(超详细答案)综合学术英语教程2 答案 上海交通大学出版

综合学术英语教程2 答案

Unit 1 Multidisciplinary Education

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to become

experts in their field of interest.

2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with people

from a diverse set of disciplines.

3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach.

4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who are

interdisciplinary problem solvers.

2. 1) f2) d3) a4) e5) g6) m7) j8) k9) l10) i11) b12) h13) c

4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach

(6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment

6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies.

2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinary

studies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers.

3) Open.

4) Open.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy,

ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc.

2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT.

3) Names of intellectual giants.

4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner and

architect.

4.Set 1: 1) c2) e3) d4) h5) a6) g7) f8) b

Set 2: 1) e2) a3) h4) b5) c6) f7) d8) g

5.(b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D

(f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A

6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard in

design.

2) First was da Vinci’s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ields

of knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci’s character was his respect for and fascination with nature. The third quality of da Vinci’s character was an enthusiastic demand for

hands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real

world.

3)“There is a good chance that you will never again live and work in a community with as many

different cultures and backgrounds as MIT.”(Para. F)

4) Because by doing so, the students can engage themselves in new intellectual adventures so as to use their time at MIT to its fullest potential.

5) It means that “They took the initiative to search for the deepest answers, instead of sitting back and letting things happen to them.”

7. Set 1: 1) h2) d3) a4) g5) f6) e7) b8) c

Set 2: 1) c2) g3) d4) a5) h6) f7) e8) b

8. 1) She wanted to describe for the new students three of his characteristics that particularly f it

with the value of MIT.

2) Because by doing so, the students can encounter the most stimulating minds and inspiring

role models, experience a life in a community with diversif ied cultures and backgrounds and participate in various new intellectual adventures, so that they can get the most out of their MIT education.

3) The three of Da Vinci’s characteristics will be the heritage of MIT to be inherited by the

students. She hoped that the new students would follow Da Vinci as well as a great many extraordinary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest potential.

4) Multidisciplinary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries in

order to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives.

9. 1) Human ingenuity will never devise any inventions more beautiful, nor more simple, nor more

to the purpose than Nature does. (Para. A)

2) For Da Vinci, the simplicity he appreciated in Nature became his ultimate standard in design.

(Para. B)

3) Be as determined in your curiosity as Leonardo da Vinci —and you will use your time at

MIT to its fullest potential. (Para. F)

4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passionate engagement with the most important

problems of the world. (Para. G)

5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things

happen to them. (Para. H)

10. Many scientists and engineers at MIT pursue simplicity in their design and development of

technologies.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to scientific education is of vital importance.

2) Second, a multidisciplinary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training individuals.

3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are participating in turning out the future thinkers.

4) How about examining our problems about science and technology from a liberal arts

perspective.

5) Surprisingly, however, our universities and colleges fail to switch from the conventional

divisions and departmental sections to daily extracurricular multidisciplinary work.

5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast —“College education has always had the responsibility to ... However, ... we also see the growing importance of producing ...”. The introduction of Reading 2 is informative as well as interesting, which arouses the readers’interest to go on reading.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent

(7) discipline (8) aspiration (9) inspire (10) perspective (11) inherit (12) generate

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

inspire inspiration inspired inspiring v.激励n.灵感adj.有灵感的

generate generation generative generator adj.鼓舞人心的v.产生n.一代adj.有生产力

的n.发电机

aspiration aspire aspiring n.渴望v.渴望adj.有抱负的

inherit inheritance inheritor inherited v.继承n.继承物n.继承人adj.遗传的discipline disciplined disciplinary n.纪律adj.纪律严明的adj.有关纪律的represent representation representative v.代表n.表现n.代表者

anatomist anatomy anatomical n.解剖学家n.解剖学adj.解剖的

speculate speculation speculative speculator v.推测n.推测adj.推测的n.思索者celebrate celebration celebrated celebrity v.庆祝n.庆祝活动adj.著名的n.名人intellect intellectual intelligence intelligent n.智力adj.智力的n.智慧adj.有才智的collaborate collaboration collaborative

v.合作n.合作adj.合作的n.合作者collabotator

Integrate integrated integration v.合并adj.完整统一的n.整合

(1) inspiring (2) generation (3) collaborative (4) aspiring (5) Intelligent

(6) inherit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) representative (10) anatomical

4. (1) D(2) A(3) C(4) B(5) D(6) A(7) B(8) C(9) A(10) C

5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborating to develop a new vaccine.

(2) The scientists’experiment generated an unexpected outcome.

(3) If the systems are restructured, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into the

global economy.

(4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head.

(5) The murder trial attracted considerable public attention.

(6) The aspiration for college education inspires people in remote areas to work hard.

(7) He inherited his parents’fortune after their death.

(8) He disregarded his father’s advice and left college.

