商务英语词汇的特征分析及翻译策略

商务英语词汇的特征分析及翻译策略
商务英语词汇的特征分析及翻译策略

商务英语词汇的特征分析及翻译策略

摘要:

随着中国与世界各国的商务往来活动越来越广泛和深入,国际商务活动日益频繁起来,作为交流工具和平台的商务英语作用也越发重要。本文简要概括了商务英语的词汇特征,并从商务英语词汇特征入手,通过商务英语词汇特征、商务英语翻译标准及术语翻译原则三方面分析,进一步总结出一些翻译策略,以期对大学生提高商务英语阅读能力有所帮助。

关键词:商务英语;词汇特征;翻译原则和标准;翻译策略;

一、商务英语词汇特征

英语词汇的特点是“涵义范围比较宽,比较丰富多彩,词义对上下文的依赖性比较大,独立性比较小”。商务词汇除具有英语词汇的一般特征之外,由于英语涉及金融、外贸、保险、财会、营销、法律等广泛领域,研究表明其还具有如下特征:

1、丰富的商务英语词汇

商务英语词汇的丰富性来源于商务英语语篇的丰富性。商务英语语篇指在商务活动中使用的各种正式与非正式文件,具有实用性、多样性和行业性的特点。

2、专业术语词汇数量庞大且被大量使用

专业术语是指适用于不同的学科领域或专业的词,是用来正确表达科学概念的词,具有丰富的内涵和外延。译文应体现出商务英语的特色,遣词造句说的是行内话,符合商界的表达习惯。否则轻则闹翻译笑话,重则将造成严重的经济损失。

专业词汇有进出口贸易Free on Board(船上交货价);营销和销售bar code(条形码);银行业Encryptions(加密);广告业banner advertising (横幅广告);物流业stockholding(库存);电子商务ecommerce;保险业underwriters(保险商);法律Jurisdiction(诉讼管辖)等。

3、古语词频繁使用

古语词一般已不通用,但古语词可增加严肃、正式的意味,因此使用古语词可体现商务信函、商务合同、法律文书的严肃性和正式性。一般古语词均为副词,一般是here 、there 或where 与in、on、after 、of 等介词结合构成的复合词。在句子中修饰动词时其位置与普通副词类似,而修饰名词一般放在后面。

4.商务英语词汇构词方法多样

随着商务活动的不断开展,新词汇层出不穷。原有的一些词,在不同专业领域中被赋予新的含义,有的进而发展成为专业词汇、外贸术语。以下为常见的构词方式:

(1)一词多义:商务英语术语专业性较强,用以表达科学概念的,一般来说,在某个特殊领域的词具有单义性,也就是一个词只有一个意思。一词多用、一

词多义的现象极为普遍。了解和掌握了这些词的多义性,才能运用自如,准确灵活地进行翻译。下面以share为例:

All the partners have a share in the profits.

“所有合伙人都可以分得一份利润。”在这句中的share用作名词,译为“一份”。

The company was formed with 2000 shares.

“该公司由两千股组成。”share 在这里用作名词,译为“股份”。(2)合成法构成新词:合成法是指将两个或着两个以上的词语按照一定的顺序构成新词(复合词)。英语包容性很强,能够吸收和应用其他语言的词汇。进入信息时代,信息量巨大,传播速度很快,出现许多新词汇,例如电子商务词汇online publishing网上出版,cyber-marketing网络化营销等。

(3)大量使用缩略词:出于对效率的考虑,商务活动中很多时候采用具有简约特色的缩略词,其特点是语言简练,使用方便,信息量大。缩略词形式表现为:第一种为首字母缩略法,如D/A(Document against Acceptance)承兑交单。5.商务英语词汇繁复性高:内容缜密商务活动来往的文书包括商务函电、经贸合同,以及各种协议等等具备实际意义的法律文本,使用的是正式文体,因此为体现这类文本的正式性、严肃性、权威性和严密性,在用词方面尤其仔细。(1)约定俗成的表达方式:商务英语活动往往涉及多方利益,在一些正式的文本中要求定义、条款内容等必须精确,因此往往有一些固定的表达方式,也就是格式和套话,例如用yourarly reply而不是if you can reply early。(2)大量使用名词:商务英语中使用大量的名词,往往若干个名词罗列构成一些新词,如order fulfillment cycle time根据订单交货的周期,cost leadership产品成本上的优势等。

(3)时间表达固定,数字众多:商务英语中业务数字和时间都是关键,出现差错容易使业务失败。如in one month orless表示一个月以内而不是用in one month,特定明确所指的时间表达可以避免纠纷的出现。

(4)名词单复数往往变义:这是指有些名词在从单数构成复数时词义发生了变化。如外贸中的import&export指的是进出口业务,而imports&exports是指进出口货物或进出口额。

总之,商务英语的用词特点是由其语境和交际功能决定的,使用时必须注意其语言的表达规律。译者处理词汇时遵循原文的语义信息、风格信息、文化信息、读者反应与译文的相等的原则,只有具备了英语翻译的基本素质,较高的英语和汉语表达能力,较强的商务专业知识,注意平时积累,了解相关时代和文化背景,掌握最新商务方面的发展动态,不断地实践才能做好商务英语词汇的翻译。

