机械毕业设计英文外文翻译487我国深松机械的研究现状和发展趋势
附录
The research status and development trend of subsoiling machinery in China Abstract：The subsoiling machinery is one kind of effective machines and tools for nature cultivation of conservation tillage on dry land. Its development is having direct impact to our country’s development very much.For this purpose，by analyses the development Situation of subsoiling machinery，it has carried out classification on subsoiling machinery of our country，summed up various virtue and shortcoming，and has brought forward several suggestion to our country development of subsoiling machinery in the future.
Key words：subsoilingmachinery；conserration tillage；development trend
Based on tilling the soil deep loosening technology is summed up an adaptation to drought homework conservation tillage method. Deep loosening cultivation can promote soil physical improvement, since the restoration of soil fertility, improve for a long time due to the weight gain due to the large fertilizer production. So deep loosening technology has been widely applied in wheat, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, crops such as corn, soybean production test and practice. The essence of mechanical deep loosening technology is: through mechanical tillage, loose and not flip soil, breaking plough bottom, compared to adjust the soil solid, liquid, gas, improving the structure of the top layer of soil, reduce soil erosion and improve soil water storage ability.
Western developed countries has been made in the 1930 s and deep tillage research, and has started to use this technology, achieved good effect. Due to many years of practical experience as well as the rapid development of science and technology, the United States, Western Europe and other countries for deep pine machinery research has been quite perfect, and form a series, and according to the different needs of the development and production of a variety of deep loosening machine. The digging ways mainly include the extrusion and vibration digging dirt comes in two forms. Abroad at present, the existing power tractor matching with deep loosening machine mainly, its characteristic is deep loosening deep, operation speed, good quality and suitable for deep loosening in an all-round way. Its main have mechanical the deep loose plough and the vibrating deep loose machine two. Mechanical deep plough sort is more,
among them, the representative has two: John Deere 900 v scarifier and west Germany's hanging deep loosening machine produced by our company. Hanging deep loosening machine deep loosening shovel handle face for arc, of which the parts similar to straight lines, blade, pointed to the shovel handle inside the distance is longer than Deere deep loosening shovel. The shovel handle this structure makes it has better cutting performance, no hanging grass phenomenon. Vibrating deep loosening function to solve the work resistance of the deep loose plough is big, the problem of large energy consumption. Its working principle is the tractor power output shaft to drive the eccentric vibrator make the plough produces vibration, reduce the traction resistance, thus improve the power efficiency. At the same time, along with the deep pine technology constantly improve, the development of deep loosening machine, also in order to adapt to the requirement of joint operations, on the basis of the deep loosening machine, overseas has developed a variety of deep loose joint rig.
For deep loosening technology research, started late in our country. In the early 1960 s began to realize the importance of deep loosening technology, and has carried on the corresponding research. In design and manufacture of deep loosening shovel has many colleges and universities, research institutes and farms and other units to do a lot of research work, created the actual deep loosening shovel, and through the experiment and actual production applications, good results have been achieved.