(9) In this address, he asked the youngsters, who embody the spirits of the nation, to join the

campaign.

(10) The special diet incorporates many different fruits and vegetables.

7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety.

(2) Success, as he explained, was nothing more than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck.

(3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads between biological and

medical studies.

(4)It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosopher’s belief, which he claimed not

to have heard about before.

(5) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for possible

emergencies.

(6) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by the

environmentalist.

(7) This traveling experience will provide you with a rare opportunity to sample a different way of

life.

(8) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adapting

to the fast-paced modern life.

(9) More and more countries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems.

(10) These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless interests

well beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning.

8.

A. (1) B(2) C(3) B(4) B(5) D

B. As multidisciplinary design has become a trend in the industry, there is a need for more emphasis on multidisciplinary perspectives. Educational institutions should take their role in training individuals who can function in a collaborative environment and be prepared to face multifaceted projects that they may not have been exposed to. However, our universities and colleges fail to shift from traditional divisions and departmental sections to multidisciplinary work being practiced on a daily basis outside the classroom.

C. 1) F2) T3) F4) T5) T

D. (1) what learning is about (2) be inquisitive (3) learn a new subject

(4) analyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master-inspired

(7) self-learner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no single simple answer

(10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolerant and supportive

(13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadership

Unit 2 The Scientific Method

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring knowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observation

and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

2)Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experiments to test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication and the results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis.

3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible.

4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our senses can be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presence affects what is being studied.

5) ①Science is both a body of knowledge and a process.

②Science is exciting.

③Science is useful.

④Science is ongoing.

⑤Science is reliable.

⑥Science is a community endeavor.

2. 1) c2) g3) e4) f5) a6) d7) h8) k9) b10) i11) j

4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies (5) puzzle

(6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional

6. 1) Science.

2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peering

through a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on.

3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature.

4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves

towards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity within the scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterized by confirmations and observations which “verified”the theories in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at the price of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status.

2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.

3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted and were always confirmed.

4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).

5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possible results of observation —in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would have expected.

4. Set 1: 1) c2) a3) d4) b5) f6) e7) h8) g

Set 2: 1) b2) e3) a4) f5) d6) c7) h8) g

5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e)

Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d)

6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions.

2) You will need to research everything that you can f ind about the problem.

3) You shouldn’t change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrong

with your original hypothesis.

4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once you develop a hypothesis and a prediction, you shouldn’t change it, even if the results of your experiment show that you were wrong.

5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way.

7. Set 1: 1) c2) a3) d4) b5) f6) e7) h8) g

Set 2: 1) e2) g3) a4) f5) c6) b7) d8) h

8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of the scientific method, is a way of collecting information

from any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In this

process, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through being

refuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified,

which ref lects its true

scientific virtue.

2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while a theory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied to every situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory.

3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory from refutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.

4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.

9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn more

about what makes plants grow. (Para. B)

2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D)

3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlight

appear to grow bigger. (Para. H)

4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don’t

match up with your hypothesis. (Para. K)

5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a single experiment, because there is a chance that you

made a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q)

10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a research

project you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and is followed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defines what you think the outcome of your experiment will be.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence.

2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices,

misapprehensions, and bias.

3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world.

4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is most

likely to be correct currently.

5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that a

mistake was made somewhere in the process.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve

(7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research(12) support

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

acquire acquired acquisition v.获得adj.获得的n.获得物

project projected projecting projection n.计划adj.规划的adj.突出的n.规划method methodical methodology

methodological

n.方法adj.有方法的n.方法论adj.方法论的

identify identifiable identification identity unidentifiable v.识别adj.可辨认的n.鉴定、身份adj.无法识别的

empirical empirically empiricism adj.凭经验的adv.凭经验地n.经验论confirm confirmation confirmed v.确认n.证实adj.确认的

approach approachable approaching unapproachable v.接近adj.可接近的adj.逼近的adj.不易亲近的

theory theoretical theoretically theorist n.理论adj.理论上的adv.理论上地n.理论家emphasis emphasize emphatic emphatically n.强调v.强调adj.强调的adv.强调地achieve achievable achieved achievement v.取得adj.可以实现的adj.高度完美的n.成

就

commit commitment v.把……托付给n.承诺

constitute constituency constituent constitution constitutional constitutive v.组成n.选区n.组成部分n.宪法adj.宪法的adj.构成的

assume assumed assuming assumption v.假定adj.假装的conj.如果n.假定expose exposed exposure v.揭露adj.裸露的n.暴露

logical illogical illogically logician adj.逻辑上的adj.不合逻辑的adv.不合逻辑

地n.逻辑学家

(1) methodical (2) commitment (3) achievable (4) assume (5) illogical

(6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity

4. (1) A(2) B(3) A(4) D(5) A(6) B(7) C(8) A(9) D(10) B

5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity.

(2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an economical perspective.

