欧洲文化入门笔记

1、There are many elements constituting组成European Culture.

2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element andJudeo-Christian element.

3、The richness丰富性of European Culture was created byGreco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.

第一章

1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.

2、The economy of Athens rested on依赖an immense无限的amountof slave labour.

3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896当代奥运会

4、Ancient Greece古希腊…s epics was created by Homer.

5、They events of Homer…s own time. 错They are not about events of Homer…s own time，probably in theperiod 1200-1100 B.C.

6、The Homer…s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.

7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.

8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.

9、Odyssey对其作品产生影响—→James Joyoe…s Ulysses描述一天的生活。In the 20th century.

10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.

11、三大悲剧大师

①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》

②Sophocles之首《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud…s “the Oedipus complex” 恋母情结—→David Herbert Lawrence?s《Sons and lovers》劳伦斯447 页

③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》B.He is the first writer of “problem plays”社会问题剧在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C.Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”一个纯粹的人D.Realism can be traced back追溯到to the Ancient Greece. To be specific具体来说，Euripides.

12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18 页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派The lakers华兹华兹新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法

13、History Historical writing史学创作※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→ warbetween Greeks andPersians This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3 只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。※“The greatest historian that ever lived.”有史以来最伟大的历史学家—→ Thucydides —→ war Sparta，Athens and Syracuse

14、The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.

15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St. Paul. Democritus Materialism

16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收

17、①Euclid…s Elements 解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20thcentury. 历史地位②Archimedes His work not only in geometry

几何学，but also in arithmetic 算术，machanics 机械，and hydrostatics.流体静力学选择：Give me a place to stand，and I will move the world.谁的理论Archimedes

18、Architecture 古希腊建筑三大风格temple—→Parthenon 帕特农神庙

①The Doric style is also called masculine style. 宏伟的but the Doric style is monotonous and unadorned 单调is sturdy 坚强的，powerful，severelooking 庄严肃穆and showing agood sense of proportions and numbers.

②The Ionic style is also called the feminine style. 阴柔的is graceful 优雅的and elegant 优美的。The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. 装饰性

③The Corinthian style is known for its ornamental luxury. 奢侈

19、The famous temples：The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon.

20、The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. Marked Roman conquest ofGreece.

21、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. 罗马征服希腊的标志

22、From 146 B.C.，Latin was the language of the western half of theRoman Empire. Greek that of the eastern half.

23、Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.

24、The Roman writer Horace said “captive Greece took her rudeconqueror captive”。

25、The dividing range分水岭in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.

26、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods：republic and empire.

27、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato…s republic.

28、The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3century.

29、north：Scotland east：Armenia and Mesopotamia

30、In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peacefultime，which was guaranteed保证by the Roman legions罗马军团

31、In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peacefultime，which was known as Pax Romana.神圣罗马帝国

32、名解In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years ofpeaceful time，which was guaranteed保证by the Roman legions，it wasknown as Pax Romana

33、The Roman Law protected保护the rights of plebeians 平民。

34、The important contribution made by the Romans to the Europeanculture was the Roman Law.

35、the After 395，empire was divided into East the Byzantine Empireand West.

36、Cicero 西赛罗he legal and political speeches are models of Latindiction 拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence巨大影响on the development of Europeanprose.散文

37、Julius Caesar commentaries 批评论“I came，I saw，I conquered.”

38、Virgil Aeneid 阿尼德

39、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C. The world…s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所

40、The Colosseum大理石像it…s an enormous.露天的环形影剧院

41、Sculpture雕塑She-wolf母狼

42、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式

43、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式

论述简答

一、What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient Greece？名解简答How

you understand “Democracy” in ancient Greece？What is thedifference between “Democracy” in ancient Greece and moderndemocracy？

答：①Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”，but inGreece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult malecitizens. ②Women，children，foreigners and slaves were excluded fromDemocracy.

二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？

答：①Probably around 1200 B.C.，a war was fought between Greece andtroy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. ②Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5thcentury B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion 入侵early in the5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing 蒸蒸日上的of science，philosophy，literature，art and historical writing in Athens.

③The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. ④In the second half of the 4th century B.C.，Greece was conqueredby Alexander，king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered，whenever Greek culture was found. ⑤Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.，theRomans conquered Greece.

三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop？

答：1、Three founders 1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers. ②Scientific mathematics. ③Theory of proportion.比例的理论

2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary主要的elements of the universe.火是万物之源

②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一

3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义2、Three thinkers

1、Socrates①He hadn…t works. We can know him from Plato?s dialogues. ②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.

2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world，it wasestablished by Plato.

②He has four works. Dialogues，Apology，Symposium and Republic.

3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world，it wasestablished by Aristotle. ②Aristotle is a humanist. 2、Five contending schools

1、The Sophists 诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras. ②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine 教义is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的标准

2、The Cynics 犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes. ②The word “cynic”means “dog”in English. ③He proclaimed 宣扬his brotherhood. And he had no

patience withthe rich and powerful.权利

3、The Sceptics 置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon. ②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable 可获得的，anddoubting the truth of what others accepted as true.

4、The Epicureans 享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus. 选择：根据领导者的名字直接命名②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual 肉欲enjoyment.享乐Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通过实行道德获得Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted ofatoms.原子

5、The Stoics 斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno. ②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life. One should endure 忍受hardship 艰难and misfortune 不幸withcourage.勇气Developed into Stoics… duty. He was also a materialist.