二、商贸词汇翻译过程中要遵守准确性原则及所要遵循的标准

在商务英语翻译中,准确性原则要求译者在将原文语言内容转换到译文

语言内容的过程中选词准确,做到概念表达确切,物与名所指正确,数码与单位精确。

1.语言结构上的准确性

语言结构上的准确主要体现在用词准确、行文流畅、语言符合规范等。“装运日期不得晚于1994年3月31日,并须由“和平”轮装运。” Shipment is to be made made on or before March 31,1994,per.s.s.Peace.商务英语中关于时间的文字,应严格谨慎地处理。

2.专业风格上的准确性

专业风格的准确性,主要体现在商务文书特有的专业术语、行业套话及特殊的表达形式上,翻译时根据需要规范使用专业术语和行业套语,将其内容、形式和风格恰当、得体地翻译出来。例如:document 译作“单据,单证”,CIF应译为“到岸价”。

3、商务英语翻译标准

商务英语具有“忠实”、“地道”、“统一”的翻译标准。常玉田谈到翻译的原则、标准时说:“翻译的最基本任务不是转换语言,而是传达‘意思’、‘信息’和‘内容’,所以,商务英语翻译不同于文学翻译和其它文体的翻译,它必须强调语义对等或等效,做到“地道”,让读者有专业化的感受,而不是一般的语言描述”。

三、商务英语词汇翻译策略

1、掌握商务英语词汇的特征

把握住商务英语词汇的特征,一定程度上也就是掌握了翻译词汇的一般规律,在此基础上,翻译才可能如鱼得水。

2、认识并把握商务英语词汇的翻译原则和标准

(1)把握适合的语境

商务英语的语境既包括外贸工作者从事的各种进出口业务活动,又包括他们用以表达进出口业务的语言。在商务活动中,为了达到有效交际,主要语言活动必须紧紧围绕着贸易活动这个话题进行,贸易工作者必须使用能够有效表达这个话题的语言项目。

(2)了解不同的文化氛围

翻译其准确性依赖于很多因素:文章本身的可信度、目标读者、被翻译文章在使用中的风格以及翻译的目的。例如在外贸进出口业务中经常要提到black tea 和golden sugar两种商品。如果将black tea 译成“黑茶”、golden sugar 译成“金色糖”的话,会令人难以理解,而将它们分别译成“红茶”和“赤砂糖”则符合中国人的文化习惯。

3、密切注意词汇惯用法和固定搭配

熟悉和掌握英语的惯用法和搭配会对翻译有所帮助,并从而提高翻译的质量。例:The exporter has drawn a draft in favor of the importer for USD 6,000 with relevant shipping documents attached.例中to draw a draft

是to write out a draft ,即“开立一张汇票”之义,而该义一般不用to open

a draft 来表达。

四、结束语

商务英语具有词汇丰富,专业术语数量庞大且被大量使用,古语词使用频繁、商务英语词汇构词方法多样等特点。且其具有“忠实”、“地道”、“统一”的翻译标准。在翻译商务英语内容时,应了解商务英语的特征,熟悉外贸术语、及时吸取新的专业知识,掌握丰富的英语语言知识和外贸专业知识,并且遵循其翻译标准及原则,掌握一定的翻译策略,才有可能消除交际中种种障碍,从而达到准确、忠实传递信息的目的。做到这些,大学生肯定会在商务英语翻译的道路上才能越走越远。

参考文献:

1、陈小慰《:商务词汇翻译中的回译和借用》[J].中国翻译,2001-7

2、王晓辉祝远德《:谈商务英语的特点和翻译》[J].广西大学学报,2001-12

3、商务英语考试(BEC)指南https://www.360docs.net/doc/975521604.html,;

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Between..and…在..之间 Country of origin and manufacture生产国别和制造厂商 Time of shipment装运期限 Port of shipment)装运口岸 Port of destination 到货口岸 Be liable for 对…负责 On account of由于 Attribute to 造成 Take measures采取措施 Shipping mark唛头 Gross weight毛重 Net weight净重 Do not stack up side down此端向上 Handle with care小心轻放 Keep away from moisture切勿受潮 Terms of payment付款条件 Payment by L/C信用证付款 Payment by collection信托付款 Payment by M/T信汇付款 In case of在情况下,以某种方式 Freight to collect运费到付 Insurance policy/certificate保险单/证明 War risk兵险 Breakage and leakage破碎渗漏 In the event of在发生情况下if Upon arrival of在到达之时 Invoice of quintuplicate发票5份 Packing list in duplicate装箱单2份 Certificate of quality质量证明 Technical document技术资料 Foundation drawings基础图 Wiring instructions布线说明 Terms of shipment装运条款 Shipping agent装运代理人 In the matter of如有。。if Be free from defects不存在缺陷 For a period of 2 years from the date of purchase自购买之日起两年内Warranty 保修期 Batch number批号 Forwarder 代运人 Shipment date装运日期 Design specification设计规格 Risk assessment风险评估

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这是某英文合同文体中的一个句子。这个诗歌并列句,句中主语是work,and连接两个谓语(shall be commenced和shall be completed)。 2.表述简单清楚 商务英语是商务活动的工具,通过阅读文献可以发现:商务英语常用简洁、易懂、规范、正式的词。 这一特点是由国际商务交际的性质决定的,因为国际商务交际非常讲究效益、效率,使用常用的词语便于交易双方的理解和接受;修饰语少,内容上直截了当。偏僻的词汇可能会增加双方沟通障碍,因而不受欢迎。 商务英语的词汇选择讲究精炼、严谨,很少使用口语化的、非正式的、生僻、不规范的词或行话。 了解口语词语和书卷词语在文体风格上的差异有助于实现语言交际的适合性和得体性 3. 模糊性的句法,善用祈使句 商务英语要求准确完整、清楚简洁,但模糊语言的适当使用,能起到积极的效果。语言的模糊性不仅仅体现在词义层面,还应是具体商务活动中句法所表达意义的模糊性。

商务英语翻译答案

Unit 1 1.从你的简历和应聘申请书来看,你对营销工作已有相当多的经验。 I see from your résumé and application that you’ve had quite a lot of experience in marketing already. 2.如果你处在我的位置,你希望你的雇员应具备哪些素质? If you were in my shoes, what sort of qualities you’d look for in your employees? 3.部门经理应该能够主动处理很多事情。 A department manager has to be able to do a lot of things on your own initiative. 4.作为秘书,我做过大量的文字工作,如拟写报告、作会议记录等,而且似乎我的记忆力比一般人强。As a secretary, I’ve had to do quite a lot of paper work, such as handling report writing, keeping minutes at meetings, and I seem to have a better memory than average. 5.从秘书的角度看,我认为和上司共享一个办公室更好,这样对她的上司不太有可能忘记告诉她一些重要的事情。 From the secretary’s point of view I think it’s better to share an office room with her boss so that there’s not much chance of her superior forgetting to let her know about important matters. 6.我工作过的那家公司是一家做营销和公共关系的公司,主要是为在中国投资的外国公司提供咨询。The company where I worked is a marketing and public relations company and they do consultant work for foreign companies investing in China. 7.我想在贵公司会有更多个人发展的机会,而且这里的工作对于我来说更具挑战性。 I feel that I would have more scope and opportunity for personal development in your company and that the work will be more challenging for me. 8.我主要的工作是协助经理安排访问、会议及介绍,并且替他处理信件。 What I basically do is to assist the manager by arranging visits, setting up meetings and presentations and to deal with his correspondence. 9.申请书和简历一样重要,因为申请书通常是申请者和雇主之间第一次直接的接触。 The application letter can be as important as the CV in that it often provides the first direct contact between an applicant and an employer. 10.有效的申请书能说明你对具体单位兴趣的原因,并且辨认出你最相关的技能或经历。 Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences. Unit2 1.本公司创建于1978年,现在已经成为我国主要的厨房用具出口商之一。 Our company, established in 1978, has now become one of the leading exporters of kitchen appliances in our country. 2.我们在国内有十家专业子公司,在国外有六家常驻办事处。我们在国内还建立了二十多家合资公司。 We have 10 specialist subsidiaries at home and 6 permanent offices abroad. We’ve also set up more than 20 joint ventures in the home market. 3.我们是多元化企业,主要是经营国际贸易、国际运输、劳务输出、房地产等。 We are a diversified company dealing mainly in international trade, international transportation, labor export, real estate and so on. 4.我们从事纺织品经营已经有30多年,并与当地纺织品大厂家及分销商保持密切的联系。 We have been handling textiles for more than 30 years and maintain close contact with large manufacturers and distributors in our area. 5.为了迅速发展,我们组成了多元化战略联盟,使我们能扩大到新的市场领域。 In order to grow rapidly, we’ve formed a diversifying strategic alliance which allows us to expand onto new market areas. 6.我们的目标主要是本地市场,但是我们也在研究进入欧洲市场的可能性。 We mainly target local markets, but we are looking at the possibility of entering the European market. 7.我们公司的领导体系是这样的:首先是合伙人;其次,直接在合伙人之下的是三位合作伙伴,也就是,最上层是两位合伙人和直接在合伙人之下的三个合作伙伴。在合作伙伴之下,我们有高级工程师、初级工程师、绘图员等,一直往下至办公室的勤杂工。 The system of command of our company is that we have the partners, and then we have three associates immediately below the partners, that is, two partners at the top and three associates directly below them. And then below the associate we have senior engineers, junior engineers, drafts-person and so on and so forth, down to the office boy. 8.我们是新成立的公司,只有大约五年的历史。公司共有四十名员工,分布在四个办事处中。 We’re a young company, only about five years old. There are only about 40 people in the company, split amongst four offices. 9. 谈到进口在中国畅销的美国产品,我们作为一家在中国的美国公司,感到比其他公司更有优势。 As an American company in China we find we have an advantage over other companies when it comes to importing American products that are marketable here in China.

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