英语写作中的MLA格式
Guidelines and Examples for the Leader Profile Paper
1.Citations (general) pages 1- 3引文，传讯
2.Citations (electronic) pages 3-4
3.Works Cited Page pages 4-8
1.General Rules for Parenthetical Citations 附加说明的
USING AUTHOR NAME
The author of a source is always mentioned either in your text or in the parenthetical citation--unless no author is provided. (See "Special Cases" below for information regarding those situations.)
Author's name mentioned in text
Use the author's name in a single sentence to introduce the material. Then, cite the page number(s) in parentheses.
Example
Pope was clear to point out that, although many of his ideas were idealistic, Rousseau held ambivalent 矛盾的feelings toward women (138).
Author's name not mentioned in text
When you do not include the author's name in the text, place the author's last name in the parenthetical citation before the page number(s). There is no punctuation between the author's name and the page number(s).
Example
During World War I, British and American women could, for the first time, earn first-
class pay for first-class work (Gilbert 236-7).
More than one work by the same author(s)
If you use more than one work from a single author, when you refer to either of the sources, give the author's last name, an abbreviated title of the work, and the relevant page
number(s). A comma separates the author's last name and the title; however, there is no punctuation between the title and the page number(s).
Example
When calculating the number of homeless animals in the United States, the author
comically stated that "Maybe man would not overrun the planet, but his pet poodles and Siamese cats might" (Westin, Pethood 6). She then further stated that there are 50
million homeless animals in the country (Westin, "Planning" 10).
Note: If you mention the author's last name in the sentence, you do not need to include the author's last name in parentheses.
Two authors with the same last name
If you use sources by authors with the same last name, always include the author's first and last name in the sentence or in the parenthetical citation.
Example
Children will learn to write if they are given the freedom to choose their own subjects, Allison Faye argues, citing the city school council study of the early 1970s (42-51);
however, Robert Faye believes that children will learn how to write regardless of their school subjects (102-115).
Two or three authors in a single source
If a source is written by two or three authors, place all of the authors' last names in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation.
Example
Richards, Jones, and Moore maintain that college students who actively participate in extracurricular activities achieve greater academic excellence because they learn how to manage their time more effectively (185). or
The authors maintain that college students who actively participate in extracurricular activities achieve greater academic excellence because they learn how to manage their time more effectively (Richards, Jones, and Moore 185).
Four or more authors in a single source
If a source is written by four or more authors, use the first author's last name followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") either in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation. You can also name all of the authors in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation.
Example
Chazon et al. argued that ethnic groups are culturally based social organizations in
which members have multiple identities (105-6).
or
The authors argued that ethnic groups are culturally based social organizations in which members have multiple identities (Chazon, Riley, Jacobs, and Rutherford 105-6).
MULTIVOLUME WORKS
Citing an entire volume of a multivolume work
When using an entire volume in a multivolume work, it is not necessary to include the page number(s). Give the author's last name and then the volume number, including the abbreviation "vol." A comma separates the author's last name and the volume number.
Example
Between 1762 and 1796, the economy of imperial Russia experienced profound changes under Empress Catherine II (Spielvolgel, vol. 3).
Using part of one volume of a multivolume work
When using part of one volume of a multivolume work, name the author in the single sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Place the volume number first and then the page number(s) with a colon and one space between them.
Example
According to Flint, Japanese women of the Tokugawa period had key roles and functions in the home (5: 139).
SPECIAL CASES:
No author identified in a source
If you use a source that does not supply an author's name, substitute, by using the title or an abbreviated title, for the author's name in the sentence or in the parenthetical citation.
In the citation, do not forget to include the page number(s) unless the source is one page or less in length. Be sure to italicize the title if the source is a book, and if the source is an article, place quotation marks around the title.
Example
Goddess religions are thought to have originated somewhere between 25,000 and 7,000 BCE (When God Was a Woman).
