英语语言学概论复习.docx

《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集（1?6章）

2013-6-1

Chapter I Introduction2012

I.Decide whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE:

TL Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

F2. Competence and performance is distinguished by Saussure.

F3. A synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.

T4. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

F5. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.

F6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.

T7. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.

T8. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.

T9. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any

linguistic study.

T10? Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.

Fl 1. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. T12. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.

F13. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.

T14. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.

T15. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.

TI6. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.

T17. Social changes can often bring about language changes.

T18. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.

T19. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an

unlimited source of expressions.

F20. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the course of its history ?

F21. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.

T22. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.

F23. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.

T24. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.

F25. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.

F26. Features that contrast words in meaning are called design features are said to be in complementary distribution.

F27. Linguistic symbols are arbitrary.

F28. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear some natural relationship to their meaning.

IL Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:

descriptive 1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d ______ ?

knowledge?. Chomsky defines “ competence n as the ideal user^s k _____________ of the rules of his language.

abstract3. Langue refers to the a _________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.

Duality 43. D ________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.

arbitrary5. Language is a system of a ________ v ocal symbols used for human communication.

Sociolinguistics 6. S ____________ is the study of language in relation to society. syntax7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into

permissible sentences in languages is called s ______ ?

genetic 8. Human capacity for language has a g ____ b asis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.

Parole 9. P ___ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

applied 10. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a _______ linguistics.

productive! L Language is p __________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard bel2 scientifcl2. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.

social 13. To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s function of language.

IIL There are four choices following each statement Mark the choice that can best complete the statement

Al. The description of a language in a fixed instant is a _______ study.

A.synchronic

B. diachronic

C. prescriptive

D. systematic

D2. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called ____ ?

A. sociolinguistics

B. Psycholinguistics

C? computational linguistics D. Applied Linguistics

C3. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _____________ .

A. prescriptive

B. analytic

C. descriptive

D. linguistic

D4. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?

A. Arbitrariness

B. Displacement

C. Duality

D. Meaningfulness

A5. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________ ?

A. primary

B. correct

C. secondary

D. stable

D6. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because

A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing

B.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information

conveyed.

C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother

tongue

D.All of the above

C7. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a

____ approach to language study.

A? synchronic B. diachronic

C. prescriptive

D. descriptive

B8. A historical study of language is a ___ study of language.

A. synchronic

B. diachronic

C. prescriptive

D. comparative

C9. According to F. de Saussure, ___ refers to the abstract linguistic

system shared by all the members of a speech community.

A. parole

B. performance

C. langue

D. Language

BIO. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between ________ and meanings.

A. sense

B.sounds

C? objects D. ideas

Al l. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called ________________ ,

A. displacement

B. duality

C. flexibility

D. cultural transmission

B12. The distinction between langue and parole was made by __________ early last century.

A. American linguist N. Chomsky

B. Swiss linguist F. de Saussure

C. American linguist Edward Sapir

D. British linguist J. R. Firth

A13. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is _________ ?

A. arbitrary B? rational C. logical D. cultural

IV> Answer the following question:

1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?

2.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?

Chapter 2： Phonology

L Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

TL Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.

F2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.

F3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.

F4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.

T5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.

T6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.

F7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph?

F8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.

T 9. The sound (z) is a voiced alveolar stop.

T9. Voicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.

F10. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf. T11 ? Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. F12. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.

F13? According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.

T12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue

in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.

Fl 3. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.

T14. The English consonants can be classified in terms of place and manner of articulation.

F15. The qualities of vowels depend on the positions of lips.

F16. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.

F17. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.

Fl 8. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.

T19. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning?

F20. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.

T2L The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.

T22. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments-

T23.Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.

T24.The speech sounds in almost every language can be divided into two major natural classes: consonants and vowels.

T25. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.

F26.Suprasegmental features are distinctive features of segmental phonemes.

IL Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:

aspiration27. A _____ r efers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.

articulatory28. A ___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.

Bilabial 29. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b ______ s ounds.

Tongue 30. Of all the speech organs, the t ___ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other?

place31 ? English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p ______ of articulation.

stop32. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s _______ -

suprasegmental33. S _________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.

sequential 34. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s _________ rules.

narrow35. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the

diacritics is called n ________ transcription.

intonation36. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i ________ .

phonology37. P ___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.

alveolar38. If you say door, new. two. senior, zoo. you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a _____ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.

oral39 - The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o _____ cavity and the nasal cavity.

tone40. T _______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like

phonemes.

sentence41 ? Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s stress.

IIL There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

Al. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called ______________

phonetics.

A.acoustic

B. articulatory

C. auditory D? allomorphic

D2. The sound /f7 is _______________ .

A. voiced palatal affricate B? voiced alveolar stop

C? voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative

C3 ? Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.

A. mouth

B. lips

C. tongue

D. vocal cords

A4. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.

A. voiceless

B. voiced

C. vowel

D. consonantal

B5 ? _________ is a voiced alveolar stop.

A. /z/

B. /d/

C. /k/

D./b/

D6. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _______________ .

