船舶工程专业英语,专业短语
contract plan and specification 合同计划和规范general basic design基本设计
in one way or another 总的来看，从各方面看crew boat 交通船
specialized craft 专业工艺
deck profile 甲板剖面图
plan view 平面图
sections 横剖面图
heat balance 热平衡
steam flow 汽流
additional reading 课外阅读
general consideration总则
common denominator of共同标准
supporting force支承力
comparative factor比较因子
physical nature物理性质
naval vessel海军舰艇
bulbous forefoot球鼻首
a multitude of大量
total system综合系统
without regard to不考虑
optimum performance最佳性能
in an orderly manner井井有条
commercial craft
achieve objective实现目标
display instrument显示仪表
simultaneous execution同时执行
protective systems防护系统
navigation bridge驾驶室
selfsufficient自给自足的
flexible seal 弹性密封圈
directionally stable航向稳定
forward motion 前进运动
dynamic support 动力支持
structural stress 结构应力
a variation of 变化
an adaptation of 改变
configuration of ship design
required freight rate 必要运费率
salvage value残值，一项固定资产经过一定时期使用而磨损和老化后，所剩余的价值
cashflow analysis现金流量分析
acquisiton cost
the economics of 经济
oceanographic research ship海洋调查船
power plant发电站；发电厂；电动装置；发电机
motor power 电机功率
sail power 帆动力
shell plating 船壳板，外板
draw （船）吃（水）
in feet 用英尺表示
take mean of采取
float on an even keel 平浮
height of platform
if any
rudder stock
the after cut up 船艉间断处
ordinates 船体分站
a table of一个表
geometric particulars几何细节
be of interest有兴趣的
frame section
round down甲板降低
profile纵剖面
section横剖面
angular disturbance角扰动
the areas of A up to B
circumscribing rectangle外切矩形rectangular block长方体
bulkhead舱壁
line plan型线图
body section船体横截面，船体分段船体横剖面body plan正视图，横剖面线图
aft of amidships 自船舯向后
sheer profile船体侧面图
buttock纵剖图
as the case may be根据具体情况而定
frame
cross section横剖面
moulded dimensions型尺度
in like manner同理
give particulars of描述
consider假如
each foot of depth of hold
the last quarter of the nineteenth century permanent means of closure
fore and aft纵向地
in regard to
given in a paper by Wilson
the ability of a ship to float
overall stability整体稳性
unless other wise
spoken of as
initial heel
initial incline
initially unstable
upright vertical
tend to
cross section 横剖面
tangential force 次要的力
wall-sided直舷的
list 侧倾
a limited extent有限的程度，某种程度
give rise to引起，导致，造成
elevation and depression of the free surface自由面上升或下降as it would be
what it would be
competing influence
rectangular box矩形盒
dynamic interaction动态交互作用
build into使成为……一部分
planning code设计建造规范
distinct shoulder
more often and earlier往往早于
hold as举行
project from从……突出来，伸出来
in the simplest form
take advantage of the variation
right angle直角
absolute pressure绝对压力
advanced cavitation
fully developed cavitation noise
underwater profile水下部分侧视图
a set course一条设定的路线
in a rough sense粗略地讲
near-universal gear准万向舵机
be turned to变成
located along位于，沿
flanking rudder侧翼舵，倒车舵
more generally
natural frequency固有频率
mass term质量项
coupling耦合
proceeding further
Operation Management and Maintenance 运行管理与维护in an limited sense
partial to nearly 偏近
no further than 比什么不远 ... 远远不如什么
go no further than that
the bulk of大部分
operational attitude作战高度
in common use
stated as表示为
overall stability整体稳性
unless other wise
spoken of as
dispatch vessel
variation变化
a range of propeller r.p.m.一系列螺旋桨转速
self-propulsion point自航点
the correct speed修正速度
follow as等于
on a consistent basis一致的基础上
in particular尤其，特别
in practice实际上，实践中
propeller revolutions螺旋桨转数
as regards关于，在……方面
measured mile测标间距，标柱浬距，船速校验线nautical mile海里
on a course依次
normal to垂直于
wake-adapted propellers适应伴流螺旋桨
model basins模型试验池
prescribed programs规定的程序
in accordance with 与…一致，依照；禀承；秉承；因
or otherwise或相反
EHP 有效马力
more recently最近以来
screw sloop螺杆单桅帆船
3 displacements三种排量
jet engine喷气发动机
jet efflux喷流，射流
imping入射
immediate vicinity紧邻
hydraulic load measuring capsules液压负荷测量舱measured mile distances
bituminous aluminium
a range of一系列；一些；一套
plasitc composition塑料混合物
twin screw双推进器
shaft bossing 轴包套
scaling up 按比例增加；增大比例
lower flange底部凸缘
be subject to 易受…的；惯患…的
work as充当
secondary bending 二次弯曲
loadings 载荷
stores贮存品
shaft strut艉轴架
stern tube 尾轴管
panel平板，面板
shell，plating，floor，plate
floor 地板;肋板;平甲板;海底;台面;箱底
inplane shear 面内剪切
racking load
kingpost主柱,主梁
rigidity 刚性
progressive flooding 连续浸水
applicable load所施加的载荷
frame构架
stringer 纵梁
section modulus剖面模数
moment of inertia转动惯量
edge restraint边缘约束
comprehensive finite-element综合有限元
in addition to除……之外
in conjunction with 与协力
