在职研究生英语大纲及练习

同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国

统一考试大纲

（第五版）

一、指导思想

为了客观地测试以同等学力申请硕士学位人员（以下简称同等学力人员）的英语水平，保证学位授予的质量，根据《国务院学位委员会关于授予具有研究生毕业同等学力人员硕士、博士学位的规定》（1998年6月18日通过）和国务院学位委员会办公室1994年下达的《关于在职人员以同等学力申请硕士学位外国语课程水平统一考试的通知》的精神和要求，结合具有同等学力的在职人员学习英语的特点，在总结近几年来同等学力人员英语水平统一考试工作的基础上，特制订本大纲（第四次修订稿）。

研究生英语教学的目的，是使学生具有较好的用英语获取信息的能力和一定的用英语传递信息的能力，这就要求考生具有较强的阅读理解能力和一定的听说能力，同时也必须具有一定的英语写作能力和翻译能力。本考试旨在测试考生是否达到研究生英语教学大纲所规定的各项要求，具有研究生英语教学大纲所规定的各项语言运用能力。

二、评价目标

本考试重点考查考生的会话技能、阅读、写作和翻译的能力（由于技术上的原因，本考试暂时取消听力测试，会话技能的测试采用书面形式进行。考生听力能力的测试由各院校在考生学习期间进行）。考生应在词汇量、语法知识、阅读理解、会话技能、翻译能力和英语写作等方面分别达到以下要求：

（一）词汇

掌握约6220个英语词汇和约600个常用词组（见附录一和附录二）。对其中的2 360个积极词汇（词汇表中用黑体标注的词）要求熟练掌握，即能在会话技能、写作和翻译中准确地运用；其余词汇则要求能在阅读中识别和理解。

（二）语法知识

掌握英语的全部基本语法结构和常用句型，能正确理解包含这些句型和结构的句子，能识别和改正一般的语法错误。

（三）会话技能

能用英语进行日常会话。对于生活、学习和工作中的常见英语会话，能理解会话的情景、说话人的意图和对话的含义。能恰当进行交际。能正确理解英语口语中常见的习惯用法。（四）阅读理解

能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能读懂一般性题材的文章及科技文献。要求能抓住大意，读懂细节，能理解上下文的逻辑关系，并领会作者的意图和态度。阅读速度应达到每分钟100～120个词。

（五）翻译能力

能在不借助词典的情况下，把一般性题材的文章及科普文章中的句子或段落从英语译成汉语或从汉语译成英语，能准确表达原文的意思，语句通顺，用词基本正确，无重大语言错误。英译汉的速度为每小时400个英语单词，汉译英的速度为每小时250～300个汉字。（六）英语写作

考生应具有用英语书面表达思想的基本能力。所写文章应切合主题，能正确表达思想，语意连贯，无重大语言错误。每小时应能写出不少于300个词的短文。

三、题型、题量、分值

本考试分试卷一和试卷二。试卷一以客观试题为主；试卷二为主观试题。两卷满分为100分。试卷一占总分的65%，试卷二占总分的35%；达到总分的60%为及格。试卷二得分低于18分者，无论试卷一得分多少，均为不及格。

在基本题型相对稳定的前提下（本考试大纲列举的题型不一定在每次考试中全部出现），每次考试可能是不同题型的组合，每种题型的题量也可能有所变化。但这种变化将限于一定的范围之内，而不致使某一种题型的权重过大或过小。

试卷一包括会话技能、词汇、阅读理解和综合填空四个部分，考试时间为90分钟。试卷二包括翻译（包括英译汉和汉译英两节）和英语写作两个部分，考试时间为60分钟。试卷一和试卷二考试时间共计150分钟。

第一部分会话技能

本部分共设10题，每题1分。考试时间为10～15分钟。本部分包括一节或两节，每次考试设以下一种或两种题型。

A节为完成对话，包括5～10题。每一题中，考生将在试卷上读到一段不完整的对话和用以完成这段对话的4个备选答案。要求考生针对对话的内容从4个备选答案中选出一个最符合对话情景和会话技能习惯用法的答案，使整个对话能顺利完成。

B节为对话理解，包括5～10题。在每一题中，考生将在试卷上读到一段对话和对话之后的问题，以及针对问题的4个备选答案。要求考生能理解对话的情景、说话人的意图和对话的含意，从所给的4个备选答案中选出一个最佳答案。

