美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理
一、 殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements ）&
理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period ）（文艺复兴时期）
1. 清教主义的shaping influence
2. 代表人物
1．Anne Bradstreet 安妮·布莱德斯特
“T he Tenth Muse ”
第一位移民诗人 2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺 有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文。写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry
代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle
3.Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊
起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 1776
4. Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因
拥护独立宣言
代表作：《常识》Common Sense
《理性时代》The Age of Reason
5. Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·埃德沃兹
大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening
6. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林
代表作：《自传》The Autobiography
《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard ’s Almanac
美国梦的代表
二．浪漫主义时期的文学（American Romanticism ）
早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period ）
1. 背景：1>时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）
2>条件：○
1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展 ○
2小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical ）出现 ○
3受英国文学的影响 2. 浪漫主义的基本特征
1> Stressing emotion rather than reason
2> Stressing freedom and individuality
3> Idealism rather than materialism
4> Writing about nature, medieval legends （中世纪传说）and with supernatural elements.
3. 美国浪漫主义文学的特征
Imitative ， Independent ， newness ， to moralize and to edify （教化）
4. 文学常用主题：
Home ， family ， nature ， children ， idealize love ， major problems of American life
5. 代表人物
1. Washington Irving （华盛顿·欧文）
1> 短篇小说的代表，美国文学之父（因为是第一位被欧洲接受的美国作家）
2> 写作特点：○
1Amuse and entertain ○
2He is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere ○
3
Humor
○4Avoid preach
3>代表作：《见闻札记》The Sketch Book地位：the first modern short stories
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle
《睡谷传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
4>见闻札记标志着美国浪漫主义文学的开始
美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家the first great prose stylist
2.James Fenimore Copper Cooper 詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀
1>代表作：《皮袜子故事集》Leatherstocking Tales
《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer
《最后的莫希干人》The Last of the Mohicans
《探路者》The Pathfinder
《开拓者》The Pioneers
《草原》The Prairie
2>主人公Natty Bumppo是一个追求自由的人物，诚实，朴素，慷慨。
浪漫主义文学巅峰（summit）
1.新英格兰超验主义（New England Transcendentalism）
1>主要特征：○1Place emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul（超灵）
○2Stressing the importance of the individual
○3Nature is symbol of spirit
2>Nature《论自然》was written by Emerson, which is regarded as the bible of new England
transcendentalism.
3>《日晷》杂志出版Dial
2.代表人物：
1.Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
1>超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖，爱默生首先强
调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强，他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想
2>代表作: 《论自然》Nature宣言书;
《论美国学者》The American Scholar
2.Henry David Thoreau 亨利·戴维·梭罗（爱默生的徒弟）
1>代表作：《瓦尔登湖》Walden
《论公民之不服从》Civil Disobedience
2>当时未被认可，影响了托尔斯泰，马丁路德金等人。
3.Hawthorne 霍桑
1>代表作：《红字》The Scarlet Letter
赏析：The Scarlet Letter
主题：Darkness in human nature
At first, it is a token of shame, “adultery” but the genuine sympathy and help Hester
offers to her fellow villagers change it to “able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in
the sky, signifying “angel”. There is reason to agree with article observation the A may
represent Adamic. “A”stood for adultery on her breast finally became the symbol of
angel(A).
写作特点：○1American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.
清教思想融入美国浪漫主义
○2Structurally compact in a tiny frame and contains deep meaning.
结构紧凑，蕴含深意
○3He used supernatural 超自然手法
Hester’s 形象分析：She was a real individual and dare to challenge the gender concept
in people’ s mind with her own action. a strong-willed，
impetuous（冲动的，鲁莽的），passionate
compassionate（富于同情心的），maternal（母亲般的），
intelligent，capable
Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
代表作：《大白鲸》Moby Dick
象征对大自然和真理的探究。
浪漫主义文学诗歌（the 19th century American Poetry）
1.代表人物
1.Walt Whiteman沃尔特·惠特曼
1>写作手法：free verse 自由体诗
2>主题内容：democracy, individual
代表作：《草叶集》Leaves of Grass
《哦，船长！我的船长》O Captain！My Captain！
赏析：One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱自我》
The poem mainly expresses that people should be filled with enthusiasm, impulsion
and power. Besides, people should be optimistic. Under the divine laws, people should
enjoy the rights freely.
