自动化外文文献翻译
智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统
'智能建筑'和'智能家居'技术的概念
智能领域的建筑，智能家居，建筑管理系统（房屋管理中心）包含了一个巨大的各种技术，各地商业，工业，体制和住宅楼宇，包括能源管理系统和建设控制的功能，建设管理系统的核心是'智能建筑'的概念，其目的是为了控制、监测和优化建设服务，例如，照明;加热;安全，闭路电视及警报系统;存取控制;视听和娱乐系统;通风，过滤和气候控制等;甚至产品的考勤控制和报告（尤其是工作人员的运动和供货）潜在的这些概念和周边技术是巨大的，和我们的生活正在发生变化的影响，从智能建筑的设计与发展对我们的生活和工作环境的影响，对设施的规划和设施管理，也是潜在的巨大的。任何设施管理人员考虑楼宇发展或网站的搬迁也应考虑所带来的机会智能建筑技术及概念。这项免费的概要文章是由一家总部设在英国的首席专家加里米尔斯提供，他在智能建筑，智能家居，以及大厦管理系统都有非常熟练以及高超的水平。智能建筑物和建筑管理系统在20世纪70年代已经在工业界开始应用，从制度和管制使用的自动化生产过程和管理植物的生长。发达国家智能建筑在80年代概念和应用软件的发展和标准化，使智能楼宇的技术和系统，可以在以住宅和商业部门之间转让。
智能建筑-控制理论
智能建筑的本质，建设管理系统和智能建筑是在控制技术，使服务一体化，自动化和优化的所有服务和设备提供服务和管理环境的建设。可编程逻辑控制器（PLC），形成了原来的基础上的控制技术。
后来的事态发展，在商业和住宅的申请，是基于分布式智能的微处理器。稍后这些技术的采用和发展，让各种网站的建设和服务得以优化，往往高产显着并且降低成本和节省大量能源。有很多方法，其中建设服务的建筑物内可以得到控制，下降大致可分为二的方法类型：
文献来自：Intelligent building，2005年第8期
基于时间-提供暖气或照明服务等，只有在需要时基本参数的优化-经常使用的名词，代表环境方面的服务，如温度的空间加热或照度的照明。
暖气-基于时间的控制
基于时间的控制，可以用来打开和关闭供暖系统（和/或热水）在预先选定的时期（一天，一周等）。优化参数：无论任何条件下，控制，确保建设达到预期的温度，开始入住。
暖气-优化基于参数（温度）控制的例子
温度控制：保护对冻结或霜冻保护一般涉及运行供暖系统水泵和锅炉，当外部温度达到了一套水平（0 ° C时）。
补偿系统：当室外温度下降，将控制流温度，在加热电路相对外部温度。
这将提供一个上升的电路流温度。
散热器恒温阀：这些意义上的空间温度在一个房间内和节流阀的流量相关，所以通过装上散热器或变换器控制。
比例控制：涉及交换设备，并自动关闭，以规管输出。其他的方法可以包括恒温器，红外传感入住的（被动式红外线感应器），用户手册和控制。
照明控制方法
不同的控制系统的存在，再次基于时间的控制和优化基于参数的情况下的水平照度或特定用途的照明是必需的。
区域：灯开关就相应的使用和布局的照明领域，如果只有一小部分，为了避免照明一大片，它需要轻亮。
时间控制：开关和关闭自动在每个区域，以预设的时间表，轻损耗。被动式红外线（红外）入住遥感：在地区是被侵入的间歇，入住传感器可以用来表明是否或没有任何人是当前和切换轻或关闭。
轻一级的监测：这包括调光开关或人工照明，以维持一个轻的水平来衡量一个光电。
建设管理系统和智能建筑-节约能源
直到最近几年，能源效率一直是大厦的业主和投资者比较低的优先和低限度的考虑。但是，随着急剧增加的和认识能源使用的关注和进步，符合成
本效益的技术，能源效率正在迅速成为一部分房地产管理，设施管理和运作策略的概念，现在也作出重大大举进入国内住宅建筑部门。
照明，节约能源的最多可以有75 ％的原电路的负荷，它代表5 ％的能源消费总量的住宅和商业部门。
节约能源的潜力，从水加热，冷却，或热水的生产，最多可以有10 ％，代表多达7 ％的能源消费总量的国内住宅及商业部门。
经验研究表明，在奥地利的潜在加热和冷却可节省的能源是高达30 ％，在公共建筑物。甚至让事实，即建筑物所使用的研究可能已被那些有特别高的能源用量，这个数字是一个令人印象深刻的一个。（资料来源：eu2分析和市场调查，欧洲的建筑技术在中环及中东欧国家-g opa）
建设管理系统和智能建筑-环境和温室气体的好处减少对温室气体排放量的依赖和相关的减少能源的使用。
智能建筑和楼宇管理系统的技术直接有助于减少能源的使用，在商业，工业，体制和国内住宅部门。
在短期内，智能楼宇和适当的应用管理系统的建设有利于环境。
立法和环境标准，卫生和安全规定，和全球趋势对改善室内空气质量标准，都是显着的办法，并提供一个连续认可的需要-建设管理系统和智能建筑技术。
政府的措施在世界各地也有强劲的发展，并通过大厦管理系统的技术。例如，英国碳信托允许增强资本免税额（非洲经委会），以作抵销对税务关于能源效率的制度，从而使储蓄的30 ％左右，为所有能源相关的建设管理系统和智能楼宇设备，以及相关的安装和设计成本。
建设管理系统和智能建筑-市场趋势
仔细解释，是必要的。在英国，通过控制技术进入新的建设和翻新的主要行业是比较高的：估计在数年前的英国市场的建设管理控制系统的新建和主要翻新，所有部门，建议通过市场（如在1994年-源u k1评估英国能源的R TD，越- 1994）：暖气控制70 ％。热水系统控制的90 ％。空调控制80 ％。不过，根据欧洲委员会的记录多达90 ％的现有的建筑物已不适用或无效的管制，其中有许多需要完成的整修控制系统。