thermal effect 热效应
mathematical techniques数学方法
matrix method矩阵法
in effect 实际上、实质上
numerical methods计算方法
optimum design最佳设计，最优设计，优化设计objective function目标函数
constraint condition约束条件
web frame 强肋骨
numbered panel编号板
fully stressed design 全应力設計
allowable stress 容许应力，许用应力
shear buckling 剪切性屈曲
scantling船体构件尺寸
mechanical fitness
with a view to为了，为的是；目的在于
closing appliances关闭装置
rounded gunwale 修圆的舷边
as of截止，自……起，在……时
associate member附属会员
to date至今，直到今天，到目前为止；迄今pump room 泵房
range from to 在……中变化
steam temperature蒸汽温度，汽温调节
correspondence group信函往来组
governing body主管团体，主管部门，监管组织control over 控制，操控……能力
scantling rules 船材尺度法则
good practice 良好的做法
preservative coating 防腐涂料
full thickness全厚度
panel size 拼板尺寸
lay down安装、建造、铺设
forming operation成形操作
spatial disposition 空间排列
plate keel平板龙骨
sloping margin plate倾斜边板
set with用……修饰……
molded dimension 船舶型尺度
be set to被定在；被设为
stringer纵桁
stringer strake 甲板边板
inner edge 内缘
midships section 舯横剖面
rudder tile舵瓦
frame line肋骨型线
more shape to the shell 船壳板的形状复杂bulb plate 球扁钢
butt weld对接焊接
fillet weld填角焊接
at one level在某种程度上
racking
alignment clock
back-up支持，倒退
visual measurement 目测
abrupt change 突然变化
flat bar扁钢
compensating for a cut
intervening deck中间甲板
watertight envelope水密外壳
conform to遵守，依照，符合，顺应
design practice设计，设计原则
land borne cargo 陆运货物
geometries几何体
in a statistical sense统计意义上
deck wetness 甲板浸湿性
wave-induced load 波浪感生载荷
repeated bending反复弯曲
seagoing vessel 海船，远洋船
in a seaway 在海浪中
away from 远离
a quartering sea尾斜浪
torsional load扭转载荷
compressive stress压应力
tensile stress拉应力
girder梁
cross section横截面；横断面；横剖面；横切面regardless of不管，不顾
fastening连接；连接物；固定
solid mechanics固体力学
essential element要素，（生命）必需元素，主要元素standard configuration 标准设备配备，标准参数，标准配备point load 集中荷载
thermal load 热负荷
inertial load 惯性载荷
with respect to关于，至于，相对于
flexural load 弯曲载荷
strain 应变
shearing load 剪切载荷
combined load复合载荷，组合载荷，合成载荷
applied load外加负载，外施载荷
dead load静载荷，固定负载
repeated load交变载荷
cyclic loading周期荷载，交变载荷
resonant vibration 共振
energy load 能量荷载
ballast压载
set forth阐明，陈述，说明
at intervals不时，时时，相隔一定距离expansion joint 伸缩接头，伸缩缝，伸缩接口essential similarity基本相似
under body 船体水下部分
buffeting action抖振作用
rest at集中
foundation support 基座
electric plant电站电气设备
furnishings 室内陈设，家具
a class ship 甲类船
in component form
moment arms 力臂
deflection挠度
long-favoured
quasi-steady wave 准定长波
detailed plan 详图
dynamic wave load动态波载荷
ample design margin足够的设计余量
quasi-static treatment准静态处理
wave bending
at sea measurement
at sea 茫然，不知所措；在海上
computing resource计算资源
whipping振荡
two noded vibration 双节点振动
wave encounter period 波浪遭遇周期design pratice设计原则
floating plant水上机械设备
offshore structures离岸工程结构物private owner私营业主
be customized to根据要求
shipping line航运公司
transportation agency运输代理
30 trips 30次
on short notice突然，急忙，忽然
an unspecified nature and amount notable exception特例，除外
cargo capacity and handling equipment cargo capacity载货量，载货能力contract design packages合同设计包planning and scheduling（生产）计划安排sheet metal金属薄板，金属片
section分段，部分，单元
part部件，零件
component组件，部件，零件
handling搬运
hull blocks definition船体分段划分
hull blocks船体分段
building site建筑工地，
landing起降
subassemblies组件
whether of不论
launching way下水方式
contractual requirement合同要求
prior to在……之前
craft oriented技术导向的
as such同样地
production technique生产工艺
assembly line装配线，流水线
as late as直到
current practice现行方法
general labor普工
definite commitments明确的承诺management prerogative管理特权
key dates重要的日子
shipway船台
in depth彻底地，深入地
in this connection在这个方面
building yard建筑场地
plan,specification，
machinery installation机械装置
erection unit分段，建造分段
weldment焊接件，焊接结构
ultrasonic testing超声测试，超声波探伤法working plans工作计划
erection procedure安装程序
desired预期的，
the same may be said（发生）同样的情况at best 充其量，至多
standard items标准件，一般物品
rigging fittings 索具配件
off-the-shelf 现成产品
the more standard items
the more complex items
loading instruments 装载检查仪hydrodynamic rudder torque水动力转舵扭矩rudder rate舵角速度
ram pressure速度压头
rudder stock舵杆
joiner work 细木工程
floor covering地板覆层
insulation work绝热工作
owner furnished equipment 船东提供的设备radio equipment 无线电设备
navigational equipment 航行设备
washing machines and dryer洗衣机和烘干机mattresses and linens床垫和床单
galley equipment and dishes厨房设备和餐具spare parts备件
call upon邀请
semi-submersible drilling rigs半潜式钻井平台rigid temperature严格的温度
humidity control湿度控制
intensive training强化训练