2.Emily Dickinson艾米丽·狄金森
1>代表作：《最美妙的胜利感觉》Success is Counted Sweetest
主题：爱情&死亡很少涉及政治&战争等男性题材
赏析：The theme is that only those who never been successful would think that success
is so important. The loser is the one who craves success as the winner fades into a
neutral state of emotion
她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，成
功对于失败者来说是最甜蜜的，就像人们在受尽煎熬时喝到的花蜜，只有战败之
人（defeated，dying）可以体会。比喻得当。
Purple host：胜利之师army
He：垂死战败者
3.Allan Poe 爱伦坡
1>写作特点：twisted，Gothic Style
2>地位：Father of modern short story
Father of detective story
Father of psychoanalytic criticism
3>代表作：诗：《安娜贝尔·李》Annabel Lee
小说：《瓦舍古屋的倒塌》The Fall of the House of Usher
《一桶酒的故事》The Cask of Amontillade
《乌鸦》The Raven
《椭圆形画像》The oval Portrait
三．现实主义文学（The Literature Of Realism）
1.背景：1>发现问题，想要解决；报业发展
2>自然主义是现实主义的分支，环境在其中起了很重要的作用，自然主义是在科学，
心理学，人类行为以及社会思潮理论影响下派生的现实主义，尽管经常揭露残酷
的现实，但是旨在通过社会改革来完善社会制度。德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》是代表。
2.代表人物：
1.上流社会：
亨利·詹姆斯（Henry James）
代表作：早期：《贵妇的画像》The Portrait of a Lady
《鸽翼》The Wings of the Dove
2.中产阶级：
威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯（Howells）现实主义作家
代表作：《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》The Rise of Silas Lapham
3.穷人阶层：
马克·吐温（Mark Twain）
1>地方特色主义（乡土文学）（local colorism）19世纪晚期在美国南方作家中流行
的写作风格，它使用大量方言，俚语。马克吐温是代表人物。描绘密西西比河
沿岸的风土人情，废奴思想，尊重人性。
2>代表作：《跳蛙》Jumping Frog
《艰苦岁月》Roughing It
《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age
《汤姆·索亚历险记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
《密西西比河上的生活》“Life on the Mississippi
《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 赏析：Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
两种因素主导：人的性格特征&环境（heredity&environment）
Theme：Racism and slavery, in Huckleberry Finn, Twain, by exposing the
hypocrisy of slavery demonstrates how racism distorts the
oppressors as much as it does those who are.
Intellectual and moral education, By focusing on Huck’s education. He is especially free from society’s rule,
able to make his own decisions without restriction.By the novel’s
end, Huck has learned to “read” the world around him.
The hypocrisy of “civilized” society, again and again, Huck encounters individuals who seem good
------Sally Phelps, for example------but who Twain takes care to
show are prejudiced slave-owners.
4.美国自然主义:
1>西奥多·德莱塞（Theodore Dreiser）
书写小人物的命运
代表作：《嘉莉妹妹》Sister Carrie
赏析：Sister Carrie
被环境左右，被迫选择
It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely
escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living
persons.
Carrie was influenced by environment factors and her own desires, which gave
her four typically characteristics: unsatiable desires, violation of traditional
morality, changing from dependence to independence, and disillusionment of
her American Dream.
2>斯蒂芬·克莱恩（Stephen Crane）
代表作：《红色英勇勋章》The Red Badge of Courage
四．现代主义时期（Modern Period）
20世纪20年代的美国文学
背景：一战发生，打击民众的乐观态度，但在20年代，高度繁荣。这个崭新而多变的时代同样需要创新而丰富的文学表达，文艺界的思想家们逐渐意识到旧的形式已不足以表达新
的现实生活。
1.意象派（Imagism）：1>特点：○1direct ○2precise ○3free verse
2>代表人物：
○1庞德（pound）
在庞德眼里，到处一片喧嚣，凄凉，无序和野蛮，写作以简洁和扼要为特点，
深受李白影响——意象并置（juxtaposition of images ）
代表作：《在地铁站》In a Station of the Metro
（意象派的经典之作，诗歌的客体是出现在潮湿、阴暗环境下的面庞，黝黑
树枝上的花瓣是独立的起主导作用的意象，对“人群中的脸庞”生动形象的
比喻）
○2威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯（William Carlos Williams）
自由体诗歌之父
写作特点：清晰的意象，押韵。给事物带来全新的含义。诗人不应该泛泛而
谈，应该详细、具体的写作。平凡之中见伟大
代表作：《红色手推车》The Red Wheelbarrow
赏析The Red Wheelbarrow
平淡景象写出意想不到的效果。色彩鲜明，动静结合。本诗体现了诗人敏锐
的洞察力，节奏感，艺术构思和冷静分析的现实态度。
It write about nature and New England landscape, he use symbolism to show
deep meaning, he was likely to choose traditional forms but modern themes
This an imagery poetry, which forms a picture with ordinary things and provides
a new perspective for observing ordinary things. The whole poem is vivid and
dynamic.