(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives of

sociology.

(4) Scientists insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange phenomenon.

(5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge.

(6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking a much broader view in the matter.

(7) The new car’s design successfully integrates art and technology.

(8) China actually encountered the identical stages of its development in the early 1990s to the

West.

(9) The virus can spread to a document or application between computers and render the

computer useless.

(10) If the sustainable development of small economies is facilitated, their effectiveness will be

ultimately integrated into the global economy.

7. 1) We could not attend a conference without hearing some talks about change and challenge. 2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially from country

districts.

3) I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly.

4) Something slowly began to dawn on me —I still loved what I did.

5) My computer does not work because it was rendered paralyzed by some viruses.

6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’ll come to an answer.

7) A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning.

8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life.

9) Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university.

10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.

8. A. (1) B(2) A(3) C(4) A(5) B

B. Understanding scientific method is critical to your scientific endeavor. The scientific

method is a series of steps that serve as guidelines for scientific efforts, and a tool that

helps scientists solve problems and determine answers to questions in a logical format.

There are two forms of scientific method: the experimental method and the descriptive

method. The former employs numerical data and graphs, used in physical sciences, while the latter gathers Information through visual observation and interviewing, employed in

zoology and anthropology. The scientific method involves five steps, namely, identifying a problem, researching the problem, formulating a hypothesis, conducting an experiment and reaching a conclusion.

C. (1) The process of science, in contrast to the linear steps of the simplified scientific method,

is iterative.

(2) Science circles back on itself so that useful ideas are built upon and used to learn even

more about the natural world.

(3) Gregor Mendel showed that inheritance is particulate that information is passed along in

discrete packets that cannot be diluted.

(4) Any point in the process leads to many possible next steps, and where that next step

leads could be a surprise.

(5) Science may involve many different people engaged in all sorts of different activities in

different orders and at different points in time.

D. (1) natural world (2) investigations (3) basic question

(4) information (5) Experiments (6) detailed understanding

(7) built upon (8) deepen and extend (9) in the process

(10) testing (11) observation (12) new direction

(13) in different orders (14) represent (15) less important

Unit 3 Ancient China’s Contribution to Science

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) Needham is the world’s famous Sinologist and author of Science and Civilization in

China.

2) The European people just take these inventions for granted. All originated in China but

have long since been adopted by the West.

3) They helped to inspire the European agricultural and industrial revolutions.

4) It has won five literary awards in America and been translated into 43 languages.

5) His book, The Spirit of Chinese Invention, was approved by the Chinese Ministry of

Education for use in connection with the national secondary curriculum in China.

2. 1) f2) k3) c4) a5) o6) n7) g8) e

9) d10) m 11) i12) h13) j14) l15) b

4. (1) credit (2) considerable (3) befriended (4) breakthroughs (5) thoroughly

(6) flown (7) academic (8) embark (9) suggested (10) staff

6. 1) The overlooked great breakthroughs in ancient China.

2)Dr. Needham argued that a proper book on the history of Chinese science and technology

would have a wide bearing on the general history of thought and ideas.

3) He helped to bring due credit to China’s overlooked contribution to scientific innovation.

4) Yes, he does. Because he believed that a proper popular book would have a wide bearing on the general history of thoughts and ideas, which could not be possible if the book was too academic.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) Both Westerners and Chinese people are ignorant of the fact that the West imported a lot of

inventions from ancient China.

2) Because more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the“modern

world”rests come from China.

3) Because they take many great achievements for granted, and even the Chinese themselves

lost sight of the truth, so their western inheritors wouldn’t trouble themselves to know the truth.

4) Because it is always more satisfying to the ego to think that they have reached their

present position alone and unaided, and that they are the proud masters of all abilities and all crafts.

4. Set 1: 1) d2) e3) a4) b5) c6) g7) f8) h

Set 2: 1) d2) g3) e4) h5) b6) a7) c8) f

5. Para. A (e)Para. B (b)Para. C (f)Para. D (a)Para. E (a)

Para. F (a)Para. G (c)Para. H (g)Para. I (h) Para. J (d)

6. 1) The three inventions transform-ed completely the modern world and mark-ed it off from

the ancient and the Middle Ages.

2) The European agricultural revolution, which laid the basis for the Industrial Revolution,

came about only because of the importation of Chinese ideas and inventions.

3) The truth that half of the basic inventions and discoveries originated from China needs to

be imparted to schoolchildren. The purpose is to let them know the truth and then to

bridge the chasm between the East and the West.

4) The bureaucratic organization of China in its earlier stages strongly helped science to

grow; only in its later ones did it inhibit further growth, and in particular prevented a

breakthrough which has occurred in Europe.

5) The author points out the reasons why China was developed in the past but backward at

present and why the West was underdeveloped in the past but advanced at present.