develop working plans制定工作图纸purchasing department 采购部
proceed with 继续进行
ordering component parts订购零件
drafting department 绘图室
yard issue 船厂开工任务发布书
the lead time交货时间
cubic体积
be reviewed to审核
prior agreement 事前同意
essential changes本质变化
schematic diagram原理图
scheduling method进度安排法
overall schedule总进度
polaris submarine project北极星潜艇项目inertial guidance惯性制导
have no time significance没有时间意义
a portion of 一部分
spare time空暇时间，业余时间
branching effect分叉效应
work force劳动力
gantt chart 甘特图
multiple bar chart多条形图表accompanying key dates
a time base
a flow of表示“某事物的持续或连续供应”。assembly area组配区，装配区
justification for expenditure经费支出理由
be incorporated into被合并进…中,纳入building sites建筑工地
building basin船台
ground level地平面
is underway正在进行中
float out of 从……漂出来
float out出坞
even more更加，更多，更，还要
portable gate便携式门
seal off 封锁起来
undock 出坞
ballast down into压载到
steel storage 钢料存储
roller conveyor滚筒式输送机
compact plate and shape storage area priming paint底漆
enclosed fabrication shop 封闭式装配车间multiple magnet gantry磁力式龙门吊
bridge crane 桥式起重机，桥式吊车
suction cups吸盘
air suction吸气，抽气
covered area 上盖面积；有盖地方；室内面积in place在适当的位置
magnetic head 磁头
under cover 隐藏着，秘密地，掩护
mirror image映像;翻版;倒影；反像;完全相同之物stiffener angle加筋角钢,
shape mill 型钢轧机
shape型材
rolled shape 轧制钢材
angle butt weld 斜口对接焊缝.，斜对接焊
panel line 平面板线
buffer area 缓冲地区
numerically controlled 数控
rolled shape轧制型材
fabricated shapes加工型材
flat plate panel平板
attaching stiffener加强筋
assemblies组合体
curved surface 曲面
prepared form制备形式
painting facility油漆房
blast and paint facility喷涂设施
installation装置，设施
hydraulic mechanism液压机构
wherever practicable龙门式吊运车
forklift truck叉车
a building basin
waterborne loads水基载荷
in tandem to以串联方式……
lifting capacity 起重能力
right angle直角
outfitting pier 舾装码头
booms吊杆
action principe作用原理
hydraulic jack 液压千斤顶
hydraulic nuts液压螺帽
starting friction起动摩擦
moving friction动摩擦
s heet metal shop板金工场, 钣金车间machine shop机械车间
electrical shop电工车间
chief executive officer首席执行官abor ralations劳务关系
trade worker行业工人
production engineering工艺设计
in some case某些情况下tranportation manufacturing生产运输quality assurance质量保证regulatory agency 管理机构applicable rule 切实可行的规则compliance with budget遵守预算trade skill行业技能
air conditioning equipment 空调设备abrasive blasting 喷砂清理
power tool 动力工具
keel blocks龙骨墩
weld splatter焊瘤
high spot凸起出
burr毛刺
weld slag焊渣
wiring fixture配线装置
electronics mechanic电子技工
worn-out surface 磨损表面
finished panel成品板
janitorial duty勤杂职责
mold loft floor 放样台
auxiliary motor 辅助电动机ordinance equipment mechanic
by means of借助，依靠
spray gun喷漆枪
core box型心盒
welding process焊接方法，焊接过程steam heating 蒸汽加热，蒸汽采暖lubrication systems润滑系统operating engineer施工工程师
fit up装备，装配
block总段
soldering equipment焊接设备
work practice工作实践
naval architectural computation process plan过程设计
numerical control operation数控操作the resulting process
graghics terminal图形终端
from start to finish自始至终coordinate with使与…相配合；接应kinematic study运动学研究
work instruction 工作说明书
with the exception of除……之外programming编程
integrated system 综合系统，集成系统a high priority高级优先
numerical data 数据
scaling laws定标律
sea spectra海浪谱
block plan分段图
hard copy硬拷贝，复制文本
the evaluation of评价
design option设计方案
key plan平面布置总图
transition design过渡设计
work instruction design
attractive design款式新颖，新设计
transfer to调往，移动到
manufacturing facility生产设施，制造设施
production effort生产工作
from system to zone
work instruction design工作任务书设计
design modeling设计模型，设计建模
personnel scheduling 人员配备计划
scale ratio标度比
group thinking群体思维，团体思维
less trained personnel不经过培训的人员
design progress设计进度
checking group 检查组
prospective customer 潜在顾客
required dimension
in conjunction with 与协力, 与…合在一起,连同
with regard to关于；就；说起
logical arrangement合理布置
as opposed to与…对照，与…对比, 和…相反,与…相对比as such同样地
pioneering work创举，开创性工作
product-oriented产品导向
manufacture and construction制造和施工
small lot size小批量
essential elemen t要素
small to medium lot size batches
interim products中间产品
series production 成批生产
in essence 大体上，本质上
production process 生产过程
pipe piece管件
ventilation duct 通风管道，通风管
a crew of 一组人员
spanner wrench 活络扳手
arcwelder弧焊机，电焊机
essential concept基本概念
a group of一组
piece part零件
functional systems功能系统
turret lache六角车床
an essential part 必不可少的一个组成部分
be comparable to 和…相当；犹如；可比作work package 工作包
established criteria建立的标准
linnean hierarchical taxonomy 林式等级式分类学mutually exclusive 互相排斥
mechanical engineer 机械工程师
general application一般应用