○3T.S.艾略特（T.S. Eliot）
代表作：《荒原》The Waste Land
（是现代文学中的主要经典作品之一，讲述的主题就是第一次世界大
战给人们的启示，荒原意味着西方文明的衰落，现代人在精神上和文
化上的颓废，采用讽刺性对比）
○4华莱士·史蒂文斯（Wallace Stevens）
An American Modernist poet who won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his
Collected Poems in 1955
代表作：《风琴》Harmonium;
○5罗伯特·弗罗斯特（Robert Frost）
代表作《冰与火》Fire and Ice
《雪夜林边驻脚》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
《未选择的路》The Road Not Taken
2.迷惘的一代（Lost Generation）
1>定义：特指一群从一战结束到大萧条开始前那段时间一直在巴黎的一群美国
文学知识分子。
2>海明威（Hemingway）
○1推动报告文学的发展，强调moment of truth understated style
○2He was generally regarded as spokesman for the Lost Generation.
○3代表作《永别了，武器》A Farewell to Arms
《太阳照常升起》The Sun Also Rises
《丧钟为谁而呜》For Whom the Bell Tolls
《老人与海》The Old Man and the Sea
○5Iceberg Theory冰山理论
爵士乐时代（Jazz Age）
1>定义：20世纪20/30年代一、二战之间的时代，主要指北美地区，强调颓废
和享乐主义的倾向，以及个人主义的膨胀。
2>司格特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）
*生平：中产家庭，参军前完成《人间天堂》This Side of Paradise，婚后第一本《时
髦女和哲学家》Flappers and Philosophers，第二本《美丽的和可诅咒的》，菲茨杰拉
德一直被人们误解的是他对富人的态度。
代表作：《了不起的盖茨比》The Great Gatsby
赏析：The Great Gatsby
菲茨杰拉德的文章行文流畅，感情细腻，并且在措辞修辞方面很有创意。他的散文
朴实优美，总体上和细节上把握的恰到好处。内容丰富多彩。表现了美国人对爱情、
豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求。(他的伟大之处在于通过个人经历，找到了一个
民族精神的体现。)
盖茨比的生活模式非常清晰，起初是满怀梦想，渐渐开始失望，最后演变成失败和
绝望。他的了不起，在于他对理想的执着。
绿光指的是梦想，也象征美国梦；象征daisy纯洁，天真，善良的形象；象征盖茨
比破碎的梦想，以及失去意义的美国梦。
绿色象征青春和生命，黛西就是心中向往的光明。
His prose is smooth, sensitive, and completely original in tis diction and metaphors. He
portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American
dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires.
Gatsby’s life follows a clear pattern, at first, a dream, then disappointment, finally a sense
of failure and despair. ,
20世纪30年代的美国文学
经济大萧条时期
1.约翰·斯坦贝克（John Steinbeck）
○2代表作：《人鼠之间》Of Mice and Men
《愤怒的葡萄》The Grapes of Wrath
明确的表达对剥削者和不幸者的同情，写实——经济大萧条，对人性的信念南方文艺复兴
1.概念：试图寻找自我价值，审视过去和现在。南方作家涌出，扎根于南方的生活环境
2.主题：反思南方的过去；怀旧
3.代表人物
威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）
○1不断创新写作手法，第一人称，善用意识流。
○2虚构了杰弗逊镇和约克纳帕塔法县（Yoknapatawpha）
○3代表作：《喧嚣与骚动》The Sound and the Fury
表达了作者对过去幸福美好生活的追忆，一个家族的兴衰成败。
《去吧，摩西》Go Down, Moses
《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Absalom, Absalom!
人性的丧失所带来的不可避免的灭亡
《在我弥留之际》As I Lay Dying
五．美国戏剧
1.背景：在欧洲自然主义，象征主义，批判主义戏剧的刺激以及美国诗歌、小说的强势发展势头
下，美国戏剧开始发展。
2.代表人物：
1.尤金·奥尼尔（Eugene O’ Neill）
写作特点：1>个人家庭情感影响
2>技巧不断创新
代表作：第一时期：独幕剧one-act《东航卡迪夫》Bound East for Cardiff
第二时期：《榆树下的欲望》Desire Under the Elms
第三时期：自传体《进入黑夜的漫长旅途》Long Day’s Journey into Night
赏析：Desire Under the Elms
宗教隐喻，扭曲的爱情，人类的本性。榆树象征清教思想笼罩所有人
In order to demonstrate universal significance, this play uses the biblical metaphor and the material of ancient Greek tragedies and mythology to reflect a universal value.
Through an uncontrolled desire , it calls for a modern rationality, morality, and order. It shows he human's inner needs for life's truth and the desire for good feelings. Reflects O’Neill’s
critic of his society and reflects his sense of tragedy on life.
The old farmer’s third wife Abby in order to get a farm , she committed to adultery with his second son .Aben thought that possessing Abby’s mother w ould allow his mother to
rest .The starting point of all tragedies stems from the farm's inheritance rights. Using the
eucalyptus as a topic symbolizes under the lush foliage of the banyan tree, as if all ugly desires
and evils are concealed, and of course, the pure humanity is concealed.