7. Set 1: 1) c2) g3) h4) b5) f6) d7) a8) e

Set 2: 1) c2) d3) g4) e5) a6) b7) f8) h

8. 1) The two readings both list a series of great inventions and discoveries that originated in

ancient China. Reading 1 tends to be factual, while Reading 2 is more critical of the fact that the Chinese are ignorant of their ancient achievements and the Westerners simply take them for granted.

2) The argument in Reading 2 is more reasonable and acceptable since the author uses a lot of

examples and examines the question from both the Chinese and Western perspectives to

illustrate his point.

3) Reading 2 holds more obvious negative attitudes towards Westerners.

4) It would be better if the nations and the peoples of the world had a clearer understanding

of each other, allowing the mental gap between East and West to be bridged. (Reading 2) The discoveries and inventions made in Europe in the seventeenth century and thereafter depended so much in so many cases on centuries of previous Chinese progress in science, technology and medicine. (Reading 3)

9. 1) He regarded the origins of these inventions as “obscure”and he died without ever

knowing that all of them were Chinese. (Para. B)

2) Chauvinistic Westerners, of course, always try to minimize the indebtedness of Europe to

China in the ancient and the Middle Ages, but often the circumstantial evidence is

compelling. (Para. C)

3) In many cases we simply cannot identify the channels through which knowledge was

conveyed from East to West. (Para. C)

4) Modern science which developed in the seventeenth century was a mathematization of

hypotheses about nature, combined with experimentation. (Para. D)

5) One factor which must have great relevance here is the circumstance that the feudalism of

Europe and China were fundamentally different. (Para. E)

10.The feudalism of China differed greatly from that of Europe in that its bureaucratic

organization promoted the growth of science in ancient China but inhibited its further

development later on.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Increasingly being bewitched by the advanced European technology, the Chinese have

forgotten their own achievements.

2) A book like that would be absolutely non-academic; it would nevertheless have a

far-reaching influence on the general history of thought and ideas.

3) The lesson to be drawn from the history of agriculture can best illustrate the ignorance of

the egoistic westerners.

4) The Chinese and Westerners are equally surprised when they realize that modern

agriculture, modern shipping and even the essential design of the steam engine all

originated from China.

5) A clear understanding among the nations and the peoples of the world would be welcomed

to bridge the gap between East and West.

5. 2) The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves.

Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicate

lungs. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to the eyesight.

3) What was it that enabled them to become great or successful? Were they born with

something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and,

perhaps, an uncompromising personality? The answer is a never surrender attitude. If great achievers share anything, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There is a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) insight (2) expertise (3) obscure (4) backward

(5) undertake (6) ignorant (7) acknowledge (8) essential

(9) minimize (10) shatter (11) fading (12) illustration

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

insight insights insightful n.洞察力n.领悟adj.有深刻见解的minimize minimized minimizing v.使减到最小adj.最小化的adj.极小值的circumstance circumstantial circumstantially n.环境adj.依照情况的、详尽的adv.依照情

况地

parallel paralleled unparallelled adj.平行的n.平行线adj.并行的adj.无法匹配

的

hypothesis hypothetical hypothetically n.假设adj.假设的,爱猜想的adv.假想地irrespective irrespectively respectively adj.不考虑的,无关的adv.无关地adv.各自

地

bureaucrat bureaucratic bureaucratically n.官僚adj.官僚的adv.官僚主义地

dazzle dazzled dazzling dazzlingly v.使目眩adj.眼花缭乱的adj.耀眼的adv.灿

烂地

essence essential essentially essentiality n.本质adj.基本的adv.本质上n.重要性,根

本性

undertake undertaking undertaker v.承担,保证n.事业n.承办人

gigantic gigantism adj.巨大的,庞大的n.巨人症

resurrect resurrection resurgent resurgence v.使复活n.复活,复活者adj.复活的n.再现inherit inherent inheritable inheritor inheritress v.继承adj.固有的adj.可继承的n.继承人n.

女继承人

illusion illusive illusionary illusionist n.幻觉adj.错觉的adj.幻影的n.魔术师astronomy astronomical astronavigation n.天文学adj.天文的n.太空航行

transform transformable transformer v.改变、变换adj.可转换的n.变压器backward backwards backwardness adj.向后的adv.向后地n.落后

contribution contributive contributory n.贡献、投稿adj.出资的、贡献的adj.捐助的,

导致的

indebted indebtedness adj.负债的n.债务,受恩惠

relevant irrelevance irrelevant relevance adj.相关的n.离题adj.不切题的n.关联

(1) insightful (2) transformation (3) respectively (4) dazzling (5) resurgent

(6) indebted (7) backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary

4. (1) C(2) D(3) A(4) B(5) A(6) A(7) C(8) D(9) B(10) D

5. (1) Examples will be drawn from literature and popular media to illustrate the range of

leadership and non-leadership behaviors and competencies.

(2) You’ll never be able to eliminate interruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimize

them.