families of parts角色的族
work process 工作过程
shaped parts成型配件
extrusion or casting挤压成型和铸造
play card 玩扑克牌
bridge player桥牌手
in line with 跟…一致；符合
particular business特定业务
purchasing agent采购员
supplemental characteristics辅助特征
passing interest一时的兴趣
academic interest 学术界
code character编码字符
in the absence of 缺乏…的情况下
letter character字母符号
numbering system 编号系统
source of来源
cost driver 作业成本发生因素,成本动因accounting and production control核算与生产控制functional ship sysytem
be oriented to面向
in an open field旷野中
interface with(使)(与…)相互联系
work order工令，工作通知单
common practice惯例，通常做法
prime candidate首选
a long time frame长时间的构架
borrowed budget借来的预算
pyramid club金字塔俱乐部
bring into line 使排齐，使一致；协和
various efficiencies效率及其变化规律
account for说明
expended cost花费的成本
in excess of超过
schedule规程
go on and on
in the rankings of
the June quarter六月季度
order book订单
confirmed order确认的订单
dwt（deadweight tons）总载重吨位
专业英语(土木工程路桥方向)李嘉第三版翻译中英对照
Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通运 输系统 Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facilities and control systems: these operate according to established procedures and schedules in the air, on land, and on water. The system also requires interaction with the user, the operator and the environment. The systems that are in place reflect the multitude of decisions made by shippers, carriers, government, individual travelers, and affected nonusers concerning the investment in or the use of transportation. The transportation system that has evolved has produced a variety of modes that complement each other. 在发达国家，交通运输系统由网状结构组成的模式已经发展了好 多年。这个系统由交通工具、轨道、站场设施和控制系统组成。这些依照空中、陆上和水上已制定的程序和计划运转。这个系统也需要和用户、司机和环境互动。现在的运输体系可以反映出与投资和使用有关的多方决定，包括运输业主、承运商、政府、每个出行者以及受影响的非使用者等。逐步发展的交通运输系统形成了各种互补模式。 The U. S. transportation system today is a highly developed, complex network of modes and facilities that furnishes shippers and travelers with a wide range of choices in terms of services provided. Each mode offers a unique set of service characteristics in terms of travel time, frequency, comfort, reliability, convenience and safety. The term level of service is used to describe the relative values of these attributes. The traveler or shipper must compare the level of service offered with the cost in order to make tradeoffs and mode selection. Furthermore, a shipper or traveler can decide to use a public carrier or to use private (or personal) transportation. For example, a manufacturer can ship goods
路桥工程专业英语赵永平第五课翻译
南昌大学 第五课 Traffic Engineering Introduction交通工程学概论 A.Text: Traffic Engineering Basics B.Reading Material: Highway Capacity Text Traffic Engineering Basics 1 Prediction of Traffic V olume Growth交通量增长预测 Traffic volume growth may be predicted using a number of methods but the two primary ones are the use of the ARTS long-range plan and manual methods. The ARTS plan may be used to establish average daily traffic volumes for streets within a study area for a future year as predicted by the ARTS model. This data can be used to develop a factor to apply to existing traffic counts to predict future-year traffic volumes. 使用了一些方法，可以预测交通量的增长，但两个主要的是远距离的艺术计划和手动的方法使用。艺术计划可能被用来建立一个研究区域内的街道由艺术模型预测未来一年的平均日均车流量。这些数据可以被用来开发适用于现有的交通计数的一个因素来预测未来年的交通量。 Manual extrapolation of existing data using growth factors may be available from the City, or the consultant may need to develop them. Growth factors may be and can be representative of a number of algebraic trends. Among these are the straight-line, exponential, and decaying-rate exponential trends. For a good discussion of these trend methods, see the Trip Forecasting Manual published by the Florida Department of Transportation. Generally, manual extrapolation of turning movement counts will not be accepted for periods of time exceeding five years. 手动现有数据推算，使用生长因子可能是从化市或顾问可能需要开发它们。生长因子可能是可以代表一些代数趋势。其中有直线，指数，腐烂率指数趋势。对于这些趋势的方法商量好了，看到的旅程预测佛罗里达运输部公布的手册。一般来说，手动外推转动计数将不被接受的时间周期超过五年。 2 Trip Generation Estimation 2出行生成估计 Trip generation may be estimated using the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation. An accompanying publication, the Trip Generation Handbook provides additional information on how to use Trip Generation and how to apply adjustments such as pass-by trips.
