委婉的说法

They were taken back to Falmouth in England 德国船把他们送回了英格兰的法尔茅斯 arrest [?'rest] vt.逮捕,拘留

where they were arrested and tried. 他们在那儿被逮捕、被审判 try[trai]v.n.试验,审判trial['trai?l]adj.n审判(的）Brooks turned state's witness. Dudley and Stevens went to trial. 布鲁克斯成为事件的证人达德利和史蒂文斯受审witness ['witnis] n.目击者,证人

They didn’t dispute the facts. They claimed they had acted out of necessity; that was their defense. 他们没有否定事实，只是声明所为出于迫不得已，

要这些就是他们的辩护

dispute [di'spju:t] v.争论,争议,辩驳,质疑

defense [di'fens] n.防卫,防卫物,辩护

They argued in effect better that one should die so that three could survive. 他们争论说实际上一个人死让三个人活是更好的

办法。

survive [s?'vaiv] vt. 比 ... 活得长, 幸免于

难, 艰难度过 vi. 活着, 继续存在

The prosecutor wasn’t swayed by that argument. 但是检察官并没有因这种说法而动摇 prosecutor ['pr?sikju:t?] n.检察官,公诉人He said murder is murder, 他说谋杀就是谋杀，

and so the case went to trial. 因此案子要受审

Now imagine you are the jury. And just to simplify the discussion, put aside the question of law, 现在想象你们是陪审团，为了简便，我们将法律问题放一边

let’s assume that you as the jury are charged with deciding whether what they did was morally permissible or not. 就假定你们是陪审团即将裁决他们的所作所为在

道德上是否可以允许

in charge adj.负责,主管

permissible [p?'mis?bl] adj.可允许的,容许的

How many would vote ‘not guilty’, 多少人会选择“无罪” guilty ['gilti] adj.有罪的

that what they did was morally permissible? 认为他们做的是道德所允许的？

And how many would vote ‘guilty’, 多少人会选择“有罪”

what they did was morally wrong? 认为他们在道德上是错误的呢？

A pretty sizeable majority. 绝大多数人呐 sizeable ['saiz?bl] adj.相当大的 =sizable Now let’s see what people’s reasons are and let me begin with those who

are in the minority.

现在我们来听听大家的理由，先从少数人开始

Let’s hear first from the defense of Dudley and Stevens. 先听听为达德利和史蒂文斯辩护的声音

Why would you morally exonerate them? 你们为什么要在道德上免除他们的罪行呢？ exonerate [ig'z?n?reit] vt.确定无罪,免除责任What are your reasons? Yes. 理由是什么？好，你来回答

I think it is morally reprehensible but I think that there is a distinction between what’s morally reprehensible and what makes someone legally accountable. 我认为这件事在道德上应受谴责，但我认为道德

上应受谴责和法律上应受制裁存在差别。

reprehensible [.repri'hens?bl] adj.应受责难的

distinction [di'sti?k??n]n.差别,对比,区分

accountable [?'kaunt?bl] adj.负有责任的

In other words, as the judge said, 换句话说正如法官所说

what’s always moral isn’t necessarily against the law and while I don’t think that necessity justifies theft or murder or any illegal act, at some point your degree of necessity does, in fact, exonerate you from any guilt.道德上允许的不一定会与法律相抵触。我认为必

要性不能成为偷盗或者谋杀等非法行为的正当理

由，但某种意义上，必要性会让你的行为免罪

theft [θeft] n. 偷窃

illegal [i'li:g?l] adj.不合法的,非法的n.非法移民

necessity [ni'sesiti] n.需要,必需品,必然

Okay. Good. Other defender s. Other voices for the defense. Moral 好的，不错 其他的辩护者我们要听听其他的声defender [di'fend?] n.防卫者,拥护者,辩护者

Thank you. I just feel like in the situation that desperate, you have to do what you have to do to survive. 谢谢，我只是觉得，在绝望的情况下，你不得不做一些事来使自己得以存活

You have to do what you have to do. 你必须去做不得不做的事情 Yeah, you’ve got to do what you’ve got to do. 是的，你得这么去做

Pretty much. If you’ve been going19 days without any food, you know, someone just has to take the sacrifice, someone has to make the sacrifice and people can survive. 确实假设你已经持续19天没有进食了，你知道有

