Unit-13-Speech-at-the-Graveside-of-Karl-Marx答案综合教程
Unit 13 Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx
Key to the Exercises
Text Comprehension
I.
B
II.
1-5. T T F T F
IV.
1. ... before a man can engage himself in politics, science, art, religion, etc., he has, first of all, to satisfy his primary needs for food, clothing and housing; and the production of these immediate needs, together with the economic progress made by a certain people or within a certain time, provides the basis on which the people concerned gradually develop their state institutions, their legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion...
2. He treated all this with contempt, ignoring it, as if brushing away annoying but insignificant cobweb. He reacted to it only when he found it absolutely necessary and had no other choice.
Vocabulary
I. Phrase
1. in the light of: in view of 由于，鉴于，考虑到
2. vice versa: the other way around, a phrase here indicating that the reverse of what has been said is also true 反之亦然
3. was not even half the man: was only a small part of the man’s achievements
4. before all else: first of all 首先
5. in one way or another: in some manner 想方设法
II.
1. evolve;
2. vice versa;
3. present-day;
4. envisage;
5. overthrew;
6. a host of;
7. brushed aside;
8. revered.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. organically
2. illegally
3. critical
4. superficial
5. Theoretically
6. passionate
7. militantly
8. conservatively
IV.
1. B;
2. D;
3. C;
4. D;
5. A;
6. D;
7. A;
8. B.
V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. Synonym: calmly
2. Antonym: inorganic
3. Antonym: measurable, limited
4. Antonym: revealed, exposed
5. Antonym: nonlegal (non-legal)
6. Antonym: unconscious, unaware
7. Antonym: progressive, liberal, radical
8. Synonym: last
VI. Suffix
Write in each space one word that has the same suffix as underlined in each given word.
1. musician technician
2. engineer mountaineer
3. zoology geology
4. geography telegraphy
5. sympathy empathy
6. linguistics politics
7. friendship leadership
8. arrangement encouragement
Grammar Exercises
I. Complete the following sentences with the past perfect or past perfect progressive of the verbs in brackets.
1. had been talking;
2. had been working;
3. had worked
4. had been applying;
5. had broken;
6. had been standing;
7. had swallowed
8. had been
II.
1. hasn’t been lived in / has been empty;
2. had been working for the company;
3. had been waiting for me for half an hour;
4. had had lunch;
5. had sailed four days and four nights;
6. had stormed out of the room;
7. had prepared the meal;
8. he had seem me.
III.
had lowered; developed; is; crossed; had been looking; took; stayed; moved; had been living; arrived; had been searching; called.
IV.
came; deposited; had been left; was entitled; were lent; kept; was; borrowed; conceived; promised; began; received; remained; developed; became.
V. Indicate which sentence in each of the pairs is preferable.
1. a;
2. a;
3. a. Children use the telephone so often, and their parents become angry, and they have it disconnected.
Preferable: b. Because children use the telephone so often, they anger their parents, who have it disconnected.
4. a. Charlie had a small piece of cake after dinner, although it was not on his diet. Preferable: b. Although cake was not on his diet, Charlie had a small piece after dinner.
5. b;
6. b;
7. a.
Translation exercises
I.
1. 这个人的逝世，对于欧美战斗的无产阶级，对于历史科学，都是不可估量的损失。
2. 剩余价值的发现，使这个问题豁然明朗，而先前无论资产阶级经济学家或者社会主义批评家未解决这一难题所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
3. 任何一门理论科学中的每一个新发现—它的实际应用也许还根本无法预见—都使马克思感到由衷的喜悦，而当他看到那种对工业、对一般历史发展立即产生革命性影响的发现的时候，他的喜悦就非同寻常了。
4. 他对这一切毫不在意，把它们当作蛛丝一样轻轻拂去，只是在万不得已时才给以回敬。
II.
1. Although she has been learning English for ten years, she is still not able to make herself understood in the language because she has not paid enough attention to oral English.
2. Just as our ancestors opened up the ancient Silk Road from China to Europe, so Columbus discovered the sea route between Europe and America.
3. When he heard about Mary’s reconcilia tion with John, he was so jealous that he was not able to conceal his disappointment.
4. That scientist was doing a research project in order to throw some light on the natural laws governing the ageing of human beings.