A. identical

B. same

C. exactly alike

D. similar

A7. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ______________ ?

A. in phonemic contrast

B. in complementary distribution

C. the allophones

D. minimal pair

D8. The sound /f7 is _________________ .

A. voiced palatal affricate

B. voiced alveolar stop

C. voiceless velar fricative

D. voiceless labiodental fricative

C9. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.

A. back

B. central

C. front

D. middle

DIO. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound ________ ?

A. [n]

B. [h]

C. [w]

D. U1

DI 1. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called ________ .

A. minimal pairs

B. allomorphs

C. phones

D. allophones

C12. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more

phonemic segments- The phonemic features that occur above the level of the

segments are called ___________ ?

A. phonetic components

B. immediate constituents

C. suprasegmental features

D. semantic features

D13. A(n) ___________ i s a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.

A. phone

B.sound

C. allophone

D. phoneme

D14. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.

A. phones

B.sounds

C. phonemes

D. allophones

C15. A _____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.

A. back Be central C. front D. middle

16. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced ______ , respectively^ C )

A. stops Be fricatives

C. affricates

D. plosives

IV. Answer the following question:

1.How are the English consonants classified?

2.Explain with examples the sequential rule, and the assimilation rule in phonology.

Chapter 3： Morphology

L Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: Tl. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

F2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.

T3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.

T4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free

morphemes.

F5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.

T6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.

T7. Almost every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.

F8. The allomorph is an abstract unit.

T9. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.

F10. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.

Fl 1. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.

T12. Phonetically, the stress of a compound often falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.

F13. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.

F14. The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.

II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:

Root I. R _____ is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. Morpheme 2. M ____ i s the smallest meaningful unit of language.

Bound 3. B __________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word, derivational 4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d _________ a ffixes. suffix5. A s _____ i s added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.

Compounding 6. C _________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than

two words to create new words.

compound?. The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words, i.e.

"snow" and "fall： This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c ___ .

IIL There are four choices following each statement* Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

D1. The morpheme “ vision ” in the common word “ television ” is a(n) __________ ?

A.bound morpheme

B. bound form

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free morpheme

D2. The compound word u bookstore v is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound ___________ ?

A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components

B? can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes

C.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.

D.None of the above.

C3. “-s" in the word “books" is______ .

A. a derivative affix

B. a stem

C. an inflectional affix

D. a root

D4. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?

A. Rainbow

B. Milkshake

C. Icy-cold

D. Unpleasant

B5. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _________ .

A. the first element

B. the second element

C. either the first or the second elem

D. both the first and the second elements. B6. _________ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

A. Free morphemes

B. Bound morphemes

C. Bound words

D. Words

C7. ________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

A. Syntax

B. Grammar

C. Morphology

D. Morpheme

C8. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______ ?

A. lexical B? morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic

D9. Bound morphemes are those that ___________ ?

A. have to be used independently

B.can not be combined with other morphemes

C.can either be free or bound

D.have to be combined with other morphemes.

A10. __ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.

A.Prefixes

B. Suffixes

C. Roots

D. Affixes

Bll. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by

the linguists.

A. Words

B. Morphemes

C. Phonemes

D. Sentences C12.in the word “books” is _________________ .

A. a derivative affix B? a stem

C. an inflectional affix

D. a root

C13. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words"?

A. Nouns

B. Adjectives

C. Conjunctions

D. Adverbs

B14. In the word unreliable, the prefix is a(n) ___________ morpheme.

A. free

B. bound

C? root D? inflectional

A15. Morphemes that represent "tense", "number^, “gender”，“case", “aspect”, "degree^ and so forth are called ________ morphemes.

A. inflectional

B. bound

C. free

D. derivational

A16. The English word "modernizers^ is composed of _______ morphemes.

A. four

B. three

C. two

D. five

C17. Which of the following affix differs from others?

A. -ly

B. -ness

C. -ing

D. -ful

V> Answer the following question:

What is an inflectional morpheme? Locate the inflectional morpheme in each of the following sentences and point out its grammatical meaning.

Mr. Smith lives in the Big Apple.

The film 9s already started.

We are preparing for an important test.

Chapter 4： Syntax

L Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

Fl. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.

F2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.

F3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.

T4. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.

T5. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.

T6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.

F7. A sentence carTt have more than one deep structure.

T8. The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.

T9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.

T10. A noun phrase contains a noun, while other elements are optional.

TIL Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical categories, commonly known as parts of speech.

T12. Chomsky made a distinction between two levels of structures: surface and deep structures.

T13. Transformational-generative grammar was first suggested by Noam Chomsky.

II. Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents. (IC analysis)

The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight.

Chapter 5 Semantics

L Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

Fl. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

F2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

T3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

F4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.

T5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.

T6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.

F7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. T8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.

F9. The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:

Semantics 1. S ______ can be defined as the study of meaning.

direct2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d _____ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.

Reference 3. R _____ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the

non-linguistic world of experience.

Synonyms 4. Words that are close in meaning are called s _______ . homophones5> When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h _________ ?

relational6> Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r ______ opposites.

referential?. What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r ____ meaning of a word.