A single deep breath a sigh of single machine function, it is mainly on the soil deep loosening operations, its structure is simple, articulated way is given priority to with three-point suspension. Again, according to the scope of the deep loose a single deep breath a sigh of machine can be divided into local deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine two kinds of models. Local deep loosening machine according to the way of working can be divided into two categories, type mechanical and vibration. Mechanical is deep loosening machine driven directly by tractor traction machines, extrusion, cutting and breaking up the soil was carried out on the soil. Its specific forms are various, such as: chisel type, winged type, rod type deep loosening machine, airfoil rod tooth deep loosening machine, single column with vane, hanging light turn the deep loose plough, tilting the bidirectional shallow deep loose plough, etc. , it had a tail deep loosening shovel can effectively increase the soil disturbance range, reduce resistance, increase the tillage depth and improve the quality of the deep loosening. The vibrating deep pine
machine is using vibration method, soil tillage machine produce the vibration of a certain frequency, make the soil loose, achieve the purpose of reducing resistance, has been many researchers to study and prove this method. Developed by heilongjiang province water conservancy science research institute of multi-functional vibrator soil change opportunity, this machine adopts self-excited reciprocating inertial vibration source, created a precedent of mechanical vibrating tillage soil preparation operation in our country, deep loosening vibration than other types of deep loosening save energy over 20%. All-round deep loosening machine is a kind of brand-new of deep pine for farmland
Industry machine, it is suitable for dry land wheat or rice two areas. All-round deep loosening soil coefficient is big, has a good effect on cultivating. There are three common: China agricultural university, the development and production of "V" shape all-round deep loosening machine, production in heilongjiang province "L" shape all-round deep loosening machine cut tooth and all-round deep loosening. China agricultural university to develop all-round deep loosening machine, use "V" type deep loose parts, cut off from soil out of the "V" shaped cross section twenty-nine-inch rows from trapezoid framework, and then falling on the surface, make soil subjected to shear, bending, stretching and get efficient breaking up. Heilongjiang province production 1 sq - 340 comprehensive deep loosening machine's working parts like "L" shape, its working principle is similar to "V". Chisel type all-round deep loosening is improvement of small and medium-sized all-round deep loosening machine, the omni-directional depth it loose with the traditional chisel plough be combined in one machine, one-way operation can achieve a comprehensive energy saving effect of the deep loose, loose the whole joint.
Deep loose joint rig is done in deep loosening and fertilization, planting, cultivating, ridging, stubble, spraying pesticide or herbicide, etc. More than two kinds of operation equipments. Around, according to the actual production, on the basis of the deep loosening added other functions, to develop all kinds of deep loose joint rig. Some this kind of machine can reach before sowing time into soil preparation requirement, so that it can reduce labor consumption, reduce pressure to times, save time, improve the utilization rate of power tractor, thus reducing operating costs. Common models include: deep pine fertilizer applicator, 1 FFSL - shallow over deep loose type 5 flip plow, corn no-till seeding fertilizer deep loose joint rig, SGTN - 180, type 200 biaxial stubble rotary tillage ridging joint machine, deep loosening soil preparation
machine, frame type deep loose joint rig rotary tillage, deep ploughing joint rig, 3 gz - 6 type hanging LBZ combined seeder and 2-5 - a type of ridge sowing seeds under the machine, and henan agricultural university institute of electrical and mechanical engineering to develop SQS - type 2 deep loosening, ridging, applying fertilizer, the rig and the yunnan agricultural university and qujing city tobacco companies develop 1 GQQSN - 200 rotary tillage, deep loosening ridging joint rig, etc.
Deep loosening machine chisel type of deep loosening and pole tooth deep loosening machine structure is simple, the price is low, but the pulverizing effect is bad, digging range is limited, only 0.2 ~ 0.2, the consumed power is larger. Airfoil pole tooth deep loosening machine absorbed the pole tooth deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine advantage of the two, four, five plough plough column assembly landed, installed on the airfoil stem deep loosening shovel teeth, working depth more than 35 cm, deep loosening coefficient of 0.437, compared with previous machine, the function and efficiency improved obviously. The vibrating deep pine machine pulverizing effect is better, depth of digging deep, can be up to 50 ~ 60 cm, less power consumption. But the structure is more complex, some parts of material demand is higher, the cost relative to other deep loosening machine is much higher.
Single column type, suspension type shallow turn over the deep loose plough is hanging furrow plough, with wings chisel type deep loosening shovel plough body instead of the original huasheng type, relatively simple structure, wide applicability, a job can complete turn of shallow and deep loosening soil.
Tilting two-way light turn over the deep loose plough with wings carved deep loosening shovel and shallow parts combination, combined with a deep sigh of shallow turn hydraulic flip, a one-time deep subsoil, light stubble etc many homework, working efficiency is high, the broken soil ability strong, but the adaptation of a narrow, only suitable for dry farming areas of northern China stubble, hemp crop and pasture improvement of deep shallow over homework.
