英语阅读期中考试答案
Answers
Part I Reading in Depth
Passage 1
【全文翻译】
欧洲南部的妇女在10和11世纪时享有较高的社会地位，这并未获得广泛认识。作为一个妻子，女性的地位受到其嫁妆的保护。诚然，嫁妆最初的目的是防止女性被抛弃;但是，它在当时家庭和社会现实生活中起着更重要的作用。妻子的嫁妆使她有权获得其丈夫十分之一的财物。妻子有权利拒绝丈夫所做的任何交易，但这不仅仅只是一项权利而已;文件表明她与丈夫一样平等地享有真正的决定权。文件没有表明丈夫和妻子在法律地位上有任何差别。
妻子享有管理丈夫私人财产的权利，但是反之则不然。如果丈夫要越权侵犯她们的利益，女性们会时刻准备着捍卫自己的利益，有时她们还会表现出一种坚强的斗争精神。Maria Vivas就是一个典型的例子。为了家庭的需要，她同意其丈夫Miro出售一块属于她的土地，但是她坚持要求获得补偿。但是丈夫没有给她提供补偿，于是她把丈夫拖到一个文书处，起草了一份合同，成功地把他丈夫的一块私人土地划归自己。正如合同所写的，“为了和平”，这个不幸的丈夫不得不同意。要么借助嫁妆，要么通过发脾气，妻子知道如何在家庭中为自己赢得强大的经济地位。
1. 【解析】[C]推断题。本文介绍了欧洲南部10和11世纪嫁妆对女性在婚姻中地位的重要性。虽然嫁妆最初的目的是防止女性被抛弃，但实际上它的作用远远不止于此。它使妻子在婚姻中的地位与丈夫平等，并保障了妻子的经济利益。女性在维护自己的利益上，是很坚定果敢的，Maria Vivas就是一个例子。见第一段第三句，“Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against the risk of desertion.。.”，虽然在实际生活中嫁妆有更重要的作用，但最初它的作用只是为了防范女性被丈夫抛弃，所以C为正确答案。
2.【解析】[D]细节题。根据本文，妻子在婚姻中的法律地位和丈夫是平等的。见第一段最后一句，“In no case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife”文件中并没有表明丈夫和妻子在法律地位上有任何的差别，也就是说他们的地位是平等的，所以D为正确答案。
3.【解析】[B]推断题。作者举Maria Vivas的事例，是为了说明妻子是能够捍卫自己的利益的。见第二段第二句，“Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own inheritance...they showed a fine fighting spirit。”如果丈夫要侵占自己的利益，女性们就时刻准备着捍卫自己的利益，有时她们还表现出很强的斗争精神。接下来作者就举了Maria Vivas的例子，说明女性是有能力捍卫自己的利益的。所以B为正确答案。
4.【解析】[A]细节题。Maria Vivas得到的一份作为补偿的土地，本来
是属于Miro的个人财产。见第二段第五句，
“None being offered, she succeeded in... assigning her a piece of land from Miro s personal inheritance”由此知A为正确答案。
5.【解析】[D]推断题。作者对Maria Vivas所持的态度是客观的。作者客观地介绍了Maria Vivas的事例，并没有表示出同情、不满或者是漠不关心，所以A、B、C都是错误答案。
Passage 2
【全文翻译】
社会学家认为，有几种不同的方法可以使人成为某个社会群体公认的领导者。在家庭生活中，传统的文化模式赋予父母一方或者双方领导的地位。在其他情况下，比如友谊团体，尽管没有正式的选举程序，一个或更多的人会逐渐地成为领导。在比较大的群体中，领导者通常是通过正式的选举或招募的形式产生的。
虽然通常认为领导具有人不同寻常的个人能力，数十年的研究未能找出可靠的证据来证明那些人是“天生的领导者”。看起来似乎没有所有的领导都具有的固定的个人品格;相反，只要具有适合某个特别群体所需要的品质，几乎任何人都可以成为其领导。
研究表明，通常不同的人会充当两种不同的领导角色。指导型领导注重社会群体目标的实现。群体成员期望指导型领导人“把事情搞定”。另一方面，表现型领导则强调社会群体成员的集体幸福。表现型领导并不侧重于群体目标的实现，而是注重为群体成员提供情感支持，并尽力减少内部的紧张和纷争。
指导型领导与其他的群体成员之间的关系可能是相当次要的。他们可能会约束阻止实现群体目标的成员的行为。表现型领导则与群体其他成员之间建立了一种更私人的或者相当重要的关系。当有人经历过困难时，他们表示同情，并设法解决危及群体分裂的问题。正如这两种不同角色所表明的那样：表现型领导一般会从群体成员那里获得更多的个人感情;而指导型领导，如果他们能成功地实现群体的目标，可能会获得更广泛的尊重。
6.【解析】[D]主旨题。本篇主要讨论不同的领导者(如instrumental leaders 以及expressive leaders)在不同的社会群体中所充当的角色和发挥的功能。所以D 为正确答案。A、B、C选项都不能正确概括本文主旨。
7.【解析】[C]细节题。A选项的招募(recruitment)和B选项选举程序(election process)都在第一段中作为大群体的领导者产生的方式被明确提到。D选项也在第一段中作为家庭领导者的产生的方式被明确提到。只有C选项没有作为产生领导者的一种方式在本文中被提及。
8.【解析】[A]推断题。A选项意思是：某一特定群体的有效领导者，不一定就可以成为另一群体的有效领导者。这正好与第二段的意思相吻合，即领导者没有一个固定的特点，只是符合了一个特定群体需要的人就有可能成为该群体的领导者(It seems...virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group)。B选项和C选项的意思与本文无关。D选项意为：许多人想成为领导者，但却很少能拿出证据来证明他们具有这样的资格。显然是对文章意思的曲解。
9.【解析】[B]细节题。第二段中“...decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of ‘natural leaders’”意思是说数十年来的研究并不能找出可靠证据来证明哪些人可以成为“天生领导者”，与B项意思一致。
10.【解析】[D]细节题。第三、四段主要讲了两种类型的领导者的区别。其中instrumental leader侧重于群体目标的实现，而expressive leader相对于前者并不侧重于群体目标的实现，而是注重为群体成员提供情感支持，并尽力减少内部纷争。(Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them。)
Passage 3
11. C 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. B
Passage 4
16. A 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. A