此外传统的控制系统停止短期自动化智能建筑的全部功能。一个重要的因素是人类所需的最优秀的有效运作，即使控制系统正确地指明和安装。鉴于典型的装置和设备经常存在的问题，为建设占用（住宅）或经理（商业）的使用情况操作是否正确和正确的运作是至关重要的有效的结果。
教育用户，改善系统的设计方便用户，并提供有关指示和信息都是至关重要的，使理论转化为实践，并实现潜在的效益和节省。
建设管理系统和智能大厦-的实际利益
能源的有效的制度，平衡建设的电灯，日光和机械系统以谋求最大利益。加强照明设计是一个多电器布局。它必须考虑的需要及附表占用，季节和气候的日光变化，及其对建筑物的机械系统的影响。
照明系统
加入日光到建设是一个方法，以达到能源效益的设计。自然日光'收获' ，可以使人们更快乐，更健康，更具生产力减少需要的电灯，大量的金钱可以节省能源。几乎每一个商业大厦是一个潜在的节能项目，如电力照明系统，可设计为暗灰色，与供货的日光。高达75 ％的照明能源消耗可节省。此外，通过减少电灯照明，并尽量减少太阳能热增益，控制的照明还可以减少建筑物的空调负荷。
机械系统
暖通空调系统和控制措施，包括应用分配制度的空气进入工作区，是机械零件的建筑物，影响热舒适性。这些系统必须共同努力，提供建筑的舒适度。而不是通常的一部分的美学大厦，他们是至关重要的其业务和乘员的满意度。
头号办公室投诉，是因为工作场所是太热，人数第二的是办公室太冷。很多人应付加入的球迷，空间加热器，涵盖了喷口，投诉，进行'恒温战争'与他们的合作工人，或者干脆离开办公室。住户可以驱车前往分心，试图调整舒适，其空间。不适当的温度，湿度，通风，室内空气品质也有重大影响的生
产力和健康。当我们热舒适我们更好地开展工作，店更长的时间，放松，呼吸更容易，我们的注意力集中越好。
为了提供一个舒适和健康的室内环境建设机械系统必须：
提供一个可接受的水平，温度和湿度和安全防范，气味和室内空气污染物。创造意识的可居住性，通过空气流动，通风和轻微的温度变化。让乘员，可以控制和修改条件，以符合个人喜好。
阻力大厦管理系统和智能建筑技术
“我们的楼宇已具能源效益的” 。（是整个建筑的节能，抑或是业主，限制他的重点，以公用地方及毛额租用空间？）
“我们宁愿设备与最低的成本时，首先装修租客空间” 。（是否规范
有任何的想法谁承担增加的经营成本，这样的策略呢？）
“我们需要一个为期两年的简单的回馈或更少” 。（这是仍然是现实，鉴于该回报率对货币市场是从字面上了其中的十分之一是什么这是20年前？）
“住户支付所有的能源成本，并会得到所有的储蓄” 。（请勿住户真
的支付所有的能源，还是只能源超过预先设定的基准年或牺牲停止？）“我们正在出售的建设” 。（我们是否应该承担，然后降低营运开支和收获增加资产价值并不重要？）
智能家居
建设管理系统为住宅的申请与广泛采用数字技术将有一场深刻变革，我们如何与他人沟通。甚至如何，在我们的家园，我们商店进行服务，接收新闻，管理我们的财政状况，了解世界，并开展业务，管理资源，寻找娱乐，当我们进入老年并保持独立性和自主性。这些活动的日益发生在家庭中。作为我们的看法，银行，商店，大学，社区和城市的变化反应的新技术，使建筑建立管理制度，正在成为一个不平凡的新的重要性。
因为它存在的今天，家庭不能满足这些需求，或利用新的机会所造成的社会和技术的变化。大多数人住的空间不能满足他们的需要。
直到最近，大多数房屋被有线仍略多于主要电子电路，数电话线，和几个电视电缆。时代变了。电器及保安系统承办商经常安装低压电缆通信网，这就是广泛的智能家居或'智能家居系统。
服务和设备，利用这些网络包括：安全;家庭影院和娱乐;电话，门电话和内部通信;个人电脑及互联网网络;监视摄像头;车道的车辆传感器;沟通恒温;
摩托窗口百叶窗和窗帘;输入系统;和灌溉系统。
智能家园
智能家居'是另一种的任期为1智能化住宅的建设，或一个智能家居。几年前，这些概念很少考虑未来和幻想。现在他们的现实。这些条款是现在常用来定义一个居住使用控制系统的整合居住的各种自动化系统。
整合民政系统，使它们能够互相沟通，通过控制系统，从而使单一的按钮和语音控制同时在预先编程的情景或经营模式下控制各种家用系统。
发展智能家居系统，集中讨论如何在家及其相关技术，产品和服务应该演变，以最好地满足面临的机遇和挑战的未来。的可能性和排列是无止境的。这里是一些例子：
智能家居示例1
情况下，如'我家'可引发迫切的一个按钮上的一个关键环远程控制从您的车辆作为你的做法的车道上。控制系统接收的关键环远程控制的命令。这将触发预先编程的函数序列。例如出发，把对照明在车道，车库，走廊，和厨房。然后解除武装的保安系统，打开车库门，打开进入室内车库门，调整暖气，以预设的温度，并轮流对整个内部音响系统播放你最喜爱的CD ，同时你可以洗澡。控制系统编程，以满足特定用户的需求，开创了连续自动操作的家用系统，在回应一个按钮命令的基础上，形势和或时间。
智能家居案例2
在上午07时30分，你要清醒的声音，你最喜爱的CD中发出的背景;
灯在您的卧室开关'，让您醒来在自己的时间。该楼下闯入者警报系统是激活的。在厨房的咖啡机轮流上作出饮料。地面的窗帘和百叶窗打开;毛巾加热器在浴室宽慰毛巾。你甚至还没有起床。