四、What philosophy system did Plato established？Why do we say Plato…s philosophy system was idealistic？Do you thinkPlato built up a comprehensive 综合的system of philosophy？

答：1、It dealt with，among other things，the problem of how，in thecomplex，ever—changing world，men were to attain 获得knowledge. 2、The first case and physical 自然world should take the secondarycase. 3、Idealistic of philosophy. 4、Many of Plato…s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.吸收到基督教的思想中

五、What…s the difference between Plato and Aristotle i n terms oftheir

philosophical ideassystem？

答：1、For one thing，Aristotle emphasized强调direct observation ofnature and insisted that theory should follow fact.理论联系实际This isdifferent from Plato…s reliance依赖on subjective thinking.万物依赖主观思维2、For another，he thought that “form” and matter together made upconcrete具体的individual个别的realities. 物质与意识共同构成的客观事实Here，too，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higherreality than the physical world意识高于物质3、Aristotle thought happiness was men…s aim in life. But not happinessin the vulgar 庸俗的sense，but something that could only be achieved byleading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation.善良和期待一句话简答题What should be man…s aim in life？Aristotle…s answer was：happiness.

六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-oncultural

development？What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert 运用on theworld civilization 文化？

答：There has been an enduring excitement 兴奋about classical 经典的Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere 别处。Rediscovery of Greek cultureplayed a vital 有生命力的part in the Renaissance in Italy and otherEuropean countries.

1、Spirit of innovation 创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy；They first wrote history as opposed 反对to mere 纯粹的annals 历史记载；They speculated 思索freely about the nature of the world and the

ends oflife 生命的轮回，without being bound in the fetters 束缚of any inheritedorthodoxy.继承的习俗

2、Supreme Achievement 至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields ofhuman endeavour 努力：Philosophy，science，epic poetry，comedy，historical writing，architecture，etc.

3、Lasting effect 持续的影响①Countless 无数的writers have quoted 举例，borrowed from andotherwise used Homer…s epics，the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophoclesand Euripides，Ar istophanes?s comedies，Plato…s Dialogues，ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century，in England alone，threeyoung Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture inworks which have themselves become classics 经典之作：Byron…s Isles ofGreece，Shelle y?s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats…s Ode on aGrecian Urn. ③In the 20th century，there are Homeric parallels 与…平行in theIrishman 爱尔兰James Joyce…s modernist masterpiece 代表作Ulysses.

七、What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture andRoman culture？

答：1、similarity①Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of thecitizen-assembly. ②Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities神to bereadily容易的identified 一致，and their myths 崇拜的神to befused.融合③Their languages worked in similar ways，both being members of theIndo-European language family. 2、difference①The Romans built up a vast 巨大的empire；theGreeks didn…t，except for the brief 短暂的moment of Alexander?sconquests，which soon disintegrated.瓦解②The Romans were confident自信的in their own organizationalpower，their military and administrative capabilities.管理国家的能力

八、What is the Rome historical background？

答：1、The history of Rome divided into two periods：Before the year 27B.C.，Rome had been a republic；from the year 27 B.C.，Octavius tooksupreme 最大的power as emperor with the title of Augustus and RomanEmpire began. 2、Two centuries later，the Roman Empire reached its climax，marked by land area…s extension：Encircling 环绕the Mediterranean.地中海3、Strong military power：the famous Roman legions. 4、In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peacefultime，which was guaranteed保证by the Roman legions，it was known asPax Romana. 5、Another important contribution made by the Romans to Europeanculture was Roman Law. 6、The empire began to decline in the 3rd century. 选择

①In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital fromRome to

Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople modern Istanbul。

②After 395 分裂时间，the empire was divided into East TheByzantine Empire and West

○3In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and thismarked the end of the West Roman Empire.

④The East Roman Empire collapsed 崩溃when Constantinople fell tothe Turks in 1453. 英法百年战争结束

第二章

1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 在西方最具影响力的宗教

2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two majorcomponents of European culture：Judaism and Christianity.

3、The Jewish tradition，which gave birth to Christianity. 犹太教是基督教的前身Both originated in Palestine，which was known as Canaan.

4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews. 犹太人的祖先是希伯来人

5、They called “Hebrews”，which means “wanderers”。商旅

6、About 1300 B.C.，the Hebrews came to settle 定居in Palestine.

7、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of theBible.

8、The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and theNew Testament.

9、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝与上帝的教义

10、The New Testament is about the doctrine 教义of Jesus Christ.

11、The New Testament is，in essence 实质上，the four accounts 四福音书，written by the four disciples.弟子

12、The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreementbetween God and Man.

13、Bible is representative of Christianity and 新旧约

14、The Old Testament 名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and theNew Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. Theword “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between God andMan.

15、The New Testament 名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and theNew Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine 教义of JesusChrist. The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreementbetween God and Man.

16、The Old Testament consists of 39 books，the oldest and mostimportant of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch.摩西五经

17、Pentateuch 名词解释The Old Testament consists of 39 books，theoldest and most important of which are the first five books，calledPentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis 创世记，Exodus 出埃及记，Leviticus教义记，Numbers 逃亡记，Deuteronomy 摩西遗言记。

18、Genesis 名词解释Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch，ittells about

a religious

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