Passage 5
21. 参考答案: A 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 主旨推理题。综观全文，尤其从第一段第三、四、五句，“Modern ingenuity has changed this，For the present，it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger，but…，offer an even greater threat．”可知作者认为战争作为一种古老的社会产物，在现代只是被人们作了更精巧的改变，但威胁性更强。因此，A选项为正确答案。而B和C选项都与文意不符。D选项本身不合常理。
22. 参考答案: A 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 细节推理题。从文章第一段"To do this"前面一句可以知道"this"的内容指的是“…succeeded in abolishing war．”。
23. 参考答案: B 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 细节理解题。从文章第二段第二句中“a big error…doubtful，and at worst，totally false．”可以推出作者对战争的态度就是B选项的内容。C 和D选项正与此相反。
24. 参考答案: D 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 作者态度题。从第一段中"Either Man will abolish war，or war will abolish Man．It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war．”可知作者认为现代社会应彻底取消战争的存在。A和B选项不符合文意。C选项
与正确答案都相反。因此，D选项为正确答案。
25. 参考答案: B 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 细节推理题。文章最后一段中"that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory．”可知人们已经意识到战争与人类社会之间存在着互相排斥的关系。所以B选项为正确答案。A选项不符合文意，C选项未在文中被提及。D选项不符合文章大意。Passage 6
26. 参考答案: B 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 细节理解题。根据题干到原文第一段定位。“In doing so…”其实指代的正是"many colleges have tried to be all things to all people"，而这样做的后果就是：大学越来越迎合一种狭隘的职业培训至上的观点，而没有能够开阔学生的眼界。可见高校开设很多课让学生选修，其首要目的在技术培训，以迎合就业，而非灌输基本知识。
27. 参考答案: B 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 细节理解题。此题需要联系上下文进行思考。在这里要特别注意分号的使用，它表示前后两分句的意思一致或互为补充说明。因此作者说"the work has no context”，是因为学校将技术培训视为目的而非手段，显然作者是持反对态度的。而选项B表达的就是“作者认为高等教育中视技术培训为目的的做法是错误的”。A项内容没有提及。C和D项都是作者提倡的。
28. 参考答案: A 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 要点归纳题。首先要清楚这里的危机是指：“they have increasingly catered to a narrow-minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students”，并且"vocationalism"和"careerism"意思都为“职业提倡”的意思。
29. 参考答案: D 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 要点归纳题。此题是考查因果关系的，根据题干可知相关内容在第二段。联系上下文可发现"Teaching is important，we are told，and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most"即是造成这种结果的原因。而选项D的表述与之相符合。
30. 参考答案: B 题目分值: 1.0 分您的答案: 得分: 0.0
详细解答: 推理题。本题需结合第二段内容加以推理。第二段主要从教师队伍这一角度谈教学质量，并在段首就明确指出"the key to a good college is a high quality faculty"，而后接着又谈到目前的教师并不重视教学，由此可推断只有B 的表述与原文接近。
Part II Cloze
1. O
2. D
3. M
4. L
5. I
6. E
7. K
8. A
9. B 10. J
Part III Fast Reading
1. 答案:(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2行:Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and
persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)
2. 答案:expensive. (第1段第4行: Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)
3. 答案:impulse buying. (第2段第1句:At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)
4. 答案:other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2句:Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)
5. 答案:screen. (第3段第4行:As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.)
6. 答案:discounts. (第4段第第1句:Mr Usmani's "swarm-moves" model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)
7. social influence
8. Online retailers