考研英语常用100个短语
面对英语阅读中出现的纷乱的短语和词组，有没有在为不识短语而感到苦恼呢？考研英语考试中出现频率较高的100个短语，赶快背一下吧，作文也能用到哦~ 1、abide by 忠于;遵守。 2、be absent from缺席，不在 3、absence or mind 心不在焉 4、absorb 吸引的注意力: be absorbed in全神贯注于近: be engrossed in; be lost in; be rapt in; be concentrated on; be focused on; be centered on 5、 abundant in 富于,富有 6、access to 能接近,进入,了解 7、by accident 偶然地,意外 Without accident 安全地, 8、of one's own accord 自愿地,主动地
9、in accord with与一致、 out of one's accord with同?不一致 10、with one accord 一致地 11、in accordance with 依照,根据 12、on one's own account 1）为了某人的缘故,为了某人自己的利益；2）自行负责；3）依靠自己；on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也不; of account 有?重要性 13、takeinto account 把?考虑进去 14、give sb an account of说明,解释 15、account for 解释,说明 16、on account of 由于,因为 17、on no account 绝不要,无论如何不要
道桥专业英语1、2、4、5课
Lesson 1 Careers in Civil Engineering (土木工程中的各种业务) 土木工程是一个意味着工程师必须要经过专门的大学教育的职业。许多政府管辖部门还有（一套）认证程序，这一程序要求工科毕业生在他们能积极地开始（从事）他们的事业之前，通过（认证）考试, 这种考试类似于律师职业里的律师考试一样。 大学里, 工科课程中着重强调数学、物理, 和化学,尤其在开始的二到三年。在工科所有分支中，数学非常重要, 因此它被着重地强调。今天, 数学包括统计学中的课程主要涉及集合, 分类, 和使用数字数据, 或信息。统计数学的一个重要方面是概率, 它涉及当有改变问题的结果的不同的因素, 或变量时，可能会发生什么。例如，在承担桥梁的建设之前, 运用统计研究来预计未来桥梁期望承受的交通量. 在桥梁的设计中，(各种)变量如作用在基础上的水压, 碰撞, 不同的风力的作用, 以及许多其它因素必须考虑。 由于在解决这些问题涉及大量的计算, 现在几乎所有工科课程中都包括计算机编程。当然,计算机能比人类以更快的速度和准确性解决许多问题。但如果不给计算机清楚和准确指令和信息，换句话说，一个好程序，它也是无用的。 虽然，在工科课程中，对技术科目着重强调，但当前的趋势还是要求学生学习社会科学和语言艺术的课程。工程和社会间的关系变得更加紧密; 因此,再一次充分说明, 工程师负责（承担）的工程在许多不同和重要的方面影响社会,这些方面是他们所知道的。并且，工程师需要一种很肯定（自信）语言表达方式来准备报告，这个报告要清楚明了，且在多数情况下, 是令人信服的。参与研究的工程师要能为科学出版物详细描述他们的发现。 最后两年的工科课程计划包括学生专业领域的学科。为准备使学生成为一名土木工程师, 这些专业课程可能会涉及诸如大地测量、土力学，或水力学。 学生在大学中的最后一年前常常就开始了频繁的工程师招聘。近年来，许多不同的公司和政府机构为争夺工程师而竞争。在今天这个重视科学技术的社会，受过技术训练的人当然是受欢迎的。年轻工程师也许选择进入环境或卫生工程领域工作, 例如, 在环境问题方面创造的许多机会; 或他们也许选择专门的高速公路工程的建筑公司; 或他们也许喜欢与政府机构当中处理水资源的机构之一共事。的确, 选择很多且多样。 当年轻工程师最后开始了真正的实践, 必须要运用到大学中学到的理论知识。最初，他或她可能会被分配到与工程队合作。从而, 他们会得到在职的培训，这个培训将向管理人员证明他们将理论转化为实践的能力。 土木工程师可能在研究、设计、施工管理、养护或者甚至销售或管理单位工作。每一个工作领域都涉及不同的职责，不同的着重点以及运用不同的工程理论和经验。 研究是科学和工程实践的当中最重要的一个方面。研究员通常作为一个团队
化学化工专业英语(课本内容)
第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法（Conversion） 由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。例如： water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干） slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车） square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法（Derivation） 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2．3合成法（Composition） 由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2．4压缩法（Shortening） (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。
英语专业八级短语
英语专业八级 1. abide by(=be faithful to ; obey)忠于；遵守。 2. be absent from…. 缺席，不在 3. absence or mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 4. absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态):be absorbed in 全神贯注于…近:be engrossed in ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on ; be focused on ; be centered on 5. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于,富有 6. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近,进入,了解 7. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地, 8. of one’s own accor d(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地,主动地 9. in accord with 与…一致/ out of one’s accord with 同….不一致 10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 11. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照,根据 12. on one’s own account 1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益 2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责 3) (=by oneself)依靠自己 on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性. 13. take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去 14. give sb. an account of 说明, 解释(理由) 15. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明. 16. on account of (=because of) 由于,因为. 17. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装) 18. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告 19. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于. 20. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially) 熟悉 21. act on 奉行,按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理 22. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于 23. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable fo r a new need) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要) 24. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之 25. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外 26. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 坚持, 遵循 27. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的, 临近的 28. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应; 29. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能，留有…的余地. 30. in advance (before in time) 预告, 事先. 31. to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地.