Intelligent buildings design and building management systems
Overview of 'intelligent buildings' and 'intelligent homes' technologies
The field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, Building Management Systems (BMS) encompasses an enormous variety of technologies, across commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic buildings, including energy management systems and building controls. The function of Building Management Systems is central to 'Intelligent Buildings' concepts; its purpose is to control, monitor and optimise building services, eg., lighting; heating; security, CCTV and alarm systems; access control; audio-visual and entertainment systems; ventilation, filtration and climate control, etc.; even time & attendance control and reporting (notably staff movement and availability). The potential within these concepts and the surrounding technology is vast, and our lives are changing from the effects of Intelligent Buildings developments on our living and working environments. The impact on facilities planning and facilities management is also potentially immense. Any facilities managers considering premises development or site relocation should also consider the opportunities presented by Intelligent Buildings technologies and concepts. This free summary article is contributed by Gary Mills, a leading UK-based expert in the field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, and Building Management Systems. The origins of Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems have roots in the industrial sector in the 1970's, from the systems and controls used to automate production processes and to optimise plant performances. The concepts and applications were then adapted, developed and modularised during the 1980's, enabling
transferability of the technology and systems to the residential and commercial sectors.
ntelligent buildings - control theory
The essence of Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings is in the control technologies, which allow integration, automation, and optimisation of all the services and equipment that provide services and manages the environment of the building concerned.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) formed the original basis of the control technologies.