5. I’m sorry I gave away the secret because I was not conscious of him standing nearby when I was talking to you.
6. Nothing in the world can rival the human brain, not even the most advanced computer we can envisage.
7. In addition to submitting a term paper, students taking this course will have to write at least three book reports.
8. The two classes are vying for the opportunity to represent our university in the provincial debating competition.
Exercises for integrated skills
I. Dictation
Karl Marx was the most important of all socialist thinkers / and the creator of a system of thought called Marxism, / and the political system called Communism. / Marx developed his revolutionary theories / over a period of four decades beginning in 1843. / He formulated his theories / with the intention to liberate wage workers or laborers / from the capitalist societies of nineteenth-century Europe. / He maintained that in order to emancipate humanity / from economic domination, / a social revolution was needed. / He helped organize the international socialist movement. / His ideas motivated radical political activists / who joined his call to overthrow capitalism. / Marxism, / reduced to the theory that all events are caused by economic self interest, / had a strong influence on many areas of thought / from politics to history to literature.
II. Cloze
(1) that (2) in (3) that (4) to (5) by
(6) as (7) who (8) as (9) of (10) its
Writing Practice
Write two paragraphs based on the topic sentences given below. While writing, use variation of sentence patterns, so that your writing might be coherent and clear, but not boring.
1. Families living on welfare grants also have the right to keep a pet.
Ideas for reference:
Raising a pet animal in a poor household does not involve much money.
The presence of a pet animal in a poor household indicates the special mental needs of those disadvantaged people.
A loyal pet is a mute but eloquent argument against the necessity of many worldly possessions.
Sample:
Nowadays, there has been much controversy over whether receivers of poor relief should be allowed to raise an animal as a pet. Some believe that if a household can afford to support an extra creature besides themselves, then it is not really in such financial straits that qualify it for governmental pr ovision. But others don’t think so. And they believe that raising a pet animal in a poor household does not involve much money. Instead, it requires lots of care and attention, of which a poor family often has a large supply. Under no circumstances would they ever abandon their pet which has long kept them company and has perhaps been regarded as one of them. The presence of a pet animal in a poor
household indicates the special mental needs of those disadvantaged people. As much as one needs to feel loved and find desired help always available in this world, one needs to feel that they have the power to love and help others. To that need a pet answers precisely. Powerless and dependent, a pet relies on its owner to live a decent life, unlike those stray animals which were exposed to a whole variety of risks and miseries. In addition, a loyal pet is a mute but eloquent argument against the necessity of many worldly possessions. People who have almost nothing to their names want to believe in that. From what have been discussed above, we may easily come to the conclusion that poor families should be allowed to keep their pets.
2. Receivers of unemployment benefits should not be allowed to keep a pet.
Ideas for reference:
Many dogs running around in the residential quarters are owned by such jobless benefit receivers.
Reports of wealthy people living on welfare grants are carried in newspapers now and then.
Government should take its responsibility and make its policy be carried out soundly, letting those who are really in need benefit from it.
Sample:
Recently, my mother has an unhappy experience —attacked by a fierce dog in our apartment building when she was just back from work. Not by sheer chance, the beast is owned by a jobless woman in her late forties, living on a monthly grant from the government. Actually many of the notorious dogs running around in our residential quarters are owned by such jobless benefit receivers. However, many of them are not really poor. The woman who pets the bad dog that attacked my mother, for example, is quite a wealthy lady. Her husband has a good job with a high income. Her son is studying in America. The dog which she walks and shows off in our neighborhood is only the solid evidence of their comfortable life. How unfortunate the society it is and reports of such wealthy people living on welfare grants are carried in newspapers now and then. They take advantage of the current social relief policy and get to enjoy governmental support by telling lies about their financial situation. But their pets give them away. Their unemployment has come as a result of their own choice. Unfair! That is unfair to honest people, who work hard to earn their own living and provide for their children, without extra time, money, or energy to raise a pet. Admittedly there are jobless pet-owners who live a miserable life. They were just forced out of work, and their pets are a source of consolation for them. In spite of that, the presence of these pets is a slap in the face for the millions of poorest people confined in the least developed areas of the country. Hard as they might work, they are unable to keep body and soul together. It is a slap in the face for those unfortunate children who drop out of school because of poverty. In this case, we need to say that government should take its responsibility and make its policy be carried out soundly, letting those who are really in need benefit from it. All in all, I’m strongly in favor of the proposal that pet-owners be denied unemployment relief.
Listening Exercises
Listen to the following passage and supply the missing information.
In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion .
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized , scientists design experiments to test the theory . If observations confirm the scientists’ predictions, the theory is supported . If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further . There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected .
Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science . As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, “Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.” Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered , the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination . Possible solutions to the problem are formulated . These possible solutions are called hypotheses.
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown . It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts . The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses . Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction . When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.