Indirect quotations
If you are citing an author who was quoted by another author, include both names. First, give the name of the author whose words you are citing, followed by "qtd. in." Then, give the name of the author of the source you used. If you include the author whose words you are quoting in your text, you do not need to include the author's name again in your citation.
Example
In last month's issue of Rolling Stone, Lenny Cravitz admitted that Jimmy Hendrix was an "extraordinary man" (qtd. in Riverwell 220).
Note: Whenever you can, try to take material from the original source and not from a secondhand one. Your credibility as a writer could suffer if you depend too heavily on secondhand sources.
Citing more than one work in single parenthetical reference
If you need to acknowledge two or more works in a single reference, cite each source as
you normally would, but use semicolons to separate the reference.
Example
Several critics have noted that Butler is unique in being a female African American writer who has excelled in the science fiction genre (Crossley xii; Salvaggio).
2.Electronic Citations
In-Text (Parenthetical) Citations
Because Internet sources typically have no page or paragraph numbers, and Web sites in particular are often anonymous,无名的，假名的，匿名的，没有特色的， people are
often confused about how to refer to these sources within their papers. The answer is to cite the author's name whenever possible and use the source's title otherwise (or a shortened version of the title). If no page or paragraph number is provided in the document (NOT on your printer), leave that portion of the citation blank. Keep in mind that the primary purpose of an in-text citation is simply to point readers to the correct entry on the Works Cited Page.
Example
Despite the many challenges she has faced on the Internet, the author still enjoys the "magic" of the MOO (Dibbell).
If the electronic document does not have an author, use identifying words from the title.
Example
Each of the teletubbies has his/her own language acquisition level, and, because of this,
a child can identify and progress to the next language level when the child feels
comfortable ("The Inside Story").
Note: Do not cite page numbers from printouts because pagination may vary in different printouts.
REMINDERS
_ Make parenthetical citations brief and accurate.
_ To avoid long parenthetical citations, place reference information, such as the author's name, in your sentence.
_ Place a citation as close to the relevant material as possible without disrupting the sentence.
_ Use one citation at the end of a long section of material that comes from one source and the same page(s)--do not cite at the end of each sentence in this case.
_ Parenthetical citations always go outside of a quotation and always before a punctuation mark, such as a period.
EXCEPTIONS:
1.If a quotation of over three lines, double indent the quotation, use no
quotation marks, and place the parenthetical citation after the punctuation
mark. Do not include a period after the parenthetical citation.
2.If a quotation ends with a question mark (?) or an exclamation point
(!), include the given punctuation followed by a closing quotation, then
insert your parenthetical citation, and insert a period after your
parenthetical citation.
_ Place the parenthetical citations in your essay as your write. Do not wait until the essay is finished.
Source of the above:
https://www.360docs.net/doc/988688444.html,/MLA_format_parenthetical_citations.htm
3.Works Cited Page
When creating your Works Cited Page, remember to:
?Begin the Works Cited on a new page, but number consecutively (i.e., if the last page of your essay is page 3, the Works Cited is page 4)?Alphabetize each entry by first letter
?Use italics for all titles of books, magazines, films, etc.
?You do NOT need to include the URL on internet sources unless specifically required.
?Put quotation marks around the titles of poems, short stories, and articles ?Indent the 2nd line, the 3rd line, and all subsequent lines of each citation ?Double-space all entries...the examples which follow are single-spaced only to save space on this handout
Correct citation Type of citation Gorman, Elizabeth. Prairie Women. New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1986. Book (One author) Caper, Charles and Lawrence T. Teamos. How to Camp.
Philadelphia: Doubleday, 1986. Book (Two authors)
Ellis, Doris et.al. History of Japan. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1989. Book (Three or more authors)
Vanderkirk, Pamela, ed. Ten Short Plays. Los Angeles: Nowell Book
Co., 1982. Book (One editor) Lockhard, David J. and Charles Heimler, eds. The Oregon Trail. New
York: Bonanza Books, 1992.
Book (Two editors)
Carlson, David et.al., eds. Encyclopedia of Animal Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985. Book (Three or more editors)
Allende, Isabel. "Toad's Mouth." Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America.