(3) There is evidence that the movie reinforces negative stereotypes about women.

(4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation.

(5) Determination and effort enable-d the young man to acquire success.

(6) The project was held back by budget restraints.

(7) We will continue to press governments in the region to undertake political reforms.

(8) This level of economic growth is unprecedented and unique.

(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other permanent members of the United

Nations Security Council.

(10) The profound economic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might be

reversible.

7. (1) It must be realized that China experienced a great transformation in the last century. (2) However, it is rather questionable whether the majority of Americans know the truth

about China and Chinese people.

(3) All of the information can be conveyed by simple graphs.

(4) It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world.

(5) It is a lesson that all of us should take to heart.

(6) We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China.

(7) Many of us take it for granted that technology is the top priority in economic

development.

(8) How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?

(9) I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than the fact that

many university graduates have become the leaders in various f ields.

(10) The demand for a raise ref lects as much a desire for the recognition of their success as

for more money.

8. A. (1) C(2) B(3) D(4) D(5) C

B. China’s ancient great inventions and discoveries, as the forerunners of some of the

modern technologies, both enhance the quality of human life and change Chinese history of science. The most signif icant ones are papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing.

Paper, one of the most widely used and indispensable materials, led to subsequent

innovations like paper currency, woodblock printing and ceramic movable type printing.

The most important invention of gunpowder triggered a series of related discoveries like fireworks, land mine-s，naval mine-s, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket-s, etc. The compass, originally in a crude form, was followed by a magnetic device and a magnetic needle for navigation in waters.

C. (1) He accidentally stumbled upon f ireworks by mixing 3 routine kitchen ingredients —

saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal and ignited them.

(2) The fireworks came to be used for auspicious occasions like wedding-s, religious

ceremonies and to celebrate victories and achievements, and even as rocket fuel.

(3) He was called the founder of f ire crackers.

(4) The gun powder tubes were found to be strong enough to launch arrows and this is how

the rocket was conceptualized and used against the Mongolians in a Kai keng battle.

(5) He wanted to see how these rockets could be used for transportation.

D. (1) stumbling upon (2) sulfur (3) ignited (4) explosion (5) warding off

(6) auspicious (7) fuel (8) version (9) ghost (10) haunt (11) shooed off

(12) crackers (13) rocket fuel(14) attached(15) deliberately

Unit 4 Responsibility of Scientists

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) Hans Bethe was a distinguished scientist with remarkable contributions to several areas of

physics during his academic career, and also a Nobel Prize winner. As an exemplary scientist, Bethe was marked by his warmth, generosity, tenacity, and modest habits.

2) His major contributions include his 1939 research into how the sun generates its energy by

Converting hydrogen to helium using carbon as a nuclear catalyst and his central role in the “Manhattan Project”.

3) He used Los Alamos as a platform to address scientists there directly as well as scientists

around the world through the press.

4) Because he realized that it was time to rightly disarm and dismantle nuclear weapons.

5) Like chemical and biological weapons, nuclear weapons have the potential for mass

destruction, thus posing a great threat to humanity.

2. 1) b2) k3) c4) e5) m6) j7) a8) f9) d10) i11) h12) g13) l

4. (1) experimental (2) potential (3) identified (4) disappeared (5) zero

(6) Achieving (7) possession (8) safeguard (9) abandon (10) look

6. 1) Disarmament of nuclear weapons.

2) They think nuclear weapons could have the potential for mass destruction, thus posing a

great threat to humanity.

3) Open.

4) Open.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) Einstein’s penetrating intellect gave rise to the birth of nuclear weapons. However, later in

his life, Einstein realized the potential harm of the invention and made serious efforts to deter the spread of nuclear weapons.

2) The major risk of nuclear energy is its potential for massive destruction that could bring an

end to the human species.

3) Einstein never worked on the Manhattan Project to make the atomic bomb, and was deeply

disturbed and saddened when the bombs were used on Japan.

4) There is no solution to the problem of atomic bombs except international control of atomic

energy and, ultimately, the elimination of war.

5) The strong message he sent to humanity: “The splitting of the atom has changed everything

except our modes of thinking, and thus we drift toward unprecedented catastrophe.”It

indicates his cautious and objective attitude towards nuclear weapons.

4. Set 1: 1) d2) h3) c4) a5) f6) g7) b8) e

Set 2: 1) b2) e3) a4) h5) g6) c7) d8) f

5. Para. A (f) Para. B (e) Para. C (b) Para. D (d)

Para. E (a) Para. F (a) Para. G (c)

6. 1) Yes, there is. A good scientist is not necessarily successful, and vice versa.

2) Fritz Haber’s case implies that it is possible for a successful scientist to do ethically bad

things.

3) The role of the scientist can be defined by taking into account utilitarianism, obligation and

virtue theory.