第二部分词汇

本部分共设20～30题，每题0.5分。考试时间为10～15分钟。本部分包括两节。

A节包括10～15题，形式为单句选择替换。要求考生对单句中带下划线的一个词或词组进行替换选择，即从所给的4个备选答案中选出一个最佳替换词或词组。

B节包括10～15题，形式为单句选择填空。要求考生根据句意从所给的4个备选答案中选出最佳答案，填入空白处，使句子完整。

词汇命题范围为本大纲所规定的约5 500个单词和约550个词组。

第三部分阅读理解

本部分共设25～30题，每题1分。考试时间为40～50分钟。阅读理解的短文为5～6篇，每篇300～400个单词，要求考生在理解短文的基础上从每题所给的4个备选答案中选出一个最佳答案。

第四部分综合填空

本部分共设10～15题，每题1分。考试时间为10～15分钟。本部分设两种题型，每次考试设其中的一种题型。

题型一：在一篇难度适中的短文中设置10～15个空白（设置10个空白的短文长度为200～250个词，设置15个空白的短文长度为250～300个词），每个空白为一题，要求考生从所给的4个备选答案中选出一个最佳答案。备选答案可以是单词，也可以是短语。

题型二：在一篇与题型一同样难度和长度的短文中设置10～15个空白，在短文前所设

的方框中给出同等数量的备选答案。考生从备选答案中为每个空白选出一个最佳答案。备选答案可以是单词，也可以是短语。

第五部分翻译

本部分包括英译汉和汉译英两节，共20分，每节10分。考试时间为30分钟。要求译文意思准确，文字通顺。

A节为英译汉。本节设三种题型，每次考试设其中的一种题型。

题型一：要求考生翻译5个单句，总长度为80～100个英文单词。

题型二：要求考生翻译一个段落，段落长度为80～100个英文单词。

题型三：在一个较长的段落中，有5个带有下划线的句子，要求考生翻译这5个句子。5个句子的总长度为80～100个英文单词。

B节为汉译英。本节设两种题型，每次考试设其中的一种题型。

题型一：要求考生翻译5个单句，总长度为100～120个汉字。

题型二：要求考生翻译一个段落，段落长度为100～120个汉字。

第七部分英语写作

本部分设1题，15分。考试时间为30分钟。要求考生在规定的时间内，按照题目要求用英语写出一篇不少于150个词的短文。考试形式为根据提纲作文、看图作文、描述图表或根据一篇所给的文章写出内容提要或读后感等。

题型举例

Sample Items

Part ⅠDialogue Communication第一部分会话技能

Section A Dialogue Completion 完成对话

Directions: In this section, you will read 2 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

1. A: Beach Motel. May I help you?

B: ________.

A. Thank you. I’d like to make a long distance call to New York.

B. Yes. We need a double room for this weekend.

C. Sorry. I don’t think you can help us. Thank you any way.

D. All right. My name is David Jones and my room number is 301.

2. A: May I see your driving license and vehicle registration card, please?

B:________.

A. Sorry, don’t write me a ticket.

B. Ok. But I was driving at 65 miles per hour.

C. Sure. Did I do anything wrong?

D. Yes. But I don’t think I’m a bad driver.

Section B Dialogue Comprehension 对话理解

Directions: In this section, you will read 2 short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to the question from the 4 choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

1. Man: Did you tell Sally she has failed the exam again?

Woman:No. I didn’t have the heart to tell her.

Question: What does the woman mean?

A. She doesn’t like a heart to heart talk with Sally.

B. She thinks the topic is too serious for her.

C. She thinks the news is too bad for Sally.

D. She dares not to tell Sally the bad news.

2. Man: I had a quarrel with Mary. She said that she hated me coming back home late. Woman: You need to put your cards on the table.

Question: What does the woman mean?

A. The man shouldn’t quarrel with Mary.

B. The man should go home earlier.

C. The man shouldn’t play cards in the evening.

D. The man should talk about the problem openly.

Part ⅡVocabulary第二部分词汇

Section A

Directions: In this section, there are 5 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

1. As working hours tend to get shorter and shorter, people should learn how to spend their increased leisure time in some satisfying way.

A. longer hours

B. more chance

C. free time

D. happy time

2. The energy companies launched urgent studies of the Arctic environment.

A. made

B. stressed

C. moved

D. started

3. Establishment of a sound insurance system is essential for deepening economic reforms.

A. accurate

B. healthy

C. undisturbed

D. safe

4. The workers at large approved of the government’s policy.

A. mostly

B. freely

C. happily

D. angrily

5. It would take Mary some time to get over the grief at her husband’s death.

A. overcome

B. do without

C. pass

D. deal with

Section B

Directions: In this section, there are 5 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

1. He was ________ admittance to the very formal party for not being dressed properly.

A. unnoticed

B. ignored

C. denied

D. rejected

2. Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable ________ to the total cost of the product.