Ed. Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88. Book (Single work from an anthology)
American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. Clayman. New York: Random, 1989.Book by Corporate Author
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Twice-Told Tales. Ed. George Parsons
Lathrop. Boston: Houghton, 1883. 1 Mar. 2002.
Keats, John. Poetical Works. 1884. https://www.360docs.net/doc/988688444.html,: Great Books Online. Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. May 1998. 5 May 2003
Book Online (Part of Scholarly Project)
Roberts, Sheila. "A Confined World: A Rereading of Pauline Smith."
World Literature Written in English. 24(1984): 232-38. Rpt.
in Twentieth Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Dennis
Poupard. Vol. 25. Detroit: Gale, 1988. 399-402. Gale Literary Criticism (previously published scholarly article in a collection)
Doctorow, E.L. Introduction. Sister Carrie. By Theodore Dreiser.
New York: Bantam, 1985. v-xi.Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. "Sojourner Truth, the Libyan Sibyl." 1863. One volume of
The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter
et al. Vol. 1. Lexington, Heath, 1994. 2425-33.
multivolume work
Maps 'n' Facts. Computer Software. Broderbund Software, 1995. Computer Software Frost, James. "Strawberries in a Field." Perrine's Literature:
Structure, Sound,_and Sense. Ed. Thomas R. Arp and
Greg Johnson. New York: Heinle and Heinle, 2002.
Poem
Frost, James. "Strawberries in a Field." Literature Resource Center.
Alabama Virtual Library. 15 March 2004.
Poem Online
Crane, Stephen. "The Open Boat." Literature Resource Center.
Alabama Virtual Library. 12 March 2004.
Short Story Online
Cather, Willa. "Paul's Case." Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. Ed. Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson.
New York: Heinle and Heinle, 2002. Short Story in an Anthology
Dunn, Samuel. "Re: Any Ideas for My Country Project." E-mail to
Tom Jones. 26 Feb. 2003. E-mail**
Barnridge, Thomas H. "Baseball." World Book Encyclopedia. 2001.Encyclopedia (Signed article)*
"Egypt." The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 2002. Encyclopedia (Unsigned article)*
Ito, Philip J. "Papaya," World Book Encyclopedia, 1998 ed. The World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia, CD-ROM version of The
World Book Encyclopedia.Encyclopedia (CD-ROM)*
"Egypt." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Vers. 97.1.1. Mar. 1997.
Encyclopedia Britannica. 29 Feb. 2000
The Empire Strikes Back. Dir. George Lucas. Perf. Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher. Twentieth Century Fox, 1980. Film
United States Office of Management and Budget. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1999. Washington:
GPO, 1999. Government Publication
Whitehurst, Daniel, former mayor of Fresno. Personal interview. 5 Mar. 2003. Interview (Personal)
Smith, John. "Beowulf: Archetypal Hero." English 102 Class.
Vestavia Hills High School, Vestavia Hills, AL. 28 March
2003.
Lecture
Lin, Michael. "Compressing Online Graphics." Online posting. 27
April 1999. MacWeb. 28 Feb. 2003
Listserv Posting
Cannon, Angie. "Just Saying No to Tests." U.S. News & World
Report. Oct. 1999: 34. Magazine
Cannon, Angie. "Just Saying No to Tests." U.S. News & World Report 18 Oct. 1999: 3. Alabama Virtual Library. Vestavia
Hills High School Library, Vestavia Hills, AL. 28 Feb. 2003.
Elliott, Michael. "The Biggest Fish of Them All." Time. 8 March 2003.
11 March 2003.
Barrow, Matthew. "Skipping School? Plan On Walking." Sacramento Newspaper Article,
Bee. 13 Oct. 1999, California final ed.: A1+. (Signed)
"Gorilla attacks Martian." National Enquirer 16 Mar. 1999: A-14. Newspaper Article,
(Unsigned)
Bradley, Donald. "Is There a Right Way?" Kansas City Star 23 May 1999: 2-4. SIRS Researcher. Alabama Virtual Library.. 28
Feb. 2003.