All-round deep loosening machine has large range of digging, deep tillage depth, coefficient of high working efficiency, digging big wait for a characteristic, but with the high-power tractor kit, and this kind of machine operation when higher requirements on the surface. Deep loose joint rig variety is less, can't satisfy the need of agricultural production. Many areas according to the requirements of the regional agricultural technology, even though
converted some of the deep loose joint rig, but generally have large energy consumption, low efficiency and high operation cost, not easy popularization and application.
With the development of dryland farming soil conservaton agricultural new technology in our country, must be to develop new type of deep loosening and joint operation deep loosening soil preparation machine. Tillage soil conservaton technology is a five-year period and 2010 years ago, one of the main measures of rainfed agriculture in our country, deep loosening machine is the realization of agronomic measures of main machinery and equipment. At present, the domestic molding combined soil preparation machine, are mainly small and medium-sized, structure form are all horizontal. Along with the expansion of large power tractor also needs a large number of new high efficiency combined soil preparation machine to match. Our country is an agricultural big country, now many places still to use it in rural is a small mechanical, not only the production efficiency is low, also delay the season. So large efficient joint research and development of soil preparation machine is necessary, and has a broad market space. So we must to improve the existing agricultural machines from multiple aspects.
For technical innovation. Change the deep loosening shovel working face structure parameters and working mode, adopting appropriate deep loose parts, reasonable decorate the relative position between the deep loosening shovel, make machine to save energy consumption, to reduce working resistance. At present, the measures to reduce the cultivation resistance deep loosening machine mainly has two kinds: one is to change machine working face parameter, the second is with the method of vibration. According to overseas for deep loosening shovel handle working surface of the test show that the shovel handle work surface is parabola, the minimum needed traction, the grave performance is best. Circular arc second, straight blade is the largest. Plough blade thickness, operating quality and operating effect of different types of soil are also different. Method of vibration of the drag reduction, make the plough shovel and spade pointed produces a certain vibration frequency, loose soil, so as to achieve the goal of reduced tillage resistance. In recent years the development of bionic drag reduction technology for deep loose parts of drag reduction technology research put forward a new way of thinking. In addition, we should focus on the latest research results, digesting and absorbing the advanced technology for drag reduction, and improve the existing agricultural machinery.
Raise the level of products manufacturing process. Soil tillage machine work load big, the seasonally strong, high reliability requirements of machine work. , therefore, we should improve the level of product manufacturing process, improve and guarantee the quality of the machine and the working parts, ensure machine work reliability, and better meet market demand.
Machines for agriculture standardization, standardized management, strengthen the promotion of the machine. For existing domestic joint rig deep pine machinery and comprehensive investigation, and according to soil conditions around, agricultural technical requirements, to develop a deep loosening machine technical classification, manufacturing standards and acceptance criteria. At present, deep loosening mechanical varieties of many, but more is developed according to the region's agricultural production condition, has certain limitation, does not have the management requirement of standardization and seriation, brought some difficulties to promotion, hindered the development of agriculture in our country.
Accelerating the development of high-power tractor promotion efforts, multi-use of the deep loose joint rig. Joint rig is the development direction of China's agricultural machinery industry. Over the next few years, we should sum up the experiences of deep loose joint rig use, according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology, seriation, standardization of developed to adapt to the different parts of the deep loose joint rig. Change according to different season different working parts at the same time, the real achieve multi-usage, improve the utilization rate of large power tractor. General less deep loose joint operation of machinery, agricultural technical requirements adapted according to the region in many parts of some deep loose joint rig but poor versatility should be developed according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology is used in different parts of the series of standardized mechanical deep loose joint operations according to the different working parts of different seasons change achieve multi-usage.
In order to strengthen the management of agricultural machinery information, reasonable allocate machine, increasing NongJiHu income. To rational allocation of regional agricultural machinery, agricultural machinery avoid idle time is too long, affect agricultural machinery utilization, thus indirectly improving NongJiHu income. At the same time, the area of agricultural machinery are temporarily lack of farm machinery deployment guide, implement the inter-district homework, increase NongJiHu income.