A. proportion

B. connection

C. reaction

D. relation

3. He has not ________ the idea of the problems involved.

A. worst

B. faintest

C. most

D. weakest

4. Many local authorities are ________ opposed to the introduction of comprehensive schooling.

A. strangely

B. strictly

C. severely

D. sharply

5. I could see a car in the distance, but I couldn’t ________ what color it was.

A. see through

B. make out

C. look out

D. take in

Part ⅢReading Comprehension第三部分阅读理解

Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One 第一篇

At the Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997, it became abundantly clear how complex it has become to work out international agreements relating to the environment because of economic concerns unique to each country. It is no longer enough to try to forbid certain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances. The global challenges of the interlink between the environment and development increasingly bring us to the core of the economic life of the states. During the late 1980s we were able, through international agreements, to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer. These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and, more important, because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the

economies of states.

Although the threat of global warming has been known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem, we also know that the effects of the measures, especially harsh measures taken in some countries, would be nullified if other countries do not control their emissions. Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO2 in the atmosphere, this path is not feasible for several reasons. Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy. Important and populous ( 人口稠密的) low- or medium-income countries are not yet willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. In addition, the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.

We must, however, find a solution to the threat of global warming early in the 21st century. Such a commitment would require a degree of shared vision and common responsibilities new to humanity. Success lies in the force of imaginations, in imagining what would happen if we fail to act. Although many living in cold regions would welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer, few would cheer the arrival of the subsequent tropical diseases, especially where there had been none.

1. The main purpose of this passage is to ________.

A. analyze the problem of global warming

B. argue against making deep cuts in emissions

C. convince people that global warming is a real threat

D. criticize some countries for refusing to cut down harmful emissions

2. The reason why it is difficult to get rid of the threat of global warming is that ________.

A. not all the countries are willing to make deep cuts in emissions

B. many people welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer winter

C. the leaders of many countries are not fully aware of the gravity of the problem

D. the developing countries will suffer a lot with the cut of CO２emission

3. In the passage the author implies that ________.

A. the world has recently become aware of the threat of global warming

B. the problem of global warming has largely been solved in the industrialized countries

C. it is impossible to work out international agreements to cut down harmful emissions

D. it is no longer easy to reach international agreements relating to the environment

4. The word “nullified” in the 2nd paragraph could best be replaced by “________”.

A. valid

B. enforced

C. ineffective

D. inhibit

5. According to the author, it is impossible at present to cut 60% of carbon dioxide emissions globally because ________.

A. some people are irresponsible

B. it would cause a collapse of the world economy

C. it is only a goal to be reached in the future

D. some people are lacking in imagination

6. What should all countries do to help solve the problem of global warming?

A. They should hold another world conference on climate change.

B. They should provide advanced technology.

C. They should replace all the harmful substances.

D. They should willingly undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.

Passage Two 第二篇

The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.

Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.

In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict (判决) in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit(无罪释放) the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading. “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding (展开) on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer，but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.

1. The best title for the passage is ________.

A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots

B. The Impact of Media on Current Events

C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots

D. How Media Cover Events

2. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that ________.

A. electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world

B. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by

watching television

C. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media

coverage

D. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake gave the viewers the impression of

total disaster

3. The term “electronic city” in paragraph 2 refers to ________.

A. Los Angeles

B. San Francisco

C. Berkeley

D. the Earth

4. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because ________.

A. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King

B. people can make their own judgments

C. video coverage from helicopters had made people angry

D. video coverage had provided powerful feedback

5. It can be inferred from the context that the 1992 Los Angeles Riots ________.

A. ended because the jury’s verdict was canceled at last

B. ended peacefully with the positive feedback from the media

C. ended after Rodney King’s pleading on television

D. was soon forgotten with the help of electronic media

6. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results

B. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the

jury

C. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week

D. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday

Part ⅣCloze 第四部分综合填空

Sample 1：

Directions: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.

Ways of shopping for goods have changed a lot in the last 50 years. People used to go to several shops to buy their daily 1 . For example, they went to a 2 shop for meat, a fish

market for fish and a farmer’s market for vegetables, 3 were often grown locally. These days, 4 , people usually do all their shopping at a supermarket where they can buy everything they need under the same roof.

In the 5 of convenience nearly everything in a supermarket is prepackaged. But as the environmental 6 of this type of convenience have become clear, consumers have begun to 7 its true value. The packaging used by supermarkets causes many environmental 8 . The demand for paper for wrapping 9 the cutting down of forests around the world. Making plastic shopping bags needs huge amounts of oil. The natural resources used to make packaging are 10 wasted because we consumers only throw the packaging away. We are then 11 with the big problem to deal with all the packaging we throw away.