"Charles Frazier." Contemporary Authors Online. 2001.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/988688444.html,. Alabama Virtural Library. 28 February 2003
McCarron, Bill. "Images of War and Peace: Parallelism and
Antithesis in the Beginning and Ending of Cold Mountain." The Mississippi Quarterly. 52.2 (1999): 273. https://www.360docs.net/doc/988688444.html,. Alabama Virtual Library. 25 February 2003.
Achenbach, Joel. "America's river." Washington Post. 5 May 2002.
20 July 2003 dyn/articles/A13425-2202May1.html>. Newspaper Article (Newspaper Website) Your Health. New York: Modern Woman, 1996. Pamphlet "Karma Chameleon." Northern Exposure. CBS. KCRA, Sacramento. 29 Feb. 2000. Television or Radio (Live) Smith, Greg. "Rhesus Monkeys in the Zoo." No date. Online image. Monkey Picture Gallery. 3 May 2003. "Candy Cotton at the Fair." Birmingham, AL. Personal photograph taken by Quincy Adams. 5 March 2004.Personal Photograph Adams, Mindy. "Critical Eye for the Fantasy Guy." 4 January 2004. Online PowerPoint. https://www.360docs.net/doc/988688444.html,. 7 March 2004. Power Point Online Civil War Diary. Videotape. New World Entertainment, 1990. Videotape Springsteen, Bruce. "Dancing in the Dark." Born in the USA. Columbia, 1984. Music video. Dr. Brian De Palma. VH1. 10 May 2002. Music Video "Cabinet Nominations," Chapter 20. Powers of the President. Laser videodisc. Pioneer Communications of America, Inc. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 1995. Video Laserdisc "Castles in Medieval Times." https://www.360docs.net/doc/988688444.html,. 2000. Owl and Mouse Educational Software. 9 March 2003. Schrock, Kathleen. "Digital Gadgets." Kathy Schrock's Guide for Educators. 20 February 2002. Discovery Channel. 11 March 2003. "Great Gatsby Study Guide." https://www.360docs.net/doc/988688444.html,. 5 January 2002. 11 March 2003. underline and do not use quotation marks). The Cinderella Project. Ed. Michael N. Salda. Vers. 1.1.Dec. 1997. De Grummond Children's Lit. Research Collection, University of Southern Mississippi. 9 March 2003. https://www.360docs.net/doc/988688444.html,/~engdept/cinderella/cinderella.html>. Web page from a university (scholarly online project) "Langston Hughes Poetry Circles." February 2003. National Council of Teachers of English. 10 March 2003. *While you may wish to consult a general reference source like a comprehensive encyclopedia for background information, avoid using and citing such resources in documented literary papers. More specialized sources are preferred. **The following resources are NOT credible and should never be used or cited in a documented literary paper:SparkNotes?, Cliff's?Notes, PinkMonkey Notes?,and similar sources. Be very cautious in your use of resources from the Internet. Essays by middle school and high school students should certainly not be deemed reliable. Similarly, comments on books which are randomly submitted by readers lack credibility. Source of the above: https://www.360docs.net/doc/988688444.html,/MLAdocumentation.htm 论文规范格式 一 1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。 2、论文摘要和关键词。 论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。 关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。 3、目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。 4、引言（或序言）。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。 5、正文。是毕业论文的主体。 6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。 