9. 答案:NO. (第4段第3、4句:The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd, and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语"get under way"的意思是"开始进行",在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)
10. 答案:NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)
11. 答案:YES。(第5段第3句:The reseachers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded, they followed the crowd.)
12. 答案:NO。(第5段最后两句:When the songs are not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced的词义是"显着的、明显的")
13. 答案:YES。(第6段第1句:In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)
14. 答案:YES。(最后一段最后一句:Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm. home应该算是everyday life的一部分)
最新小升初英语阅读理解及答案
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【英语】中考英语阅读理解经典题型带答案 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．根据短文理解，选择正确答案。 A Some people think only school children do not agree with their parents, however, it is not true. Communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. If it's hard for you to communicate with your parents, don't worry about it. Here are some suggestions for you to bridge generation gap（代沟）. Don't argue with your parents. Don't get to your parents when you are angry. Your parents probably won't consider your ideas if you are shouting at them You can't express（表达）yourself well if you are angry. Go to some place to cool off. Make sure you understand why you are unhappy. Then think about what you want to say to your parents. If you don't think you can speak to them at the moment, try writing a letter. Try to reach a compromise （和解）. Perhaps you and your parents disagree（有分歧） on something. You can keep your disagreement and try your best to accept each other. Michael's mother didn't agree with him about buying a car. They argued over it, but finally they came to a compromise. Michael bought the car, but only drove it on certain days. Of course your parents might refuse to compromise on something. In these situations, it is especially important to show love and respect （尊敬） to them. Showing respect will keep your relationship strong. Talk about your values. The values of your parents are probably different from those of your own. Tell your parents what you care about, and why. Understanding your values might help them see your purposes in life. A good relationship with your parents can make you a better and happier person. It is worth having a try. （1）From the passage we know_______ have a communication problem. A. parents and children of all ages B. children and other people C. parents and their school children D. teachers and their students （2）How many pieces of advice does the writer give us to bridge the generation gap? A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2 （3）The underlined phrase "cool off" in the passage means_______. A. make yourself happy B. make yourself quiet and relaxed C. become angry D. go away （4）If the values of your parents are different from those of yours, you'd better_______. A. argue with them B. keep away from them
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