我国深松机械的研究现状和发展趋势
摘要：深松机械是旱地保护性耕作的一种有效机具，它的发展直接影响着我国的农业发展。为此，对深松机械的发展情况进行了分析，对我国深松机械进行了分类，总结了我国各种深松机械的优缺点，并针对我国深松机械未来的发展提出了进行技术创新和提高产品制造工艺水平等建议。
关键词：深松机械；保护性耕作；发展趋势
土壤深松技术是在翻耕基础上总结出来的一种适应干旱地作业的保护性耕作法。深松耕作能促进土壤物理改良，有利于土壤肥力的自恢复，改善长期以来由于施用大量化肥造成的增肥不增产现象。因此深松技术已被广泛应用于小麦、棉花、甘蔗、烟草、玉米、大豆等农作物的生产试验和实践中。机械深松技术的实质是：通过机械耕作，疏松而不翻转土层，打破犁底层，达到调节土壤固、液、气三相比、改善耕层土壤结构、减轻土壤侵蚀和提高土壤蓄水抗旱能力。
西方发达国家己经在上世纪30 年代就作了深松耕作法的研究，并且己经开始使用这项技术，取得了很好的效果。由于多年的实践经验以及科技的迅速发展，美国、西欧等国家对于深松机具的研究己经相当完善，并形成系列，并且已经根据不同的需要研制和生产了多种深松机具。其松土方式主要有挤压松土和振动松土两种形式。目前，国外现有深松机具主要与大功率拖拉机相配套，其特点是深松深度大、作业速度快、质量好、适用于全面深松。其种类主要有机械式深松犁和振动式深松机两种。机械式深松犁种类较多，其中，有代表性的有两个：约翰迪尔公司生产的900V 型松土机和西德劳公司生产的悬挂式深松机。悬挂式深松机深松铲柄的工作面为弧形，其中间部位近似于直线，铲尖到铲柄内侧面的距离比迪尔深松铲长。该铲柄的这种结构使其具有较好的切削性能，无挂草现象。振动式深松机能解决深松犁工作阻力大、能源消耗大的问题。其工作原理都是由拖拉机动力输出轴驱动偏心振子使犁产生振动，降低牵引阻力，从而提高功率利
用率。同时，随着深松技术的不断完善，深松机具的不断发展，也为了适应联合作业的要求，在深松机的基础上，国外己经研制出了多种深松联合作业机。
对于深松技术的研究，我国起步稍晚。从上世纪60 年代初才开始认识到深松技术的重要性，并进行了相应的研究。在深松铲的设计和制造生产方面已经有很多高校、研究院所以及农场等单位做了大量的研究工作，制造出了实际的深松铲，并且通过实验和实际生产应用，取得了较好的效果。
单一深松机功能单一，它主要是对土壤进行深松作业，其结构都比较简单，挂接方式以三点悬挂式为主。根据深松范围，单一深松机又可以分为局部深松机和全方位深松机两种机型。局部深松机根据工作方式可分为机械式和振动式两类。机械式深松机是通过拖拉机的直接牵引带动机具前进，对土壤进行挤压、切割而松碎土壤。其具体形式很多种，如：凿式、凿型带翼式、杆齿式深松机、翼型杆齿深松机、单柱带翼式、悬挂式浅翻深松犁、翻转式双向浅翻深松犁等。其中，具有尾翼的深松铲能有效地增加土壤扰动范围，减少阻力、增加耕深和提高深松质量。振动式深松机则是采用振动方式，使土壤耕作机具产生一定频率的振动，使土壤疏松，达到减少阻力的目的，这种方法已被许多研究者研究和证明。其中，由黑龙江省水利科学研究院研制的多功能振动式土壤改良机，该机采用自激往复式惯性振动源，开创了我国耕整地机械振动式作业的先河，振动深松比其它类型深松作业节省能源20%以上。全方位深松机是一种全新的农田深松作
业机具，它适用于旱作或稻麦两作地区。全方位深松动土系数大，有很好的松土效果。常见的有3 种：中国农业大学研制生产的“V”形全方位深松机，黑龙江省生产的“L”形全方位深松机和凿齿式全方位深松。中国农业大学研制的全方位深松机，采用“V”型深松部件，从土层中切离出“V”型截面的垄条从梯形框架中流出，而后下落铺放在田面，使土壤受剪切、弯曲、拉伸作用而得到高效的松碎。黑龙江省生产的1SQ-340型全方位深松机的工作部件形状象“L”，其工作原理与“V”相似。凿齿式全方位深松是对中小型全方位深松机的改进，它把全方位深松与传统的凿形犁耕作结合于一机，单程作业便能达到全面深松、松整联合的节能效果。
深松联合作业机是在深松的同时完成施肥、播种、中耕（起垄）、灭茬、喷洒农药或除草剂等两种以上的作业机具。各地根据当地的生产实际，在深松的基
础上增加其它功能，研制出各种各样的深松联合作业机。这类机器有些一次进地就可达到播种前整地的要求，这样就可以降低劳动消耗、减少压地次数、节约时间、提高大功率拖拉机的利用率，从而降低作业成本。常见的机型有：深松施肥机、1FFSL-5 型浅翻深松翻转犁、玉米免耕播种施肥深松联合作业机、SGTN-180、200 型双轴灭茬旋耕起垄机、深松联合整地机、框架式深松旋耕联合作业机、深松整地联合作业机、3GZ-6 型悬挂式联合播种机和2LBZ-5A 型垄下播种中耕机，还有河南农业大学机电工程学院研制SQS-2型深松、起垄、施肥联合作业机和云南农业大学和曲靖市烟草公司共同研发的1GQQSN-200 旋耕深松起垄联合作业机等。
国产深松机中凿式深松机和杆齿式深松机结构都简单、价格低廉，但其松土效果不好，松土范围有限，仅为0.2～0.3，消耗功率较大。翼型杆齿深松机吸取了杆齿式深松机和全方位深松机两者的优点，将四、五铧犁的犁柱总成卸下，安装上翼型杆齿深松铲，作业深度35 cm 以上，深松系数0.437，与以前的机器相比，功能和效率都有明显的改进。振动式深松机松土效果要好，松土深度深，可达50～60 cm，功率消耗要少。但结构比较复杂，部分部件的材料要求比较高，成本相对其它深松机来说要高许多。
单柱式、悬挂式浅翻深松犁是在悬挂式铧式犁基础上，用双翼凿式深松铲代替原铧式犁体，结构比较简单，适用性强，一次作业可完成土壤的浅层翻转和深层松动。
翻转式双向浅翻深松犁采用双翼凿式深松铲与浅翻部件组合，液压翻转与深松浅翻相结合，一次性完成深松底土，浅翻灭茬等多项作业，作业效率高，碎土能力强，但其适应面较窄，只适合我国北方旱作地区的麦茬、麻茬和草场改良深松浅翻作业。
全方位深松机具有松土范围大、耕作深度深、作业效率高、松土系数大等特点，但需与大功率拖拉机配套，并且这类机器作业时对田面要求较高。深松联合作业机的品种较少，满足不了农业生产的需要。许多地区根据本地区的农业技术要求，虽然改装了一些深松联合作业机，但普遍存在能耗大、效率低、作业成本高等问题，不易推广应用。
随着我国旱地耕作保墒农艺新技术的发展，必须研制新型的深松及深松整地
联合作业机具。耕作保墒技术是九五期间和2010 年前我国旱作农业的主要措施之一，深松机具是实现农艺措施的主要机械装备。目前，国内成型的联合整地机中，均以中小型为主，结构形式全部是卧式。随着大功率拖拉机的不断普及，也需要大量新型高效联合整地机与之配套。我国是一个农业大国，现在农村中很多地方仍然用的是小型机械，不仅生产效率低，还耽误农时。因此研发大型高效联合整地机十分必要，并且有很广阔的市场空间。为此，必须对现有的农业机器从多个方面进行改进。
进行技术创新。改变深松铲工作面的结构参数和工作方式，采用合适的深松部件、合理布置深松铲之间的相对位置、使机具节约能耗，减少耕作阻力。目前，减少深松机具耕作阻力的措施主要有两种：一是改变机具工作面参数，二是采用振动的方式。根据国外对深松铲柄工作曲面的试验表明：铲柄工作曲面为抛物线时，所需牵引力最小，入土性能最好。圆弧形其次，直刀形最大。犁铲厚度，对不同类型土壤的作业质量和作业效果也不尽相同。利用振动减阻的方式，使犁铲和铲尖产生一定的振动频率，疏松土壤，从而达到减少耕作阻力的目的。近年来发展的仿生减阻技术为深松部件的减阻技术研究提出了一个新思路。另外，我们应时刻关注国际最新研究成果，消化吸收这些先进的减阻技术，改进现有的农业机械。
提高产品制造工艺水平。土壤耕作机具作业负荷大、作业季节性强，对机具的工作可靠性要求高。因此，应从提高产品制造工艺水平入手，提高和保证整机及工作部件质量，保证机具工作可靠性，更好地满足市场需求。
对农业机器进行标准化、规范化管理，加大机器的推广力度。对现有国产深松机械及联合作业机进行全面调查，根据各地的土壤条件，农业技术要求，制定出深松机技术分类、制造标准和验收标准。目前，深松机械的品种很多，但多是根据本地区农业生产情况研制的，有一定的局限性，不具备标准化和系列化的管理条件，给推广工作带来了一定的困难，阻碍了我国农业的发展。
加快大功率拖拉机的推广力度，发展一机多用的深松联合作业机。联合作业机是我国农机行业的发展方向。在今后的几年中，应总结深松联合作业机的使用经验，根据不同地区的农业技术要求，研制出适应不同地区的系列化、标准化的深松联合作业机。同时根据不同的季节更换不同的工作部件，真正做到一机多用，
提高大功率拖拉机的利用率。通用的深松联合作业机械较少，许多地区根据本地区的农艺技术要求改装了一些深松联合作业机但通用性较差应根据不同地区的农艺技术要求研制出适用不同地区的系列化标准化的深松联合作业机械可根据不同季节更换不同的工作部件做到一机多用。
加强农机信息管理，合理调配机器，增加农机户收入。对各地区的农机进行合理配置，避免农机闲置时间太长而影响农机的利用率，从而间接的提高农机户收入。同时，对农机暂时还比较缺乏的地区进行农机调配指导，实行跨区作业，增加农机户收入。
冲压模具技术外文翻译(含外文文献)
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译460数字控制 (2)
附录 科技译文： Numerical Control Numerical Control(NC) is a method of controlling the movements of machineComponents by directly inserting coded instructions in the form of numerical data(numbers and data ) into the system.The system automatically interprets these data and converts to output signals. These signals ,in turn control various machine components ,such as turning spindles on and off ,changing tools,moving the work piece or the tools along specific paths,and turning cutting fluits on and off. In order to appreciate the importer of numerical control of machines ,let’s briefly review how a process such as machining has been carried out traditionally .After studying the working drawing of a part, the operator sets up the appropriate process parameters(such as cutting speed ,feed,depth of cut,cutting fluid ,and so on),determines the sequence of operations to be performed,clamps the work piece in a workholding device such as chuck or collet ,and proceeds to make the part .Depending on part shape and the dimensional accuracy specified ,this approach usually requires skilled
机械专业毕业论文外文翻译
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译204机电一体化
附录 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology,
机械类毕业设计外文翻译
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
机械类外文翻译
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
机械类毕业设计外文文献翻译
沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名：王宝帅 指导教师：魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日
外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome
机械图纸中英文翻译汇总
近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）