7、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。 参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 二 1、本科毕业论文格式要求： 装订顺序：目录--内容提要--正文--参考文献--写作过程情况表--指导教师评议表 参考文献应另起一页。 纸张型号：A4纸。A4 210×297毫米 论文份数：一式三份。 其他（调查报告、学习心得）：一律要求打印。 2、论文的封面由学校统一提供。(或听老师的安排） 3、论文格式的字体：各类标题（包括“参考文献”标题）用粗宋体；作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体；正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体；英文用Times New Roman字体。 4、字体要求： （1）论文标题2号黑体加粗、居中。 （2）论文副标题小2号字，紧挨正标题下居中，文字前加破折号。 （3）填写姓名、专业、学号等项目时用3号楷体。 （4）内容提要3号黑体，居中上下各空一行，内容为小4号楷体。 （5）关键词4号黑体，内容为小4号黑体。 （6）目录另起页，3号黑体，内容为小4号仿宋，并列出页码。 （7）正文文字另起页，论文标题用3号黑体，正文文字一般用小4 号宋体，每段首起空两 科技论文使用的参考文献标注规范 1.参考文献(WX) 1.1 参考文献是对期刊论文引文进行统计和分析的重要信息源之一，本规范采用 GB7714推荐的顺序编码制格式著录。 1.2 参考文献著录项目 a.主要责任者（专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、报告撰写 人、期刊文章作者、析出文章作者）。多个责任者之间以“，”分隔，注意 在本项数据中不得出现缩写点“．”。主要责任者只列姓名，其后不加“著”、“编”、“主编”、“合编”等责任说明。 b.文献提名及版本（初版省略）。 c.文献类型及载体类型标识。 d.出版社（出版地、出版者、出版序）。 e.文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址。 f.文献起止页码。 g.文献标准编号（标准号、专利号……）。 1.3 参考文献类型及其标识。 1.3.1 根据GB3469规定，以单字母方式标识一下各种参考文献类型： 其他未说明的文献类型，建议采用单字母“Z”. 1.3.3 对于数据库(database)、计算机程序(computer program)及电子公告(electronic bulletin board)等电子文献类型的参考文献，建议以下双字母作为标识： 1.3.4 对于非纸张型载体的电子文献，当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标识中同时表明其载体类型。本规范建议采用双子目表示电子文献载体类型：磁带(magnetic tape)—MT，磁盘(disk)—DK，光盘(CD-ROM)—CD，联机网络(online)—OL，并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型表识： [文献类型表识/载体类型表识] 如：[DB/OL]—联机网上数据库(database online) [DB/MT]—磁带数据库(database onmagnetic tape) [M/CD]—光盘图书(monograph on CD-ROM) [CP/DK ]—磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL]—网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL]—网上电子公告(electronic bolletin board online) 英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规范。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：CharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,notonlyintheirpersonalitiesbutinthe irsourcesofinspirationforwriting(Taylor,1990). 2.作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如：TaylorclaimsthatCharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,notonlyintheirperso nalitiesbutintheirsourcesofinspirationforwriting(1990). 3.如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注，如： Ina1990article,TaylorclaimsthatCharlotteandEmilyBrontewerepolaropposites,noto nlyintheirpersonalitiesbutintheirsourcesofinspirationforwriting. 4.在英文撰写的论文中引用中文着作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang,2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用内容在一页内，如： EmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanrelationships,whet hersexualorsocial”(Taylor,1988：11). （2）引用内容在多页上，如： Newmark(1988：39-40)notesthreecharacteristicallyexpressivetext-types:(a)seriousimaginativel iterature注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：APA的规范是(1988,。 假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：TaylorwritesthatEmilyBronte“expressedincreasinghostilityfortheworldofhumanre lationships,whethersexualorsocial”(1988：11). 超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类 学术论文的参考文献书写格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母―Z‖标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用―姓在前名在后‖原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A V oice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9] Spivak,G. ―Can the Subaltern Speak?‖[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313. [10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New Y ork: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78. 5.学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7. 6.研究报告 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 经济管理类论文写作中常用的研究方法 定性分析法 定性分析法就是对研究对象进行“质”的方面的分析。具体地说是运用归纳和演绎、分析与综合以及抽象与概括等方法，对获得的各种材料进行思维加工，从而能去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里，达到认识事物本质、揭示内在规律。 调查法 调查法是科学研究中最常用的方法之一。它是有目的、有计划、有系统地搜集有关研究对象现实状况或历史状况的材料的方法。调查方法是科学研究中常用的基本研究方法，它综合运用历史法、观察法等方法以及谈话、问卷、个案研究、测验等科学方式，对教育现象进行有计划的、周密的和系统的了解，并对调查搜集到的大量资料进行分析、综合、比较、归纳，从而为人们提供规律性的知识。 调查法中最常用的是问卷调查法，它是以书面提出问题的方式搜集资料的一种研究方法，即调查者就调查项目编制 成表式，分发或邮寄给有关人员，请示填写答案，然后回收整理、统计和研究。 观察法 观察法是指研究者根据一定的研究目的、研究提纲或观察表，用自己的感官和辅助工具去直接观察被研究对象，从而获得资料的一种方法。科学的观察具有目的性和计划性、系统性和可重复性。在科学实验和调查研究中，观察法具有如下几个方面的作用：①扩大人们的感性认识。②启发人们的思维。③导致新的发现。 实验法 实验法是通过主支变革、控制研究对象来发现与确认事物间的因果联系的一种科研方法。其主要特点是：第一、主动变革性。观察与调查都是在不干预研究对象的前提下去认识研究对象，发现其中的问题。而实验却要求主动操纵实验条件，人为地改变对象的存在方式、变化过程，使它服从于科学认识的需要。第二、控制性。科学实验要求根据研究的需要，借助各种方法技术，减少或消除各种可能影响科学的无关因素的干扰，在简化、纯化的状态下认识 数学研究方法与论文写 作 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58- 数学研究方法与论文写作 一、研究方法概要 就研究方法而言，主要可归类为两个范式，即科学主义研究范式和人本主义研究范式。主要的表现形式就是实证主义研究范式和解释主义研究范式，也即我们常说的“定量研究”和“定性研究”。 定量研究主要指注重测量、实验设计、统计分析、精确量化的实证研究（孔德的实证主义，冯特的心理学实验室(1879)，涂尔干的社会调查方法），类似于自然科学的研究方法，崇尚“价值无涉”、客观性、确定性、概括性、普遍性等不受人为的主观因素干扰的“演绎”过程。因此，定量研究（也称量的、量化研究）是一种对事物可以量化的部分进行测量和分析、以检验研究者自己有关理论假设的方法。定量研究有一套完备的操作技术，包括抽样方法（如随机抽样、分层抽样、系统抽样、整群抽样）、资料收集方法（如问卷法、实验法）、数据统计方法（如描述性统计、推断性统计）。这种方法主要用于相关因素的分析，如南师大数学系入学成绩与毕业成绩的关系、学习态度与学习成绩之间的关系、性别与数学学习成绩的关系、认知风格与知识迁移的关系研究等等。 定性研究主张以直觉方法、内省方法和心理体验等手段展开研究，强调主观性、意义性、特例性、“主体间性”、研究者的“在场”参与性等，不推崇抽样、数据统计等量化指标，而是关注“解释性理解”、“自然探究”、归纳分析等（胡塞尔的现象学，狄尔泰、海得格尔-存在主义、加达默尔的阐释学）。定性研究的这种主观特色，正好体现了研究者的心路历程，从而折射出研究过程和结论的真实性、可信性。因此，定性研究是以研究者本人为研究工具，在自然情境下凭借自身的参与观察、探究、访谈等手段收集资料，对某个数学问题或某种现象进行整体探索，使用归纳法分析资料并进行意义建构和解 Citing Sources: Principles and Examples Richard N. L. Andrews Updated August 2008 It is very important that you develop good habits of documenting the sources of both factual statements and the ideas, opinions, and arguments of other people that you use in any paper you write. One basic reason for this is to be able to support the statements you make and the facts you use if someone else should challenge or disagree with them. A second is to distinguish clearly between someone else’s ideas and arguments and your own, and not confuse the two. And a third is to protect your own integrity against either deliberate or accidental representation of someone else’s ideas or work as your own, which if intentional is known as plagiarism and is a serious violation of the UNC Honor Code and of the standards of ethical writing. Here are a few key recommendations: 1.When you take notes on readings, either (1) take direct quotations (using quotation marks, even in your notes) and a full, exact citation with it at the same time (i ncluding page number, so that you don’t have to go back and find it again), or (2) write your notes in sentences beginning, “Jones argues that…” or “Smith says that…” (and again, take an exact citation for future reference). Do not just cut and paste without including quotation marks and a citation, and do not write out directly copied or closely paraphrased material without including a citation of where it was from – both these practices may lead you later to misremember or rationalize what was your own w riting versus what was the original author’s. 2.When you use other authors’ materials in your paper, always use it in the forms discussed above, and always cite it (e.e. Andrews, 2003: 2). This also has the benefit of setting up the other author’s point for you to interpret or critique using different facts or your own counter-arguments, clearly showing your own ideas as different (“Adams argues that …, on the basis that …. In the case we are presently discussing, however, I believe a different interpretatio n is more persuasive [or, “In this case, however, the facts seem to lead to a different conclusion….”] For example, ….”). 3.Citations can be done in any of several different ways in different fields and publications. Unless there is a good reason to do otherwise, I encourage students to use the “Author, date: page” citation system (e.g. Andrews et al., 2003: 26). This is the simplest and most efficient way to do it, and it allows you to relate your references to a single alphabetical reference list or bibliography, avoid complicated footnoting (id., ibid., op. cit., etc.), and use footnotes only for more detailed explanation or interesting side-issues on a particular point in the text of the paper. 4.Materials cited from on-line sources must include (1) the author and title of the actual document found, and the exact Internet URL where it is located (not just the search engine page, or the main home page of the site on which you found it); 英语优秀论文参考文献格式要求 ————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 英语专业本科毕业论文 参考文献格式要求 I．文内引用 （一）直接引用 1．引用中的省略 原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出（…），中文用6个（……）；若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出（‥‥），中文用6个（……）。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例： 例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345). 例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" (p.275). 2．大段落引用 当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 Elkind (1978) states: 毕业论文参考文献规格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育， 2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4] 家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].：大学，2001：42. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6] 大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 研究方法与论文写作技巧学习心得 研究方法与论文写作技巧学习心得 时间犹如流水般川流不息，偷偷消逝。这学期的研究方法与论文写作的课程已经悄无声息的接近尾声了。怎样才能遵循选题，用对的研究方法进行研究，保证论述方向的可信程度，并用准确无误的语言表达该要表达的事物，我谈谈自己的体会：论文是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议的它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。 论文是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。写论文一般经过几个阶段：即选题，搜集阅读文献资料、拟定提纲（包括归纳、整理、分析）和成文。 一、选题和搜集阅读文献 撰写论文通常出于某种需要，如为某学术会议的专题、从事某项科研、为某方面积累文献资料等等，所以，论文的选题，作者一般是明确的，不像科研课题选题那么困难。论文选题范围广，题目可大可小，可根据自己的需要而定，初次撰写论文，特别是实习同学所选题目宜小些，这样查阅文献的数量相对较小，撰写时易于归纳整理。 选定题目后，则要围绕题目进行搜集与文题有关的文献。搜集文献的有关方法，有看专著、年鉴法、浏览法、滚雪球法、检索法等。搜集好与文题有关的参考文献后，就要对这些参考文献进行阅读、归纳、整理，如何从这些文献中选出具有代表性、科学性和可靠性大的单篇研究文献十分重要，从某种意义上讲，所阅读和选择的文献的质量高低，直接影响论文的水平。因此在阅读文献时，要用自己的语言写下阅读时得到的启示、体会和想法，将文献的精髓摘录下来，为撰写论文时提供有用的资料。 二、格式与写法 论文的要求是向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的 评述。因此论文的格式相对多样，一般都包含：前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写论文时可按这四部分拟写提纲，在根据提纲进行撰写。 前言部分，是说明写作的目的，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。 主题部分，是论文的主体，其写法多样，不管怎样，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 总结部分，将全文主题进行扼要总结，最好能提出自己的见解。 