4) The authors believe that the Manhattan Project is a typical example of the obligation of

scientists made necessary only under extraordinary circumstances like a war.

5) Because either term has no meaning in that particular theory. Every approach brings out a

different aspect of “goodness”or“success”, but also leads to specific problems.

7.Set 1: 1) b2) h3) f4) e5) g6) a7) d8) c

Set 2: 1) d2) c3) h4) g5) e 6) a7) b8) f

8. 1) The authors of both articles both regard humanity as a crucial criterion in judging whether a

scientist is successful.

2) The author of Reading 2 definitely would consider Einstein epitomized the qualities of a

successful scientist according to utilitarianism, obligation and virtue theory.

3) Utilitarianism, obligation and humanity.

4) Yes. Einstein would be regarded as a good and successful scientist. In terms of utilitarianism,

his penetrating intellect changed our view of the world. In terms of obligation, he felt it was his duty to inform President Franklin Roosevelt of the potential danger that the Germans

would develop an atomic weapon to defeat the Allied powers. In terms of virtue, he never stopped fighting for the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction, urging scientists to act for the good of humanity.

9. 1) The German chemist Fritz Haber developed a method for synthesizing ammonia, thereby

making it possible to produce fertilizers cheaply and in large quantities. (Para. E)

2) Stubbornly, Haber rejected his wife’s every suggestion. (Para. G)

3) Sometimes ends do justify the means for successful science. (Para. I)

4) In the same way that the ancient Greeks made a list of the “cardinal”virtues and ranked

types of character, it should be possible to do the same for specific scientific virtues. (Para. J)

5) The physicist Paul Dirac was a famously anti-social person who would sometimes not speak

a word during dinner parties. (Para. K)

10.The example of the German chemist Fritz Haber illustrates that a successful scientist will do

things both beneficial and detrimental to human beings.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Other nuclear states unanimously support the statement “Post-Cold War environment

requires nuclear deterrence”.

2) It is groundless to argue that a world without nuclear weapons would be a world full of

dangers.

3) International control of atomic energy is the only way to solve the problem.

4) The theoretical breakthrough on the power of mass converted to energy originated from his

knowledge of the relationship between mass and energy.

5) Therefore, a utilitarian perspective may allow us to see a successful scientist involved in both

good and bad deeds.

6.To start with, success is bad when it is achieved at the cost of the total quality of an

experience... What is worse, success that comes too easily is harmful... Worse still, certain kinds of success can be destructive...

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) critical (2) abandon (3) reject (4) justify

(5) potential (6) foresee (7) lessen (8) eliminate

(9) distinction (10) awareness (11) valid (12) assess

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

admire admirable admiring admiringly v.敬佩adj.令人敬佩的adj.可敬佩的adv.可敬

佩地

deceive deceivable deceptive deception v.欺骗adj.欺骗性的adj.导致误解的n.骗术foresee forseeable v.预见adj.可预见的

eliminate elimination eliminating v.消除n.排除adj.排除的

potent potently potential adj.强大的adv.效力大地n.潜在的；潜力verify verifiable verification v.证实adj.可证实的n.证明

presume presumable presumably v.假定adj.可推测的adv.可能

prepare prepared preparedness v.准备adj.事先准备好的n.有准备precede precedent unprecedented v.先于n.范例adj.前所未有的

critic criticize critical critically n.批评家v.评论adj.批判的adv.批判性地utilize utility utilitarian utilitarianism v.利用n.效用adj.功利主义的n.功利主义oblige obligate obligation obligatory v.迫使v.使某人负有责任n.义务adj.必要的virtue virtuous virtuousness n.美德adj.善良的n.高洁

evaluate evaluation evaluative v.评估n.评价adj.可估价的

fertile fertility fertilize fertilizer adj.富饶的n.丰富v.施肥n.化肥

argue argument argumentative argumentation v.争辩n.论点adj.好辩的n.争论

condemn condemnable condemnation v.谴责adj.应受责备的n.责备

moral morally morality adj.有道德的adv.有道德地n.道德

judge judgement judgmental v.审判n.判断adj.审判的

distinct distinctive distinction adj.清晰的adj.与众不同的n.区别

(1) critic (2) unprecedented (3) condemnation (4) foreseeable (5) verif ied

(6) judgmental (7) evaluative (8) admirable (9) virtuous (10) obligatory

4. (1) B(2) B(3) A(4) D(5) A(6) B(7) C(8) A(9) D(10) B

5. (1) Elimination of poverty and injustice is a cardinal objective of the organization.

(2) The new system is programmed to safeguard your computer against viruses.

(3) The unprecedented earthquake devastated the local economy.

(4) He always tried to minimize his own faults, while rejecting any advice from others.

(5) The traditional viewpoint on education still prevails today.

(6) We had no choice but to abandon the plan because we had discovered a fatal f law in the

original design.

(7) The bus driver withstood the acute pain in his broken leg and pulled over after the collision.