人得做出牺牲，有人得做出牺牲别的人才能生存

sacrifice ['s?krifais] n.v 牺牲, 供俸

And furthermore from that, let’s say they survive and then they become productive members of society who go home and start like a million charity organizations and this and that 而且，如果他们生存下来的话他们就成为社会的

生产成员，他们回家后，可能会建立一个慈善组

织或者成为其他慈善组织的成员。

charity ['t??riti] n.慈善,慈善机关

I mean they benefited everybody in the end. 我的意思是他们最终让所有人受益 benefit ['benifit] n.利益 vt.有益于,得益-Yeah. — 嗯

So, I mean I don’t know what they did afterwards, they might have gone and like, I don't know, killed more people, I don't know. Whatever but… 我是说不知道他们之后做了什么,也许溜了或做了别的,或杀了更多人,我不清楚,不管怎么…

-What? -什么？

Maybe they were assassins. 他们也许成了刺客

What if they went home and they turned out to be assassins? 如果他们回家之后成为刺客了呢？ assassin [?'s?sin] n.暗杀者,刺客What if they’d gone home and turned out to be assassins? Well… 如果他们回家之后成为刺客了的话？那么… assassinate [?'s?sineit] v.暗杀You’d want to know who they assassinated. 你得知道他们暗杀了哪些人

That’s true too. That’s fair. That’s fair. I would want to know who they assassinated. 这也是真的。这很公正，很公正,我想知道他们暗杀了哪些人

All right. That’s good. What’s your name? 好的，非常不错。你叫什么名字？

Marcus. 马库斯

Marcus. All right. 马库斯，好的

We’ve heard a defense, a couple of voices for the defense. 我们已经听到了一些辩护有一些观点支持被告

Now we need to hear from the prosecution. 现在我们要听听起诉方的观点 prosecution [.pr?si'kju:??n] n.实行,经营,起诉Most people think what they did was wrong. Why? 大部分人认为他们的做法是错的为什么呢？

Yes. -One of the first things that I was thinking was they haven’t been eating for a really long time maybe they’re mentally like affected and so then that could be used as a defense, a possible argument that they weren’t in the proper state of mind, they weren’t making decisions they might otherwise be making. And if that’s an appealing argument that you 我一开始想的一些事是,他们已经很久没吃东西

了,也许他们精神上受到影响，所以这可以作为一

种辩护.一种可能的争论就是,他们神志不清，因

此他们所做的决定不是清醒状态时会做的。如果

这是有说服力的论据，你一定是精神失常才去做

mindset ['maindset] n.意向,精神状态,心态

it suggests that people who find that argument convincing do think that they were acting immorally. 认为这条争论有说服力的,人们一定相信他们的

所作所为是不道德的。

convincing [k?n'vinsi?] adj. 使人信服的

immorally adv. 不道德地

But what do you - I want to know what you think. 但是你，我想要知道，你是怎么想，

You defend them. I'm sorry, you vote to convict, right? 你在为他们辩护，报歉，你认为他们有罪，是吗？convict ['k?nvikt,k?n'vikt] n.罪犯vt.宣判...有罪, Yeah, I don’t think that they acted in a morally appropriate way. 是的，我认为他们的行为不符合道德准则 appropriate [?'pr?upri?t] adj.适当的,相称的And why not? What do you say, 为什么不符合呢？你什么意见？

here’s Marcus, he just defended them. 这位是马库斯，他刚刚为那几个人辩护过

He said – you heard what he said. 他说……你听见他说什么了

Yes. 是的

That you’ve got to do what you’ve got to do in a case like that.. 就是你在那种情况下得做你不得不做的事情

-Yeah 好

-What do you say to Marcus? 你想对马库斯说什么？

That there’s no situation that would allow human beings to take the idea of fate or the other people’s lives in their own hands, that we don’t have that kind of power. 没有任何情况允许人类操控别人的命运或者生命，我们并没有那种权利。

Good. Okay. Thank you. 好的，谢谢

And what’s your name? 你叫什么名字？

Britt. 布瑞特

Britt. Okay. Who else? What do you say? Stand up. 布瑞特，好的 还有谁？你想说什么？站起来吧

I’m wondering if Dudley and Steven had asked for Richard Parker’s consent in, you know, dying, 我想达德利和史蒂文斯如果已经征求理查得·帕