参考文献虽然放在文末，但却是论文的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引 四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用 圆括弧)。如: Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后 英文引用及参考文献格式要求 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley,M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris 与IrvingGordon应为：Norris,F.&I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemoryoftwolan guages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–67. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198715(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(eds.).Victory inLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988,pp.271-313. 一：对语言学本身性质的阐述分析 并且从不同角度来分析语言学 1《认知语言学的最新应用及展望》述介 【作者】卢植； 【机构】暨南大学外国语学院； 【摘要】Gitte Kristiansen,Michel Achard,Ren啨Dirven&Francisco J.Ruiz de MendozaIb偄 nez(eds.).2006.Cognitive Linguistics:Current Applications and Future Per-spectives.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.ix+499pp.1.前言《认知语言学的最新应用及展望》是德国Moutonde Gruyter出版社“认知语言学的应用”系列丛书的第一卷。编者在导言中指出,在过去二三十年间,认知语言学逐渐发展成为一个成熟和创新的学科,并不断演化和拓展。一更多还原 【关键词】认知语言学；最新应用；认知基础；概念隐喻理论；语言学模型；展望；认知科学；计算语言学； 2以认知为基础的英汉对比研究——关于对比认知语言学的一些构想 【作者】文旭； 【机构】西南大学； 【摘要】英汉对比研究是我国语言学界研究的一个主要领域,其研究方法和视角都相当丰富。认知语言学是语言学中的一种新范式。将两者结合起来,建立一门新的学科,即对比认知语言学,必将对认知语言学和对比语言学大有裨益。本文探讨了对比认知语言学的理论基础、对比的原则和方法、对比的范围和内容。可以说,语言系统的任何方面,都可以从认知的角度进行对比研究。更多还原 【Abstract】English-Chinese contrastive study is a major field done in Chinese linguistics,which has a number of research approaches and perspectives. Cognitive linguistics is a new linguistic paradigm. Therefore, it is significant to integrate them into a new discipline called cognitive contrastive linguistics. This paper has explored its theoretical foundations, principles, approaches, scope and content. We can say that any aspect of language system can be studied contrastively from the perspective of cog... 更多 还原 3认知社会语言学 论文中的引用格式 1.1 间接引用（citations） A.如果引用只涉及一个作家的某本专著或文章，而作家的名字在自己的行 文中没有出现, 将该作家的姓氏和出版的时间用括弧括起来，放在句子结尾，注意该括弧算作句子的一部分，标点符号应放在括弧之后。 例: It has been argued that teachers’ role is to provide the students with optimal condition that can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976). B.如果引用所涉及到的作家的名字已经出现在行文中, 只需要在名字后面 加上括弧, 填入出版时间即可。 例：Gould (1988) attributes Darwin’s success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor. C.如果引用涉及到的作家和著作的出版时间在行文中已出现，那就不再需 要单独的夹注了。 例：In a 1988 article, Gould explores some of Darwin’s most effective metaphors. D.如果引用涉及到的著作是由两位作者合著，则每次引用时都需把两位作 者的姓氏注出来，在夹注中用“&”，在行文中则用“and”连接两个作者。例：The disadvantages of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Bryman & Cramer, 1990). Bryman and Cramer (ibid.) also pointed out that… E.如涉及到的作者超过两人，少于六人，第一次加夹注时，写出所有作者 的姓氏，以后每次引用，只需写出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al.” 即可。 例：Scientists have isolated a gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants (Millar, Straum, Chory, Chua, & Kay, 1995: 1163). They identified the mutations that activated light-dependent pathways (Millar, et al., 1995: 1165) F.如果引用涉及到的著作由六位以上的作者合著，加注时只需写出第一作 者的姓氏，其后加上“et al.”即可。 例：Naiman et al. （1978）found a similar relationship, although I this case effo rt’on the part of the learners was also associated with instrumental motivation (subsequent citations) (Ellis, 1954: 512).英文论文规范格式
科技论文使用的参考文献标注书写要求
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中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细
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