(8) A highly prestigious job may well indicate one’s prominent social status.

(9) Customers are often reminded to make a distinction between reliable information and

misleading advertisements about the product.

(10) It is very thoughtful of you to have provisionally attended to the case which otherwise

would have been left neglected.

7.(1) The classical theory, which was proposed in the early 17th century, still remains valid in

modern chemical thought.

(2) The recent report on air quality is alarming, which has presented to us a severe problem of

air pollution.

(3) His idea on the structure of the universe, as contained in his best-known book, has had great

influence on various fields of study.

(4) There is no solution to the pollution problem except ensuring global attention on the issue.

(5) Global warming is reported to have posed a great threat to many species.

(6) This chemical reaction, made possible by the catalyst and high temperature, is very violent.

(7) A better design is to be expected as experts are working hard on the remaining problems.

(8) The opportunity to start his own business is more attractive to him than entering a college,

as seen from the practical viewpoint.

(9) Einstein’s discovery of the relationship between mass and energy gave the original insight

into this theory.

(10)This conclusion makes us return to the questions that we started the essay with —how to

define scientific inventions, and how to give a valid evaluation as to the role they play in modern society.

8. A. (1) D(2) C(3) D(4) C(5) A

B. The speech proposes and expounds on the duties of a scientist in the modern age. Advancing

science and technology have brought about drastic changes to our everyday life, but have also given rise to serious worldwide problems. As a result, modern scientists are burdened with increasingly heavy responsibilities in addressing such big issues as population control, nuclear weapon checks and imbalance between plenty and poverty. In order to undertake research, scientists need a proper environment in which they are guaranteed the freedom to work for public welfare. Therefore, scientists can be of great service to mankind in achieving peace and freedom.

C. (1) The goal for the twenty-f irst century is to create a world of informed and engaged citizens

committed to creative public service.

(2) Experimentation is the best test.

(3) The strength of science lies in its provisional nature, its open-mindedness, and its capacity

for doubt and uncertainty.

(4) Science’s experience with doubt and uncertainty might be its great lesson for humanity.

(5) Both are constructs of reason; both are engaged in a struggle against forces of unreason that

have used scientists and their research for destructive purposes; both share the experimental method, and both strive to give expression to universal truths.

D. (1) experiment (2) open mind (3) received truth (4) marketability

(5) clinical researchers (6) research reports (7) puts at risk

(8) public confidence (9) makes products (10) seek truths

(11) educated circles (12) purposeful ignorance (13) challenge the assumption

(14) indifferent to (15) making common cause with

Unit 5 Scientific Discoveries

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) He slipped into a public bath.

2) By measuring the volume of the water it displaces.

3) They would stop and ponder about the puzzles they stumble upon, recognize their significances, and make effort to pursue the leads to significant discoveries.

4) Most accidents that led to discoveries occurred in laboratories, which were themselves designed for explorations.

2. 1) c2) a3) h4) d5) b6) e7) g8) f9) j10) i

4. (1) interview (2) chemistry (3) evidence (4) foster (5) somewhat

(6) squeezes (7) half-heartedly (8) absorbing (9) danger (10) fascinates

6. 1) The philosophy of scientific research.

2) Scientific discoveries should be motivated by curiosity and persistent efforts.

3) Be prepared to think hard and long about the problems, and look deeply into the way things

work.

4) Open.

5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The article mainly tells us that the discovery of penicillin needs a prepared and open mind,

and also relevant knowledge is essential for scientific investigation.

2) Only when bacterial colonies are quite young.

3) At least four.

4) Among Chain, Fleming, and Florey.

5) Because he did not think it was worth while trying.

4. Set 1: 1) f2) d3) h4) g5) a6) e7) c8) b

Set 2: 1) h2) a3) b4) e5) d6) g7) f8) c

5.(f) Para. A (g) Para. B (d) Para. C (a) Para. D

(h) Para. E (e) Para. F (b) Para. G (c) Para. H

6. 1) It requires much more knowledge, insight, and effort than the initial description of event-s.

2) Because the recycled chickens were injected with a culture and had been vaccinated.

3) Cowpox vaccine and smallpox prevention.

4) His discovery turned vaccination from a peculiar procedure for a particular disease to a

theory connecting germs, vaccines, and disease prevention in general.

5) Experiments are not passive observations; they are actively planned according to some

conception to look for something.

7. Set 1: 1) d2) c3) a4) e5) h6) b7) f8) g

Set 2: 1) g2) f3) h4) e5) b6) a7) c8) d

8. 1) Both the authors cite similar examples, and employ them for contrast so as to illustrate their

points.

2) Keeping an open mind ready to exploit new possibilities and connect the dots.

3) An open mind would enable one to see something in a new light, therefore connecting it to

other phenomena to explain the causes and fully reveal significances.