克的同意了，你们知道的，去死，

consent [k ?n'sent] n.同意,许可v.同意,承认

if that would exonerate them from an act of murder and if so, is that still morally justifiable? 这是否能证明他们没有谋杀罪呢？如果能的话，

这在道德上是否又讲得过去呢？

exonerate:证明…无罪；开释；昭雪

That’s interesting. All right. Consent. 这很有意思，好的，“同意”

Wait, wait, hang on. What’s your name? 等等，你叫什么名字

Kathleen. 凯思林

Kathleen says suppose they had that, 凯思林说假设他们有道德支撑的话

what would that scenario look like? 那个故事情节会是怎样？ scenario [si'nɑ:ri?u]n.情节;剧本;事态;局面;方案So in the story Dudley is there, pen knife in hand, 故事中达德利在场，手持铅笔刀

but instead of the prayer or before the prayer, 不是祈祷或者在祈祷前

he says “Parker, would you mind?""We’re desperately hungry”, 他说“帕克，你介意吗？”“我们极度饥饿了”empathize (Amer.) ['emp?θa?z]v. 移情

as Marcus emphasizes with, “we’re desperately hungry. 正如马库斯所强调的那样“我们极度饥饿” emphasize ['emf?sa?z]v.强调,着重,加强语气

Yeah. You can be a martyr. 是的，你可以成为一名烈士 martyr ['mɑ:t?] n. 烈士,殉道者

"Would you be a martyr? How about it Parker?" “你愿意成为一名烈士吗？怎样？帕克”

Then what do you think? Would it be morally justified then? 那么你觉得怎样？这样在道德上是合理的吗？

Suppose Parker in his semi-stupor says “Okay.” 假设帕克在半昏迷的状态中回答说：好 stupor ['stju:p?] n.昏迷,麻木,不省人事

I don’t think it would be morally justifiable but I’m wondering if… 我不认为这在道德上是合理的，但我想知道……justifiable['d??stifai?bl]ad可辩解(证明)的,有理的Even then, even then it wouldn’t be? -即使那样，即使那样，也是不合理的？

-No. -不

You don’t think that even with consent it would be morally justified? 你认为即使对方同意，在道德上也是不合理的？

Are there people who think，who want to take up Kathleen’s consent idea and who think that … that would make it morally justified? 有没人能顺着凯思林的同意构想，谁认为这将使其更具有道德上的依据？

Raise your hand if it would, if you think it would. 请举手如果它可以，如果你认为它可以

That’s very interesting. Why would consent make a moral difference? Why would it? Yes. 这非常有趣，为什么同意会令其在道德上显得有些不同？为什么会这样？你来

Well, I just think that if he was making his own original idea, and it was his idea to start with, then that would be the only situation in which I would see it being appropriate in any way because that way you couldn’t make the argument that he was pressured, 嗯，我只是在想如果这是他(帕克)自己的想法，他自己想要那样，那么将是惟一的一种情况，我会视其合理，因为那样你就不能反驳他是被迫的

you know it’s three-to-one or whatever the ratio was… 因为毕竟这是3对1或者比例是… Right. 好

-And I think that if he was making a decision, 而且我想他如果决定

to give his life and he took on the agency, to sacrifice himself which some people might see as admirable and other people might disagree with that decision. 去献出自己的生命当食物，去牺牲自己，有些人

会欣赏，而另外一些人也许会反对这个决定。

Admirable

So if he came up with the idea, that’s the only kind of consent we could have confidence in morally then it would be okay. 也就是说他自己有这个想法，这是唯一一种在道

德上有信心，并被认可的同意。

confidence ['kɑnf?d?ns] n. 信心

Otherwise, it would be kind of coerced consent under the circumstances, you think. 否则，你可以想象，在那种情况下，可能有某种

程度受胁迫的意思，

coerce [k?u'?:s] vt.强制;迫使

Is there anyone who thinks that even the consent of Parker would not justify their killing him? 有没有人认为，即使帕克同意，他们杀死他也是不公正的？

Who thinks that? Yes. Tell us why. Stand up. 谁这样想？你，告诉我们为什么，站起来

I think that Parker would be killed with the hope 我认为帕克是因为抱着可能拯救

that the other crew members would be rescued so there’s no definite 其它船员而被杀的，因此这里并没有确凿的理由