2.田纳西·威廉斯（Tennessee Williams）
写作特点：1>南方佳丽主题
2>手法创新
代表作：《玻璃动物园》The Glass Menagerie
《欲望号街车》A Streetcar Named Desire
3.亚瑟·米勒（Arthur Miller）
写作特点：美国梦主题
代表作：《推销员之死》Death of a Salesman
六．现当代美国文学（Modern and Contemporary American Literature）
1. 战后诗歌（the Post-war poems）
1>垮掉的一代（the beat generation）20世纪50年代，拒绝传统，追求直接。（Allen Ginsburg）
2>黑山派the black mountain poets（Charles Olson）
3>冥想诗the confessional school （Robert Lowell）
4>纽约派New York School （Frank O’ Hara）
5>代表人物：伊丽莎白·毕肖普（Elizabeth Bishop）
2. 战后小说（post-war novel）荒诞小说（absurd novel）（黑色幽默）
代表人物：1. 约瑟夫·海勒Joseph Heller讽刺小说家《第二十二条军规》Catch-22
2. 肯·克西Ken Kesey《飞越疯人院》One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest 3．黑人文学（African-American）
三次大的发展：
第一次：19世界末-20世纪初Harlem Renaissancenegritude黑性
代表：兰斯顿·休斯Langston Hughes
《一个被延迟的梦》A Dream Deferred
第二次：民权运动
代表：理查德·赖特Richard Wright
《土生子》Native Son
拉尔夫?艾里森Ralph Ellison
《看不见的人》Invisible Man
詹姆斯·鲍德温James Baldwin
《向苍天呼吁》Go Tell It on the Mountain
第三次：表现手法出新，突破传统的“抗议小说”
女性作家突出——关注历史，题材改变
代表：艾丽斯·沃克Alice Walker
《紫色》The Color Purple
托妮·莫里森Toni Morrison
《最蓝的眼睛》The Bluest Eye, Beloved
《所罗门之歌》Song of Solomon
4. 犹太人小说（Jewish Novels）
代表人物：1. 索尔·贝娄Saul Bellow《奥吉·马奇历险记》Augie March
2. J. D. 塞林格J. D. Salinger《麦田守望者》The Catcher in the Rye
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
美国文学史期末参考复习资料
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
美国文学史及选读试卷 (1)
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (60points in all, 2 for each) 1. Which of following can be said of the common features which are shared by the English and American Romanticists ? A. An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions. B. An increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. An increasing emphasis on the desire to return to nature. D. both A and B. 2. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOT true? （） A. In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. B. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man. D. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. 3.______ is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the American Romanticism in the history of American literature. A. New England Transcendentalism B. England Transcendentalism C. the Harlem Renaissance D. New Transcendentalism 4.Hawthorn e’s unique gift was for the creation of ______ which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. A. symbolic stories B. romantic stories
(完整版)美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习1（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集 It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation 2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题 3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。 4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges. 5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。 6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、 7）The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in
美国文学史及选读复习重点
Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The
美国文学复习资料
Chapter 1 1.American literature in the colonial periods (殖民地时期的文学，1607-1765): ①1942 Christopher Columbus(哥伦布) discovery of America ②17th century English began their settlement of the North American continent (北美拓殖开始) ③1606 the frist English settlement James Town, Virginia ④1620 the ship Mayflower arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts ⑤1629 the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony 2.Puritanism(清教主义) and writers, early poetries 1) the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. The doctrines of predestination(宿命), original sin(原罪), total depravity(完全的堕落) and limited atonement(有限的救赎) were all that they believed in. 2)writers: William Bradford(1590-1702 Of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯开发历史), Anne Bradstreet(1617-1672 The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯), Jonathan Edwards(1702-1758), Edward Taylor(1642-1729). 3)Early poetries: The Bay Psalm Book(1640, 1st book written and printed) , The Day of Doom(1662), New England Primer(1638, the 1st and most successful educational textbook) 3.The Main Features of this period 1)American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period; 2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any form at all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted;3) The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. 4.American literature in the revolutionary periods( Enlightenment启蒙运动, 1765 -1800) 1)revolutionary ended in 1763 2)1772 Patriot groups began to form committees 3)1774 Frist Continental Congress 4)1775 fighting broke out 5)1776 the Declaration of Independence in Second Continental Congress 6)1783 The Treaty of Paris(巴黎和约) → real independence 7)1776- 1783 Independence War 5.Famous literary figures Roger Williams(罗杰·威廉斯1603-1683): The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience, Discussed in a Conference between Truth and Peace （1644） Philip Freneau(菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832): "the poet of the American Revolution". His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature John Woolman(约翰·伍尔1702-1772), Tomas Paine(托马斯·潘恩1737-1809)，Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林 6.Benjamin Franklin(1706 - 1790) and works
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.