Reverse 8. R _________ o pposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

Componential 9. C ____ a nalysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

selectionallO. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s _______ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.

naming 11 ? According to the n___ t heory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.

IIL There are four choices following each statement Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

A1. The naming theory is advanced by ________ ?

A.Plato

B. Bloomfield

C. Geoffrey Leech

D. Firth

B2. "We shall know a word by the company it keeps； This statement represents

A.the conceptualist view

B. contexutalism

C. the naming theory

D. behaviourism

D3. Which of the following is not true?

A.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

B.Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.

C.Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.

D.Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.

D4. “ Can I borrow your bike? ” ________ “ You have a bike. ”

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails D? presupposes

B5. __________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.

A. Predication analysis

B. Componential analysis

C. Phonemic analysis

D. Grammatical analysis

C6. “alive” and “dead” are___________________ .

A. gradable antonyms

B. relational opposites

C? complementary antonyms D? none of the above

A7. ________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Semantics

D. Sense

C8. __________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

A. Polysemy B? Synonymy

C. Homonymy

D. Hyponymy

D9. Words that are close in meaning are called _______________ ?

A. homonyms

B. polysemy

C. hyponyms

D. synonyms

CIO. The kind of antonymy between H married n and "single" is one of _________

A converse

B relational

C complementary

D gradable

DI L According to the componential analysis, the word u girl n and “woman"

differ in the feature of ________ ?

A. HUMNAN

B. ANIMATE

C. MALE

D. ADULT

A12. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by ______ .

A.grammatical rules

B.selectional restrictions

C.semantic rules

D.semantic features

D13. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______ .

A. complete homonyms B? homographs

C. hyponyms

D. homophones

B14. In the following pairs of words, _____ are a pair of complementary antonyms.

A. old and young

B. male and female

C. hot and cold D?buy and sell

A15. The relationship between "violef and "tulip" is ________ ?

A. co-hyponyms B? superordinate C. hyponyms D? antonyms

D16. “Can I borrow your bike?" ______ "You have a bike.^^

A. is synonymous with B? is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

IV. Answer the following questions>

1.How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?

deep/shallow married/single sour/sweet teacher/student asleep/awake

2.What are the major types of synonyms in English?

3.What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?

Chapter 6： Pragmatics

L Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

Fl< Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication

F2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.

T3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.

F4. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.

F5. Sentence meaning is abstract but context-dependent.

F6. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.

F7. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences

F8? Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker^ intention.

T9- Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s of the 20th Century.

IL Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: Pragmatics 1 - P ________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

context2. The notion of c __________ i s essential to the pragmatic study of language, illocutionary3. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i _______ p oint, but they differ in their strength or force. utterance4. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u __________ .

abstracts. The meaning of a sentence is a _______ , and decontextualized?Constatives 6. C ________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.

performatives?? P_______ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.

Iocutionary8. A 1 ________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. illocutionary9. An i __________ a ct is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

expressive 10. An e _______ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.

quatityl 1. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of

q ______ , the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.

IIL There are four choices following each statemen仁Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

A 1 ?________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.

A. Pragmatics

B. Semantics

C. Sense relation

D. Concept

C2. The meaning of language was considered as something ______ in traditional semantics.

C. intrinsic

D. logical

D3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning ___________ i s considered.

A. reference

B. speech act

C. practical usage

D. context

B4. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.

A. pragmatic

B.grammatical

C. mental

D. conceptual

C5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) ________ .

A. constative

B. directive

C. utterance

D. expressive

B6. Which of the following is true?

A.Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences-

B.Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.

C.No utterances can take the form of sentences.

D.All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.

A7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________ .

A. in the late 50' s of the 20the century

B. in the early 1950' s

C. in the late I960" s

D. in the early 21st century.

D8. _________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.

A. A locutionary act

B. An illocutionary act

C. A perlocutionary act

D. A performative act

B9. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is _____ .

A.to get the hearer to do something

B.to commit the speaker to something" s being the case

C.to commit the speaker to some future course of action

D.to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.

A10. _________ is advanced by Paul Grice

A.Cooperative Principle

B.Politeness Principle

C? The General Principle of Universal Grammar

D.Adjacency Principle

Dll. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.

A. impoliteness

B. contradictions

C.mutual understanding

D. conversational implicature

B12. The illocutionary point of __________ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.

A. directives

B. expressives

C. commissives

D. representatives

C13. ______ found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous Cooperative Principle.

A. John Austin

B. John Firth

C. Paul Grice

D. William Jones

C14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics are more interested in its _____ meaning.

A. literal

B. logical

C. utterence

D. sentence

D15. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether, in the study of meaning, ___________ i s considered.

A. reference

B. speech act

C. practical usage

D. context

D16. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang?

B: A fine day, isn't it?

In the dialogue between A and B, B's answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?

A. The maxim of quantity

B. The maxim of quality

C. The maxim of manner

D. The maxim of relation

IV. Answer the following questions.

1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.

2.What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?

3.What is pragmatic failure? Try to find instances of pragmatic failure in the English used by Chinese learners of English.