Later developments, in commercial and residential applications, were based on 'distributed-intelligence microprocessors'.
The use of these technologies allows the optimisation of various site and building services, often yielding significant cost reductions and large energy savings. There are numerous methods by which building services within buildings can be controlled, falling broadly into two method types:
Time based - providing heating or lighting services, etc., only
when required, and Optimiser Parameter based - often utilising a representative aspect of the service, such as temperature for space heating or illuminance for lighting.
Heating - time-based control
Time-based controls can be used to turn on and off the heating system (and/or water heating) at pre-selected periods (of the day, of the week, etc). Optimiser Parameters: whatever the conditions, the controls make sure the building reaches the desired temperature when occupancy starts. Heating - optimiser parameter-based (temperature) control examples
Temperature control: protection against freezing or frost
protection generally involves running heating system pumps and boilers when external temperature reaches a set level (0°C).
Compensated systems: will control flow temperature in the heating
circuit relative to external temperature. This will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature when outside temperature drops.
Thermostatic radiator valves: these sense space temperature in a
room and throttle the flow accordingly through the radiator or convector to which they are fitted.
Proportional control: involves switching equipment on and off
automatically to regulate output.
Other methods can include thermostats, occupancy sensing PIR's
(passive infra-red sensors), and manual user control.
Lighting control methods
Different control systems exist, again time-based control and optimiser parameter-based where a level of illuminance or particular use of lighting is required.
Zones: lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout
of the lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a large area if only a small part of it needs light.
Time control: to switch on and off automatically in each zone to
a preset schedule for light use.
Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are
occupied intermittently, occupancy sensors can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is present and switch the light on or off accordingly.
Light level monitoring: this consists of switching or dimming
artificial lighting to maintain a light level measured by a photocell.
Building management systems and intelligent buildings - energy savings
Until recent years, energy efficiency has been a relatively low priority and low perceived opportunity to building owners and investors. However, with the dramatic increase and awareness of energy use concerns, and the advances in cost-effective technologies, energy efficiency is fast becoming part of real estate management, facilities management and operations strategy. The concepts are also now making significant inroads into the domestic residential housebuilding sectors.
For lighting, energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential and commercial sectors.
Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water production, can be up to 10%, which represents up to 7% of the total energy consumption of the domestic residential and commercial sectors.
Experiences from studies in Austria suggest potential heating and cooling energy savings are up to 30% in public buildings. Even allowing for the fact that buildings used in the study may have been those with particularly high energy usage, the figure is an impressive one. (Source: EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for European Building Technologies in Central & Eastern European Countries - GOPA)
Building management systems and intelligent buildings - environmental and greenhouse gas benefits
Greenhouse gas emission reductions depend on and correlate to reductions in energy use.
Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems technologies contribute directly to the reduction in energy use, in commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic residential sectors.
In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitably applied Building Management Systems are good for the environment.
Legislation and environmental standards; health and safety regulations; and global trends towards improving indoor air quality standards are all significant drivers of - and provide a continuous endorsement of the need for - Building Management Systems and the Intelligent Buildings technologies.
Government Initiatives around the world are also driving the development and adoption of Building Management Systems technologies. For example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) to be offset against taxation on energy efficient systems, which enables savings of around 30% for all energy-related Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings equipment, and the associated installation and design costs.
Building management systems and intelligent buildings - market trends
Careful interpretation is required. In the UK, adoption of controls technologies into the new build and major refurbishment sectors is relatively high: Estimates a few years ago of the UK market for Building Management Control Systems for new build and major refurbishment, all sectors, suggest market adoption of (as at 1994 - Source UK1 An Appraisal of UK Energy RTD, ETSU -1994):
Heating controls 70%. Hot water system controls 90%. Air conditioning controls 80%.
However according to European Commission as many as 90% of all existing buildings have inapplicable or ineffective controls, many of which require complete refurbishment of control systems.
Moreover conventional control systems stop short of automated Intelligent Buildings full capabilities. A significant human element is required for optimal effective operation even if control systems correctly specified and installed.
Given typical installations and equipment there is often a difficulty for building occupants (residential) or managers (commercial) to operate them correctly. Usage and correct operation are vital for effective results.
Education of users; improved systems-design user-friendliness, and the provision of relevant instructions and information are all critical to enable theory to translate into practice, and for potential effectiveness and savings to be realised.
Building management systems and intelligent buildings - practical benefits
Energy-effective systems balance a building's electric light, daylight and mechanical systems for maximum benefit.
Enhanced lighting design is more than an electrical layout. It must consider the needs and schedules of occupants, seasonal and climatic daylight changes, and its impact on the building's mechanical systems.
Lighting systems
Adding daylight to a building is one way to achieve an energy-effective design. Natural daylight 'harvesting' can make people happier, healthier, and more productive. And with the reduced need for electric light, a great deal of money can be saved on energy. Nearly every commercial building is a potential energy saving project, where the electric lighting systems can be designed to be dimmed with the availability of daylight. Up to 75% of
lighting energy consumption can be saved. In addition, by reducing electric lighting and minimizing solar heat gain, controlled lighting can also reduce a building's air conditioning load.
Mechanical systems
The HVAC system and controls, including the distribution system of air into the workspaces, are the mechanical parts of buildings that affect thermal comfort. These systems must work together to provide building comfort. While not usually a part of the aesthetics of a building, they are critical to its operations and occupant satisfaction.
The number one office complaint is that the workplace is too hot. Number two is that it's too cold.
Many people cope by adding fans, space heaters, covering up vents, complaining, conducting 'thermostat wars' with their co-workers, or simply leaving the office. Occupants can be driven to distraction trying to adjust the comfort in their space. Improper temperature, humidity, ventilation, and indoor air quality can also have significant impacts on productivity and health. When we are thermally comfortable we work better, shop longer, relax, breathe easier, focus our attention better.
In order to provide a comfortable and healthy indoor environment the building mechanical system must:
Provide an acceptable level of temperature and humidity and safe
guard against odours and indoor air pollutants.
Create a sense of habitability through air movement, ventilation
and slight temperature variation.
Allow the occupant to control and modify conditions to suit
individual preferences.
Resistance to building management systems and intelligent buildings technology
"Our buildings are already energy-efficient." (Is the whole
building energy-efficient, or is the landlord limiting his focus to common areas and gross leased spaces?)
"We prefer the equipment with the lowest first cost when fitting
out tenant space." (Does the specifier have any idea who will bear the increased operating costs of such a strategy?)
"We need a two-year simple payback or less." (Is this still
realistic, given that the percentage return on money markets is literally one-tenth what it was 20 years ago?)
"Tenants pay all energy costs, and will get all the savings." (Do
tenants really pay all energy or just the energy over a pre-set base year or expense stop?)
"We're selling the building." (Should we assume then that lowering
the operating expenses and reaping the increased asset value are not important?)
Intelligent homes
Building management systems for residential applications
With the widespread adoption of digital technologies there will be a profound change in how we communicate with others. Even how, in our homes, we shop for goods and services, receive news, manage our finances, learn about the world, and, conduct business, manage resources, find entertainment, and maintain independence and autonomy as we enter old age.
These activities increasingly take place in the home. As our perception of banks, shops, universities, communities, and cities change in response to new technologies, so home building management systems are taking on an extraordinary new importance.
As it exists today the home cannot meet these demands or take advantage of new opportunities created by social and technological changes. Most people live in spaces poorly tailored to their needs.
Until recently, the majority of homes were wired with little more than the main electrical circuits, a few phone lines, and a few TV cables. Times have changed. Electrical and security system contractors routinely install low voltage communication network cables for a wide range of intelligent home or 'smart home' systems.
Services and equipment that utilise these networks include: security; home theatre and entertainment; telephones, door-phones and intercoms; PC and internet networks; surveillance cameras; driveway vehicle sensors; communicating thermostats; motorized window blinds and curtains; entry systems; and irrigation systems.
Smart homes
'Smart home' is an alternative term for an intelligent residential building, or an intelligent home. A few years ago these concepts weer considered futuristic and fanciful. Now they are reality. These terms are
now commonly used to define a residence that uses a control system to integrate the residence's various automation systems.
Integrating the home systems allows them to communicate with one another through the control system, thereby enabling single button and voice control of the various home systems simultaneously, in
pre-programmed scenarios or operating modes.
The development of smart home systems focus on how the home and its related technologies, products, and services should evolve to best meet the opportunities and challenges of the future. The possibilities and permutations are endless. Here are some examples:
Smart home example scenario 1
A scenario such as 'I'm Home' could be triggered by pressing one button on a key-ring remote-control from your vehicle as you approach the driveway. The control system receives the key-ring remote-control's command. This will then trigger a pre-programmed sequence of functions. For example starting by turning on the lighting in the driveway, garage, hallway, and kitchen. It then disarms the security system, opens the garage door, unlocks the interior garage entry door, adjusts the heating to a preset temperature, and turns on the whole-house audio system playing your favourite cd, whilst drawing you a bath.
The control system is programmed to meet specific user requirements, initiating sequential automatic operation of the home systems, in response to 'one button' commands based on the situation and or time. Smart home example scenario 2
At 7:30am and you awake to the sound of your favourite cd playing in the background; the lights in your bedroom switch on; 'fading up' to allow you to wake up in your own time. The downstairs intruder alarm system is de-activated. In the kitchen the coffee machine turns on to make a drink. The ground floor curtains and blinds open; the towel heater in the bathroom warms the towels. And you haven't even got up yet.
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
冲压模具技术外文翻译(含外文文献)
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
土木工程外文文献及翻译
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
机械类外文文献
附：外文翻译 外文原文： Fundamentals of Mechanical Design Mechanical design means the design of things and systems of a mechanical nature—machines, products, structures, devices, and instruments. For the most part mechanical design utilizes mathematics, the materials sciences, and the engineering-mechanics sciences. The total design process is of interest to us. How does it begin? Does the engineer simply sit down at his desk with a blank sheet of paper? And, as he jots down some ideas, what happens next? What factors influence or control the decisions which have to be made? Finally, then, how does this design process end? Sometimes, but not always, design begins when an engineer recognizes a need and decides to do something about it. Recognition of the need and phrasing it in so many words often constitute a highly creative act because the need may be only a vague discontent, a feeling of uneasiness, of a sensing that something is not right. The need is usually not evident at all. For example, the need to do something about a food-packaging machine may be indicated by the noise level, by the variations in package weight, and by slight but perceptible variations in the quality of the packaging or wrap. There is a distinct difference between the statement of the need and the identification of the problem. Which follows this statement? The problem is more specific. If the need is for cleaner air, the problem might be that of reducing the dust discharge from power-plant stacks, or reducing the quantity of irritants from automotive exhausts. Definition of the problem must include all the specifications for the thing that is to be designed. The specifications are the input and output quantities, the characteristics of the space the thing must occupy and all the limitations on t hese quantities. We can regard the thing to be designed as something in a black box. In this case we must specify the inputs and outputs of the box together with their characteristics and limitations. The specifications define the cost, the number to be manufactured, the expected life, the range, the operating temperature, and the reliability. There are many implied specifications which result either from the designer's particular environment or from the nature of the problem itself. The manufacturing processes which are available, together with the facilities of a certain plant, constitute restrictions on a designer's freedom, and hence are a part of the implied specifications. A small plant, for instance, may not own cold-working machinery. Knowing this, the designer selects other metal-processing methods which can be performed in the plant. The labor skills available and the competitive situation also constitute implied specifications. After the problem has been defined and a set of written and implied specifications has been obtained, the next step in design is the synthesis of an optimum solution. Now synthesis cannot take place without both analysis and optimization because the system under design must be analyzed to determine whether the performance complies with the specifications. The design is an iterative process in which we proceed through several steps, evaluate the results, and then return to an earlier phase of the procedure. Thus we may synthesize several components of a system, analyze and optimize them, and return to synthesis to see what effect this has on the remaining parts of the system. Both analysis and optimization require that we construct or devise abstract models of the system which will admit some form of mathematical analysis. We call these models
土木工程专业外文文献及翻译
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology(机械类英文文献+翻译)
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
商业建筑外文文献翻译)
Commercial Buildings Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. 1.2 Commercial Buildings The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings”as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1. 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: 1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors 2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation 3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion