2004级语言学期末考试题A卷

西南大学课程考核命题单

命题教师：教研室或系负责人：主管院长：年月日

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4. _____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.试题 A 卷

4. _____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.

A. Sociolinguistics

B. Comparative linguistics

C. Syntax

D. Computational linguistics

5. A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be

added.

A. root

B. free morpheme

C. stem

D. suffix

6. The phonetic transcription with diacritics is called _____.

A. broad transcription

B. International Phonetic Alphabet

C. American English Pronunciation

D. narrow transcription

7. The Black English senten ce “I don't gotta do nothing” is considered incorrect because:

a) it contains a double negative and is thus inherently incorrect

b) it is impossible to understand

c) it is not associated with the upper class use of standard English

d) both a and b above

8. According to their ______, words can classified into closed-class and open-class words.

A. variability

B. membership

C. similarities

D. functions

9. When language is used to "do things", it serves the _____ function.

A. evocative

B. expressive

C. directive

D. performative

10. "Classroom" is a _______.

A. free morpheme

B. derivative

C. compound

D. root.

Ⅱ. Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (15 Points)

Column A

1. selectional restrictions

2. applied linguistics

3. phoneme

4. assimilation

5. blending

6. design features

7. pragmatics

8. root

9. endocentric constructions

10. diglossia

西南大学课程考核命题单(试题 A 卷)

Column B

A. the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity

B. word formed by combining parts of other words

C. a sociolinguistic situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play

D. one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents

E. the minimal unit in the sound system of a language, which is of distinctive value.

F. the defining properties of human language as against animal communication

G. the restrictions on the type of noun that can be selected with each verb

H. the study of the use of language or meaning in context

I. a type of phonological process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.

J. the bridge between the theories of linguistics and the practice of foreign language teaching.

Ⅲ. GAP FILLING，Choose the right word from the following lists

to fill in each of the blanks in the passages. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (30 Points)

WORD LIST:

A. appropriate

B. b ehavior

C. competence

D. completed

E. context

F. conventions

G. different

H. events

I. experience

J. functions

K. knowledge L. learners M. line N. narrow O. native

P. presenting Q. situations R. specific S. suggestion T. user The concept competence originally comes from Chomsky. It refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language (1)and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete (2). This concept of linguistic competence has been criticized for being too (3). To expand the concept of (4), D. H. Hymes proposes communicative competence,which has four components: possibility-- the ability to produce grammatical sentences; feasibility—the ability to produce sentences which can be decoded by the human brain; appropriateness—the ability to use proper forms of language in a specific sicio-cultural (5); performance—the fact that the utterance is (6).

It is easy to see how inequalities can arise in communicative competence to the

Column B试题 A 卷

extent that this is learned through (7). There is no (8)that some people have more communicative competence overall than others, but there clearly are differences relative to (9) types of situation. Some people are good at light chit-chat, others at (10) lectures or after-dinner speeches; some people know the(11) for ordering beer in a pub, or for ordering wine in a restaurant, and others don’t. All these skills require knowledge; indeed, no clear (12) can be drawn between “knowledge”(knowing what to do) and “skill” (being able to put it into practice) in any kind of (13),from tying knots through driving a car to speaking (arguably the most complicated of all behavior). A particularly obvious kind of inequality in communicative competence distinguishes (14) speakers of a language from non-native (15).

In Hymes’ view, the learner acquires (16) of sentences not only as grammatical but also as (17). The aim of language learning is the ability to perform a repertoire of speech acts so as to take part in speech (18). This is another way of saying that learning language is learning to perform certain (19). The theory of communicative competence stresses the context in which an utterance occurs. In its application, the teacher may teach how in (20) situations the same sentence can perform the function of statement, command, or request.

IV. READING COMPREHENSION. Read the following passage and answer each of the questions based on it. Choose the correct answer write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)

Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said --- the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don’t always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don’t mean anything except “I’m letting off some steam. I don’t really want you to pay close attention to what I’m saying. Just pay attention to what I’m feeling.” Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, “This step has to be fixed before I buy.” The owner says, “It’s been like that for years.”

Actually, the step hasn’t been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I don’t want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can’t you?” The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed by examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.

西南大学课程考核命题单(试题 A 卷)

When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend’s unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says “No!” to a series of charges like “You’re dumb,” “You’re lazy,” and “You’re dishonest,” may also say “No!” and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And you’re good looking”.

We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, “It sure has been nice to have you over,” can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.

1. Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners, if they ______.

A. use proper words to carry their ideas

B. both speak truly of their own feelings

C. try to understand each other’s ideas beyond words

D. are capable of associating meanings with their words

2. “I’m letting off some steam” in Paragraph 1 means ______.

A. I’m just calling your attention

B. I’m just kidding

C. I’m just saying the opposite

D. I’m just giving off some sound

3. The house-owner’s example shows that he actually means _____.

A. the step has been like that for years

B. he doesn’t think it is necessary to fix the step

C. the condition of the step is only a minor fault

D. the cost involved in the fixing should be shared

Column B试题 A 卷

4. Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if ______.

A. linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness

B. seen as one’s habitual pattern of behavior

C. taken as part of an ordering sequence

D. expressed to a series of charges

5. The word “ritualistically” in the last paragraph equals something done _____.

A. without true intention

B. light-heartedly

C. in a way of ceremony

D. with less emphasis

V. Answer the following questions, each in 80 to 150 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 Points)

1.What is the basic distinction between a vowel and a consonant? How are the

consonants in English classified? (10 Points)

(Clue: Make sure your classification if well organized; you need not go into the details by naming all the subcategories.)

2.Exemplify what conversational implicatures are and how they arise. (10 Points)

3.What’s your impression about linguistics? What suggestions do you have about the

course of linguistics? (10 Points)

(Clue: For the first question, you can talk about what you have learned in this course and/or what you think this course should teach the students; for the second question, you just speak out your own ideas. Make sure your answer is logical and clearly stated.)