道桥专业英语翻译
1 桥梁是人类征服宇宙空间的伟大象征。徐徐落日下太平洋中金门大桥金色的桁架线条或者加拉比高架桥高耸深谷的弧线总让人心中充满惊叹和对建造者的建筑艺术的崇敬。它们是人们排除所有障碍，追求更美好、更自由的世界的永久印证。它们的设计和施工方案构思如梦如幻。但仅有梦想和决心还不够。所有的自然界的外力和重力必须用数学精确表述，并运用恰当的材料以合适的方式来承受。这需要艺术家的灵感和工匠的巧妙技术。 2 关于材料和结构行为的科学知识得到了极大的扩展，计算技术也能够很快地处理不同领域的复杂理论。在过去的十年中，工程师实际上已在桥梁设计和施工方法上进行了彻底革新。这种进步适用于大、中、小跨度的桥梁。 3 对于永久性桥梁，常用的建材是钢材和混凝土。许多不同类型的桥梁均用这些材料（或单独使用或结合使用）建成，木材可应用于临时性的水上结构，水面线以下的构件（尤其是木桩）或次要公路上的短跨桥梁结构中。在美国也建造了一些小跨试验性铝桥。 4 桥梁的组成可以说主要由上部结构和下部结构组成。这种划分主要是为了方便。在很多桥梁中，根本不存在明显的分界线。 5 下部结构主要由桥台（通常在桥梁的端部）和桥墩（在桥台中间）组成。桥墩和桥台通常支承在独立修建的基础上，例如：混凝土扩大基础或群桩基础。基础也是下部结构的一部分。偶尔桥梁结构中也采用桩柱（排架）式基础，此时桩延伸到水面线以上，在顶端做桩帽，上部结构则直接支承在其上。这些桩排通常采用相同的形式作为又长又低的水上跨接的一部分。 6 近年来，大、中、小跨桥梁的分界线一定程度上不像先前那样明显了。目前，许多工程师认为跨度在20至100英尺（6.1到30.5米）的桥梁是小桥，而且对此类跨度的桥梁也已开发了很多标准设计，使设计更经济。在现代桥梁工程实践中，中桥的跨度最高可达400英尺（121.9米），具体划分标准与具体结构和材料有关。大跨桥梁的跨度则可达到4000英尺（1219.2米）或更大，但净跨度超过1000英尺（304.8米）的桥梁较少见。 7 桥梁也可分为上承式和下承式两种类型。在上承式桥梁中，线路在支承结构的上面，也就是说，上部结构的承载构件在线路的下面。在下承式桥梁中，如下承式钢桁梁桥，线路穿过上部结构的构件。上承式的桥梁占大多数：它们外观整洁，视野开阔，远期交通加宽容易实现。 8 小跨混凝土桥梁包括现浇钢筋混凝土T梁桥（或板）、单跨预应力梁桥（包括预制预应力工字形梁或箱梁及现浇桥面板）和现浇箱梁。 9 中等跨度和大跨度桥梁的设计总是力求最佳地适应当地条件，结果形成了种类繁多的桥梁，它们或在基本设计原则或在设计细节上相区别。 10 以下几段中对钢桥的一般分类作简要介绍。 11 梁桥基本分为两类：板梁桥和箱梁桥。板梁桥在美国常用于中等跨度的桥梁，通常是连续结构，在墩处梁最高而跨中最小。板梁桥通常采用工字形截面。以线形布置以支承纵梁、横梁和通常现浇的混凝土面板。主梁在工厂预制时采用焊接，现场连接多采用高强螺栓。焊接钢箱梁和钢板梁类似，只是断面形式不同。 12 偶尔也采用刚架桥，通常用于跨度在75～1000英尺（22.9到30.5米）的情况，也用于立交桥。 13 在不能设中间墩且有较好的岩石支承拱座处很大的推力时，可采用大跨度拱桥。拱桥的一个变种是系杆拱桥，在此结构中，支承路面的水平系杆承受了拱中的水平推力。 14 斜拉桥通常用于200～500米的跨度，它是处于连续箱梁桥和悬索桥之间的过渡桥型。在桥面上方设置缆索，与索塔相连，则可不设中间墩，因而增加跨度，便于通航。因为斜拉索的阻尼效应，斜拉桥与悬索桥相比，不易产生风激振荡。 15 悬索桥通常用于很大跨径的桥梁或用于不能修建中间墩的小跨桥梁。韦拉扎诺桥就是一例，它建成于1964年，造价3.05亿美元的，跨度4260英尺（1298.5米），跨越纽约港的入海口，连接斯塔腾岛和布鲁克林区。混凝土桥几乎和钢桥一样多种多样。
路桥工程专业英语第二课
第二课 沥青及沥青混合料 Asphalt $ Mix Asphalt Text: Asphalt &Asphalt Paving Materials 1Asphalt Defined The black cementing agent known as asphalt has been used for road construction for centuries. Although there are natural deposits of asphalt , or rock asphalt , most used today is produced during the refining of crude oil. Asphalt is a constituent of most petroleums and is isolated through the refining process. Asphalt is called a bituminous material because it contains bitumen, a hydrocarbon material soluble in carbon disulfate. The tar obtained from the destructive distillation of soft coal also contains bitumen. Both petroleum asphalt and coal tar are referred to as bituminous materials. Because their properties differ greatly , petroleum asphalt should not be confused with coal tar . Petroleum asphalt is composed almost entirely of bitumen while the bitumen content in coal tar is relatively low. The two materials should be treated as separate entities. One of the characteristics and advantages of asphalt as an engineering construction and maintenance materials is its versatility. Although a semi-solid at ordinary temperratures , asphalt may be liquefied by applying heat, dissolving it in solvents, or emulsifying it. Asphalt is a strong cement that is readily adhesive and highly waterproof and durable, making it particularly useful in road building. It is also highly resistant to the actions of most acids, alkalis, and salts. 