The problems of supermarket packaging may seem impossible to solve, but there are things consumers can do. First we can try to buy products 12 as little packaging as possible. Second, we can 13 the extra bags and packaging supermarkets offer consumers. Finally, we can bring our own bags to the supermarket and reuse any plastic bags or 14 we bring home. These measures may seem small, but if consumers join together in reducing waste and reusing packaging we can make real progress 15 to have both convenient lifestyles and a clean environment.

1. A. necessary B. necessities C. necessity D. necessaries

2. A. butcher’s B. grocer’s C. baker’s D. barber’s

3. A. that B. where C. which D. what

4. A. therefore B. hence C. moreover D. however

5. A. term B. case C. name D. position

6. A. prices B. costs C. values D. worth

7. A. ask B. demand C. question D. inquire

8. A. problems B. puzzles C. campaigns D. inconvenience

9. A. improves B. encourages C. promotes D. maintains

10. A. generally B. particularly C. occasionally D. specially

11. A. confronting B. facing C. faced D. encountering

12. A. of B. without C. for D. with

13. A. refuse B. reject C. receive D. accept

14. A. devices B. containers C. facilities D. apparatus

15. A. in the way B. in the event C. in the face D. in the effort

Sample 2：

Directions: The following are a list of 15 words and phrases and a passage with 15 blanks. Read the passage carefully and choose one word or phrase from the list for each of the blanks in the passage. Change the form of the words and phrases if necessary. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason 1 this is that there are more different ways of looking at things 2 in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more 3 in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. 4 , there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by 5 more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite 6 in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the 7 . And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are 8 customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material 9 of the culture than in the non-material. For example, in technology rather than in 10 ; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned 11 ; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their 12 ; in the simple elements rather than in the 13 ones; in form rather than in 14 ; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather 15 in strange elements.

Part V Translation 第五部分翻译

Section A英译汉

Sample 1:

Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

Billions of business dollars are lost each year because ex ecutives don’t understand the customs and traditions of their guest country. As an international manager who has conducted more than 1, 000 deals in 51 countries, I have observed numerous cultural differences and how they can impact on business and personal lives. While you cannot know the customs of every country you visit, you can be sensitive to basic cultural preferences.

Sample 2:

Directions: Translate the following underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

For a world that is 70% water, things are drying up fast. Only 2.5% of water is fresh, and only a fraction of that is accessible. (1) Meanwhile, each of us requires about 50 quarts per day for drinking, bathing, cooking and other basic needs. At present, 1.1 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and more than 2 4 billion lack adequate sanitation. (2)“Unless we take swift and decisive action,”says U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan,“by 2025, two-thirds of the world’s population may be living in countries that face serious water shortage.”

(3)The answer is to get smart about how we use water. (4)Agriculture accounts for about two-thirds of the fresh water consumed in the world. A report prepared for the summit thus endorses the “more crop per drop”approach, which calls for more efficient irrigation techniques,

planting of drought- and salt-tolerant crop varieties that require less water and better monitoring of growing conditions, such as soil humidity levels. (5)Improving water-delivery systems would also help, reducing the amount that is lost on the way to the people who use it.

One program winning quick support is dubbed Wash—for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All—a global effort that aims to provide water services and hygiene training to everyone who lacks them by 2015.Already, the U.N., 28 governments and many non governmental organizations (NGOs) have signed on.

Sample 3：

Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

1. Even as the technological progress lightens some of the librarians’ load, recent conve ntion of the American Library Association showed that it brings complications, too.

2. As Ginnie Cooper put it, “It’s more important to help people find what they want on the Net rather than decide what they can’t see.”

3. Even if your suggestions are no t accepted, at least your boss knows that you’re constantly working to improve things to make her/his job easier.

4. It is necessary to build up a commercial environment in which you must be able to react quickly to unpredictable changes in markets and customer needs.

5. The capital city of South Australia，Adelaide (阿德雷德) is really an elegant city, featuring traditional stone architecture with encircling wide grassland.