4) Yes. They may share the same background as the themes of the two articles both revolve

around medical research.

9. 1) Accidental connection of dots led to the discovery that vaccination is a general method for

preventing infectious diseases. (Para. B)

2) However, the dispute changes neither the significance of the discovery nor its accidental

nature. (Para. C)

3) Smallpox vaccination was accepted strictly based on empirical success and as such it did not

point to the possibility of vaccines for other diseases. (Para. D)

4) One no longer needs to wait for a lucky observation to suggest a vaccine for a specif ic

disease. (Para. E)

5) Experiments are not passive observations; they are actively planned according to some

conception to look for something. (Para. F)

10.Connecting the dots or making connections between different phenomena, though entailing

more knowledge and insight, will lead to a more significant discovery.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) However, discovering the room that hides more doors leading to even greater treasures

involves an open mind ready for new possibilities and connecting the dots.

2) Fleming was totally capable of conducting many animal experiments which required little

chemical background.

3) Normally one’s own resources can be supplemented with seeking collaborators or employing

assistants.

4) Neither the significance of the discovery nor its accidental nature can be altered by the

dispute.

5) Often it is not until someone examines a previous phenomenon from a new perspective and

sees its significance that chance discoveries are made.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) pursue (2) ignore (3) consume (4) sensational (5) investigation (6) infectious

(7) promote (8) injection (9) explore (10) encounter (11) exploit (12) foster

3.

The members of a word family Chinese equivalent

regular regularly irregular irregularly adj.有规律的adv.有规律地adj.无规律的

adv.无规律地

inspire inspiring inspiration v.激励adj.鼓舞人心的n.灵感

inject injectable injection v.注射adj.可注射的n.注射

different differently differentiate difference adj.不同的adv.不同地v.区别n.不同effective ineffective effectiveness adj.有效的adj.不起作用的n.有效

count countless countable v.计算adj.无数的adj.可数的

sensational sensation sensationally adj.轰动的n.感受adv.轰动地

lead leading mislead misleading v.领导adj.主要的v.误导adj.误导性的glory glorious glorify gloriously n.光荣adj.光荣的v.赞美adv.光荣地identify identification identifiable v.辨认n.鉴别adj.可辨认的

ignore ignorant ignorance v.不理睬adj.无知的n.无知

external internal externally adj.外面的adj.内部的adv.外面地cooperate cooperation cooperator v.合作n.合作n.合作者

repute reputable reputation disrepute v.认为adj.声誉好的n.声望n.坏名声justify justification justifiable v.为……辩护n.辩解adj.有理由的beneficent beneficence beneficently adj.仁慈的n.仁慈adv.仁慈地

evitable inevitable inevitably adj.可避免的adj.不可避免的adv.不可避免

地

responsible irresponsible responsibility adj.有责任的adj.不负责任的n.责任

inform information misinform informer v.通知n.信息v.误导n.通知者

(1) inspiration (2) mislead (3) responsibility (4) injection (5) reputable

(6) internal (7) countless (8) differentiate (9) adventurous (10) glorious

4. (1) C(2) A(3) C(4) D(5) D(6) C(7) D(8) A(9) B(10) B

5. (1) There is no evidence for the effectiveness of the new design.

(2) Language teachers often extract examples from grammar books.

(3) It was revealed that the frequent contact led to our intimate relationship.

(4) High school dropouts constitute a fundamental problem in large city slums.

(5) Four years elapsed before he returned.

(6) You can purify the contaminated air with a filtration system.

(7) The lecturer enlightened us about the latest astronomical discoveries.

(8) The attack was anticipated but its intensity came as a shock.

(9) It took a lot of hard work and dedication, but we persisted in finishing the project on time.

(10) A child may not differentiate between his imagination and the real world.

7. (1) They really made significant progress if they are viewed from the scientific point of view.

(2) As is so often pointed out, science is to explore various possibilities.

(3) In contrast, in space there is an absence of weather and therefore no such interference.

(4) It is not unusual for an infected person to contact other members of their family under such

situations.

(5) One reason for the increase in computer crimes is that the crime often goes unreported.

(6) When it involves military technology, space programs go beyond simple aeronautics and

computer simulation.

(7) He lacked competence for solving the problems which involve factors in widely different

domains.

(8) We can recognize its significance only when it is seen in a new light.

(9) His expertise in this field complements his insight into human character.

(10) It occurred to me that he lacked the necessary expertise to perform this experiment.

8. A. (1) D(2) D(3) C(4) B(5) A

B. David Ellyard believes that discoveries in science originated in Italy in the early 16th

century. From there and then, we can trace a steady and ever-growing stream of discoveries about the workings of the natural world. Certainly there were sources further back, but many remained unknown. Both in China and Arabia, the spirit of free inquiry, the essential nutrient of science, had been crushed by centralized governments. And he thinks the most important discovery of all, the one that supports all the rest, was how to do science.