1.1Asphalt Binder Asphalt is produced in a variety of types and grades ranging from hard-brittle solids to near water-thin liquids. The semi-solid form known as asphalt binder is the basic material used in Hot-Mix Asphalt(HMA) pavements. Liquid asphalt is produced when asphalt binder is blended or “cut back” with petroleum distillates or emulsified with water and an emulsifying agent. At ambient air temperatures, asphalit binder is a black, sticky , highly viscous material. It is a strong and durable binder with excellent adhesive and waterproofing characteristics. Applying heat, which facilitates mixing with mineral aggregates to produce HMA , can readily liquefy asphalt binders. The largest use of asphalt binder is for HMA . After compacting and cooling to air temperature, HMA is a very strong material with the ability to sustain heavy traffic loads while remaining flexible enough to withstand ambient environmental conditions and stress. Over 96 percent of the hard-surfaced roads in the United States are paved using HMA. 1.2 Emulsified Asphalts Emulsified asphalts(also known as emulsions) are low-viscosity mixtures of tiny asphalt binder droplets, water and emulsifying agents. The emulsifying agent coats the surfaces of the asphalt droplets and keeps them suspended in the water prior to application. After application, the asphalt emulsion breaks and the water separates and evaporates. Emulsions are brownish in color during application, but after breaking, the asphalt binder returns to its original black color. Emulsions are used for a Tack Coat between subsequent layers of HMA to aid in binding the
道路勘测设计 专业英语常用词汇和短语
道路勘测设计专业英语词汇与短语表 第一章绪论 道路road 公路highway 城市道路city road；urban road 厂矿道路factories and mines road 林区道路forest road 乡村道路country road 车辆换算系数vehicle conversion factor 城间道路interurban road 城市出入口公路city approach highway 道路工程road engineering 丝绸之路the silk road 道路网road metwork 道路(网)密度density of road network 道路技术标准technical standard of road 设计车辆design vehicle 特种车辆special vehicle 计算行车速度(设计车速) design speed 道路建筑限界boundary line of road construction 道路用地范围right of way 净空clearance 等级道路classified road 辅道relief road 高速公路free way；motorway 部分控制进入partial control of access 等级公路classified highway 等外公路substandard highway
干线公路arterial highway 支线公路feeder highway 国家干线公路(国道) natilnal trunk highway 省干线公路(省道) provincial trunk highway 县公路(县道) county road 乡公路(乡道) township road (county road) 绕行公路bypass 公路自然区划clinatic zoning for highway (城市)快速路expressway (城市)主干路arterial road (城市)次干路secondary trunk road (城市)支路branch road 街道street 郊区道路suburban road 居住区道路residential street 工业区道路industial district road 厂外道路ractory-out road 厂内道路factory-in road (厂内)主干道arterial road (厂内)次干道secondary trunk road (厂内)支道branch road 露天矿山道路opencast mine road 生产干线prductive arterial road 生产支线productive branch road 联络线linking-up road 林区公路fores thighway 运材道路haul road 集材道路skid road 护林防火道路protection forest fire-proof road
桥梁专业英语
A2C01: Committee on General Structures Chairman: Donald J. Flemming Bridge Engineering R AMANKUTTY K ANNANKUTTY, City of Minneapolis Department of Public Works D ONALD J. F LEMMING, Minnesota Department of Transportation The scope of the Transportation Research Board’s (TRBs) Committee on General Structures includes factors affecting the physical behavior, service life, economy, appearance, and safety of bridges and structures for transportation systems, and accounting for these factors and their interactions in design procedures and criteria. During the 20th century the United States has essentially created the safest, most efficient, and most effective highway and intermodal transportation network in the world. The challenge for the new millennium will be to further enhance this transportation network. In this paper the status of bridge engineering at the end of the 20th century in the area of general transportation structures is summarized. The focus is on bridge structure types, design aspects, new materials, aesthetic concerns, and key policy issues. An attempt is made to forecast the status of bridge engineering 20 to 30 years into the next millennium; the paper is written as though these forecasts will become a reality. BRIDGE STRUCTURE TYPES Structure types have been evolving throughout history. The evolution will continue into the future, perhaps at an accelerated rate. The driving forces behind continued advances in bridge engineering are traffic congestion and costs. In the future, just as now, the public will expect few traffic delays, if any. They will want transportation costs to be as low as possible. Computer technology will enhance traffic management so well that the public will become accustomed to flowing traffic and more aware of congestion locations. Disruptions