Section B汉译英

Sample 1:

Directions: Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

个人主义和集体主义渗透进(permeate)东西方文化的方方面面，影响着美国和中国的经济、政治、伦理道德和价值观，在交往方式上尤其如此。这一点是很重要的，因为调查研究已经证实，国际商务和国际关系上的失败，首要原因不是经济的也不是商务上的，而是跨国文化交流方面的。

Sample 2:

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

1. 万里长城是中华民族的象征，是世界各国人民所赞美的世界七大奇迹之一。

2. 经过了25年的改革开放之后，中国的现代化建设已经发展到了关键的阶段。

3. 到国外去生活一段时间可以使人有机会亲身感受另一种文化。

4. 越来越多的优秀科学人才，特别是年轻的科研人员正在被吸引到这些正在发展的领域中去。

5. 他想写一篇文章，以引起公众对此事的注意。

Part VI Writing 第六部分写作

Sample 1: Passage Writing Based on the Outline Given 按所给提纲写短文

Directions: In this part, you are to write within 30 minutes a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of Choosing a Job. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Please remember to write it clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.

1．人们对择业的不同考虑

2．我对择业的考虑

3．我为什么这样考虑

参考作文：

Choosing a Job

When faced with the choice of jobs, different people have different considerations. Some people will ask about the salary of the job and benefit along with it first; others will consider the status of the job to be more important; still others are concerned with the location of the job, distance from home, transportation services or the working surroundings.

As far as I am concerned, in deciding to accept or to turn down a job, interest in the job comes before anything else. Of course, I need also to consider the salary or status of it, distance from home, transportation services and working surroundings, but such things do not play a decisive part in any final choice.

The reasons for such considerations are that I believe it is great pleasure to do what one enjoys doing and it would be a great pain to work on something one does not like. Besides, it is interest and enthusiasm in the job that ensures success in it. A man successful in work will sooner or later be recognized by the society, which in turn makes his life more enjoyable.

Sample 2: Synopsis Writing 内容提要

Directions: In this part, there is a passage of about 500 words. You are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of no less than 150 words of the following passage after reading it. Please remember to write it clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.

Original Text(原文)

Calling for Help

The hot line is an important new concept in problem solving. By simply reaching for the telephone, a troubled person can get help with a variety of problems like drinking alcohol, financial problems, and child abuse.

The number of telephone counseling centers with us is so large that in some cities special arrangements have been made to help people find the most appropriate number. Many telephone books include a special page of hot-line numbers.

The concept of the hot line grew out of the need for help of unknown names in the late 1960s and 1970s. Because of the drug problems of that time, both social service agencies and religious institutions organized help through special telephone services. Because these hot lines were called “crisis”lines (many people with drug problems could not admit that their troubles were caused by drugs), the counselors were never limited to drug problems. Soon they were dealing with over-excited parents, with people having a habit of drinking alcohol, with the lonely and despairing.

Arthur J. Hilson, the director of a parent-help hot line in Cambridge, Massachusetts, believes that there are two main reasons for the rapid increase of hot lines: the ease of using them and their non-threatening nature. “It’s easy to ask for help for a flat tire, but not for something that involves your personality or your life,” he says. “It is embarrassing and humiliating to admit those problems when dealing with a person.” Mr. Hilson does not t hink that hot lines are taking the place of the traditional support that people receive from their immediate families. “Then nuclear family has always been the primary mode of su pport, and it still is,” says Hilson. “But the extended family (parents, aunts, and uncles) is not as supportive as it once was. A person may live in Boston and his mother in Chicago. Family members are not always there when a person needs them.” Furthermore, Hilson continues, “hot lines are concerned with problems that have always been hidden from other family members, matters like child or spouse abuse.”

There are some strong criticisms against hot lines too. Because the crisis lines are, for the most part, run by volunteers, some experts are concerned that these people cannot give the right answers. Can a volunteer who has had only a short training program handle the problems of a deeply troubled person who is close to violent expression of his or her feelings? Larry Brown of the American Humane Association in Denver, Colorado, says, “V olunteers under supervision can help puzzled and troubled people who call up. However, the volunteers should be trained to listen, talk, and refer callers to the counselors or agencies who can help.”

Another objection to hot lines is that they can prevent a person from facing a problem. Most supervisors are quick to add that hot lines are not meant for long-range treatment. Crisis lines offer a person the first step toward solving a problem.

参考作文：

Calling for Help

Telephone “hot lines”, by which people with personal problems seek help from counselors, are becoming increasingly common in many cities. The idea originated with institutions providing help with drug problems during the 1960s. Although it is difficult to clearly evaluate their usefulness, hot line workers believe that the callers do need them. The two reasons for the popularity of hot lines are: it is convenient for people to use them and people may feel comfortable to call for help with personal problems. Criticisms of hot lines include doubts about the abilities of hot line workers to deal with a wide range of severe emotional problems, as well as the possibility of preventing people from facing a problem.

Sample 3：Writing Based on the Picture Given 看图作文

Directions: In this part, you are to write within 30 minutes a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of The Robot Is a Machine after All. Your composition should be based on the following cartoon. Please remember to write it clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET.