托福作文高分方法收集

托福作文高分方法收集
托福作文高分方法收集

递进:in addition, besides, furthermore, moreover

让步:although, though, even though, in spite of

因果:for, because, as, since,

due to, owing to, because of,

so, therefore, consequently, as a result, hence, thus

对比:by contrast, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand

类比:similarly, likewise

转折:however, nevertheless, nonetheless

举例:for instance, for example, to illustrate

现在我给大家介绍的“万能理由”(参考资料为高等教育出版社出版的《新托福写作高分策略》),能够快速启发同学的思维,达到短时间内文思泉涌的效果。万能理由就是:(与人相关)交流,利他,情绪,性格,经验,乐趣,健康,成就;(与物相关)方便,安全,经济(实惠),效率,环境,耐用。背记每个词的第一个字,将它们连起来便是:“交利情性,经乐健成;方安经,效环耐。”这些理由就构成了你的主体段,通常每段写一个理由就好。当然,就像刚刚说到的那样,要在段落里适当填充细节句群。

高分托福作文的第三个要素是结构清楚(well-organized)。所谓“结构清楚”,从文章整体来说,是讲一篇文章最起码要有个开头(introduction)、中间(body)和结尾(conclusion)。从文章的每一个中间段来说,是要有一个依稀可见的“伞形结构”。英美人的思维模式是直线的、直接的,其特征可以归纳为三个步骤,即:(1)Say what you’re going to say. (2)Say it. (3)Then say what you’ve said.(参考胡敏主编《新编TOEFL作文》,世界图书出版公司,第7页)所以所谓的伞形结构就是段落一开始有一句主题句(topic sentence,也就是伞尖)总领整段;下面依次展开(伞骨);最后有一句话收尾(伞柄),请看以下一段文字:

First of all, some minor disadvantages to living with an American family include both a lack of privacy and little opportunity to be independent. (第一句话,主题句,提示以下要讨论的两个问题)For instance, the foreign student may find that the family expects him to join them in group activities such as watching television and going on picnics. At times, however, he might enjoy staying in his room to read or to write letters to his family or friends. Another drawback to living in an American home involves the possibility that the family may treat the student like a child. For example, the parents may want to decide who his friends will be and where he will go during his leisure time away from home. (以下具体展开讨论两个“缺点”,因为展开比较充分,没有结束句也不是一个大问题)

托福写作的终极因素—美式思维

发布时间:2010-12-14 文字大小:大中小打印:打印此文

美国人没有我们想得那么简单。 2008年3月8日考试出现了以前机经中没有的独立写作题——“当代人是做喜欢做的事还是做必须做的事”。托福作文题突然变脸令考生不知所措,完全依靠押题而获

得托福高分是不现实的,唯一保高分的办法是了解美国人思维,美国人所做出的托福独立写作作文题在变化,但是他们思维没有任何变化。

美国人的思维就是“线性思维”。即典型“总——分——总”的写作思维。这种思维源于美国式的表达,美国式表达最常见的即美国学生在课堂上的演说。他们做这种演说所遵循的原则是“总——分——总”。在新托福写作中,用这种思维最容易获得高分。

按照这种思维模式,托福作文应该写成三个层次。也就是我们确立了中心思想后应该找到三条理由来支持。这种思想使托福作文很容易达到24分。想达到27分以上,就应该在这三条理由中再各找出两条理由来支持。托福作文要写五段:第一段为中心思想段;二、三、四段为支持段落;最后一段为总结段落。

托福作文的全部思维就这么简单!如果你把托福作文写得高深而富于哲学思想,白人根本看不懂。中国学生按中国的思维作文,就是低分;中国学生按美国人思维写出的作文又会被中国教师认为过于简单。我有一位高中生学生,他的托福作文得到28分,却被他的高中英语老师批得一无是处。这就是中国式思维与美国式思维的冲突。我们参加的是由美国人出题的托福考试,是美国人按照美国的游戏规则设置的考试游戏。我们必须遵循他们的游戏规则才能获得高分!我们的作文不是给中国老师看的,而是给美国老师看的。

如果说五段式是托福作文的结构模式,那么specific应该是美国人在行文中最重要的思维。什么是specific?即要求我们写的作文极其具体化。如这篇作文,“你认为在电影院里能很好地欣赏电影吗?”如果我们写出这样一个主题句:“电影院里人声嘈杂,我们无法集中精力欣赏电影。”下面是中国学生典型写法:很多人没社会公德,在公共场所里大声喧哗。影响别人看电影。白人根本读不懂。他们会刨根问底:什么人在电影院里喧哗?做出了什么样噪声?他们会这样写:老年人常在电影院咳嗽,使别人无法集中注意看电影,小孩会在电影院疯跑,跌倒了会大哭,别人无法欣赏电影。我在托福教学中,体会到specific是学生一个最大阻力!也是学生无法得高分的最大障碍。很多学生句子和词都用得非常好,但是分数只有18分。根本原因就是写的不specific。很可惜,国内市面上的英语写作书籍中却鲜有人提到specific。我们必须知道:托福作文的宗旨在于communicaing informa-tion。也就是语言更应该是交流的工具!汉语经过几千年凝练,以“言简意赅”为最高境界。但美国人思维却是具体的。我们按照中国人思维写作,美国人根本看不懂,托福作文就是低分!

美国人托福思维还体现在综合写作中。综合写作阅读部分是典型线性思维:第一段是中心思想段;二、三、四段为理由段。听力部分结构与阅读相似:第一段为中心思想段;二、三、四段为三个理由段。如果阅读讨论的是一件事的advantage,听力就是这一件事disdvantage。即所谓三个对应,三三相反。综合写作考的这类作文为 advantage和 disadvantge类型。综合写作这种结构导致独立写作作文类型限制为 agree ordisagree类型。考独立写作,我们可仅抓一个观点 agree or disagree来写,无须用advantage和 disad-vantge类型。

托福写作的核心在于美国人的思维。我们了解这种思维就会获得高分。托福作文是内容大于形式的作文。所以,我们更要注意美国人的思维。反之,我们的精力花在漂亮的句型和词上,只会给人文过饰非的感觉,其恶果就是丢分。

2,逻辑清晰,论据具体。

托福作文要求展开充分well developed。怎么叫充分展开呢,一个题目,如果表示完全同意或反对,那么就显得太极端,太片面,通常只能得到很低的分数。但是简单的各打五十大

板的做法也不可取。

那么究竟怎么样充分展开呢?引用破海沧澜同学的一个我非常欣赏的方法:“在一张纸上写下了如下的几个领域名称:

钱心理文化环境健康休闲科技教育

然后我拿出开始想作文理由,比如第一题我就会这样想在钱的方面有没有什么原因呢?肯定有的,因为上了大学之后更好赚钱,那在心理方面有没有什么原因呢?也是有的上了大学有助心理的强化人格的升华,那在文化方面有没有什么原因呢?还是有因为在大学之中肯定有文化的交流,这些不一定都是你的写作原因,但如果涉及以上的话题你肯定是有话说的,因为你很熟悉。如果不熟悉我们也可以积累关于这几个方面的知识和固定搭配这样里有自然就好写了。到了后期我就没有在进行这样的练习,但是这样的思考模式却一直伴随我进入托福考场使我受益,真的非常聪明的方法,大家也可以借鉴一下。

除了清晰的逻辑,还需要具体合适的论据以及例子。非常反对大家去背别人的例子然后生搬硬套到自己的文章中去。例子不在多,在于是否贴切(appropriate),有说服力的例子一两个就足够了。

新托福作文30分经验:段落展开

来源:2011-03-09 17:17

新托福作文如果想得高分,个人觉得字数是越多越好,如果可以扩充到450字,那么拿高分的机会就会大一点。

本人刚接触作文的时候,觉得最大的问题就是题目的设置都是些不言自明的或者浅显的不知道说什么的东西。比如建工厂好不好或者父母是不是最好的老师,尽管有论点,但是就是觉得写不长,觉得没法展开。

具体点的例子,比如是从书本中获得知识好还是从实践中获得知识好,有一段想说从书本中获得知识好,因为书一读就知道很多,多爽啊;实践的话要好久才能懂得一个道理,不efficient。论点是有了,怎么把它展开成150-200字左右的一段呢?

如果可以遵循以下步骤就会方便展开:阐述正面特征,展开论述,引用例子或数据,如果没有的不良后果。

第一句:topic sentence:书本上获得的知识更全面,含量更大

第二句:正面阐述subject特征:书是对于现象事实等的文字记录,尽管事实复杂或者事实的获得用了很久,但是结论可以用很简单的文字获得。所以,比起经验,书本可以带给人更多的知识。(本句是对书的特点的正面阐述,点名了书本知识的浓缩性)

从这里,逻辑展开:从书本→浓缩了丰富的知识变成了书本→其性质是把各种经验做整理和记录→浓缩了丰富的知识。也就是说,说理部分是在简单的逻辑(工厂→污染)中间加上一环(工厂→运营难免排放废水废料废气→污染)。这样看似简单,可是这样中间的一环却是必须的,否则你说工厂会导致污染,判卷人会觉得:为什么工厂就会导致污染呢?逻辑跳跃太大了,托福作为就是给一个6岁小孩讲道理,所以要像照顾小孩子一样对待阅卷人,逻辑展开一定要一步一步的来。

其实,到这里说理部分就结束了,展现了你的思考问题的逻辑结构。后面的“如果没有”,“引用例子,数据”之类的都是增加文采,扩充文字的,依据时间长短,自己随便挑两到三样加上去即可。

1 引用例子:the example of__ matches my point of view perfectly; To look for better illustration, one can look no further than___; one case in point involves___, 自己编一个例子即可,可以是真的,也可以是编的,甚至是自己生活中的。引用例子的时候参考一下上面的句型,别总用for example 和such as

2 引用“权威”调查和数据。A recent survey, revealing that___ can also serve to demonstrate this point;

A research, in which__ were investigated, suggests that____. 调查和数据都是自己编的,别太离谱就行了。

3 如果没有:seldom can we imagine the situation without___; hundreds of years ago, when there was no__, people_(生活多么麻烦和困难)__

下面是一个具体例子:

第一句Knowledge obtained from books is more diverse and has larger quantity. (论点)

第二句正面阐述对象特征Books are written form of documentation of facts and phenomenon, which, although obtained through numerous efforts, can be put down in only a few simple words. Therefore, compared to practicing,比较兼插入reading books can bring people numerous amounts of knowledge in a more convenient and efficient way.

后面的随便捡两样。如果没有Hardly can we imagine the situation without those concise expressions of ideas. Without the benefits of books, the brilliant ideas of predecessors will be lost due to the lack of recording; students will have no material to go over when they are faced with examinations; all the essence and beauty of poems and novels will never be appreciated by the descendents.(排比,是一个亮点,如果考场想不起来可以不写的)

引用例子More specifically, take the biological class as an example. If the teacher wants his students to grasp Mendel’s law of inheritance, instead of guiding the students to grow some pea, he will open up the textbook and tell the students what the result of the experiment that had been conducted is and what law Mendel has found.

引用数据Besides, investigation showing that books account for 90 percent of the sources provided for students to obtain knowledge can also support my side.

大家也许可以看出来,后面三个部分即使扔掉一部分段落还是基本完整的,实际上本人在考试的时候,刚开始没有把三种都用上,是写完作文还有时间才再把个别段落加个数据调查,或者再加一句如果没有的。

另外补充一点:写完例子的时候最好要再收尾一下,比如说,from the example, we can see that by reading books, we can obtain the most knowledge within a short time 之类的。这样论述就更完整了,逻辑在老外作文里是很重要的,骨头长正了肉才能长好,人才能漂亮。

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托福独立写作新题库—188题库 一、教育类 1.Teachers are appreciated and valued nowadays not as much as they were before.(Students nowadays do not respect teachers as much as they did in the past.)难度4考频4 2.University should spend more money supporting social activities rather than improving the food students eat.难度4考频3 3.When you are assigned an important presentation for work or school, you prefer to work on it right away so that you can work on it a little bit every day, or wait until you have a good idea about the presentation?难度5考频3 4.Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their final grades determined by only a few large ones. Which do you prefer and why?4/2 5. In order to attract good students, many universities spend a lot of money in society activities.3/3 6The student should be required to take history courses in the university no matter what their field of study is.5/3 7Students can get as much benefits from participating student organizations or club activities as from their academic studies. 4/3 8Students can use their mobile phones to surf on the Internet or listen to the music while studying.3/4

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22. 生活:旅游:跟团V 独立44 23. 生活:独处V 交友110 24. 生活:交友少量V 交友大量111 25. 生活:交友性格相同V 不同性格117 26. 生活:亲友建议V 个人经验108 27. 生活:家庭影响V 朋友影响114 28. 生活:入乡随俗与否100 29. 生活:穿校服与否135 30. 学习:儿童学校成功父母影响V 同班同学影响66 31. 学习:经验知识V读书知识哪个更重要?4 32. 学习:读小说V 看电影127 33. 学习:在家学V 传统学校157 34. 学习:大学生上课强制V自选你的观点14 35. 学习:体育V 全部时间学习128 36. 学习:博学V 精专 75 37. 学习:文史V 理工124 38. 学习:自学V 跟着老师学习17 39. 学习:老师讲课V 学生讲175 40. 学习:独立V 团队184 41. 花钱:政府花钱建造道路V 改善公共交通19 42. 花钱:政府花钱买计算机V 基础设施100 43. 花钱:政府花钱星外探索V 基本需求95 44. 花钱:个人存钱V花钱 32 45. 花钱:个人音乐会V 买珠宝33 46. 花钱:个人买房V 买企业185 47. 花钱:朋友买车V 度假177 48. 花钱:学校花钱:计算机V 书籍 49. 花钱:公司花钱:艺术V 环境 50. 成功的要素:冒险V 规划 51 51. 古老历史建筑:拆除V 保护65 52. 环境:人类行为和地球健康:help V harm 29 = 81(agree) 53. 儿童:学习V 玩耍112 54. 抱怨:书面V 当面160 55. 土地:发展工业和住房V 原始状态181 56. 社会尊重:科学V 艺术

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智课网TOEFL备考资料

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托福写作185独立题题库+写作思路

1.People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge).Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 1、同意上大学好 (1)为未来工作进行准备; (2)交更多的朋友,学习他们的思维方式; (3)系统的学习知识 2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 2、同意父母是最好的老师 (1)父母从小就和我们在一起,给我们很多的知识; (2)父母和我们最为亲密,在任何时候,都会毫无保留地给我们知识; (3)父母最了解我们,所以他们给我们的建议和意见都是最有针对性的

3. Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 3、食品容易准备,改进了人们的生活方式 (1)节省了大量的时间,使人们可以做其他事情 (2)为人们提供了更多的花样。 (4)为人们的健康带来了很多好处 4. It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? 4、首先进行比较,然后说书是最重要的来源 (1)读书能够节省很多时间 (2)书是有系统性的,能够让人以很科学的方式迅速获得知识 (3)读书相对比较便宜和容易,而在寻找经验则比较昂贵和困难 5. A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.

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