from construction will be more obvious and even less tolerated. Given these conditions, structural types will be selected primarily on the basis of speed of construction to minimize traffic delays. Low maintenance will be a must, and the ability to widen a structure easily and quickly will be a priority in selecting a structure type. Safety and aesthetics will continue to play major roles in the selection of structure types. Keeping substructures out of the roadway clear zone will dictate longer span lengths and will keep the engineering community striving for optimal spans. Input from the public will grow to such a level that interactive design programs will become a necessity. Computer programs that automatically prepare detailed plans incorporating changes at the touch of a button will allow the public to modify or add aesthetic details right up to the point that construction begins.
路桥工程专业外语课文
●一Unit 1 Highway Introduction ● 1. History The first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to whom the ability to move quickly from one part of the Europe to another was important for military and civil reasons. Roman roads are characterized by their linearity and, in popular perception, by their durability. A good alignment was sought since this provides the most direct route and since the risk of ambush in hostile territory is reduced. It was for this reason that the surface of the road was often elevated a meter or more above the local ground level – to provide a clear view of the surrounding country; hence the modern term “highway”. The durability of such pavement is less absolute but nevertheless well exceeds anything achieved for many centuries after the fall of the Empire. During the Dark Ages – and indeed well after that – no serious attempt was made in the UK to either maintain or replace the Roman road network, which consequently deteriorated. By the end of the Middle Ages there was in practice no road system in the country. Such routes as existed were unpaved tracks, swampy and impassable for most of the year and dusty and impassable for the remainder. Diversions around particularly poor lengths of road, private land or difficult topography had resulted in sinuous alignments. The general lawlessness combined with these characteristics to discourage all but the most determined travelers. The first small change in this state of affairs was brought about by an Act of 1555 which imposed a duty on each parish to maintain its roads and to provide a Surveyor of Highways. As this post was unpaid and under-resourced, and as the technical skills did not exist to match the task in hand, the obvious expectation that the post of Surveyor was unpopular and ineffective is generally correct. ● 2. Aim of highway engineering Roads provide a key element of the infrastructure whoes function is to promote economic activity and improve the standard of living of the population. Highway engineering is concerned with the best use of resources to ensure that a suitable network is provided to satisfy this need of an economically sophisticated society. Originally roads were little more than tracks across the countryside and were hard, dry and dusty in summer and sodden and impassable in winter. The practice arose, initially in towns, of paving the surface of the road with resilient naturally occurring materials such as stone flags, and such a surface became known as a pavement. Today this term is applied to any surface intended for traffic and where the native soil has been protected from the harmful effects of that traffic by providing an overlay of imported or treated material. The purpose of providing this protection is to enable traffic to move more easily – and therefore more cheaply or quickly – along the road. ● 3. Highway types A freeway, as defined by statute, is a highway in respect to which the owners of abutting lands have no right or easement of access to or from their abutting lands or in respect to which such owners have only limited or restricted right or easement of access. This statutory definition also includes expressway. The engineering definitions for use in this