语篇与翻译

语篇与翻译
语篇与翻译

翻译活动所处理的不是一个个孤立的词句,而是由互相关联和制约的词语和句子,为一定的交际目的,按一定格式,有机地组合在一起的语篇.

一、只有在语篇的层次上进行翻译才能把握主题

例1:Deserts are very dry regions. they have very little rainfall. Few plants live there. Some specialized animals do. Some deserts have a surface of land. The sand often forms dunes. Those are created by the wind. Others have stone or rocks.

译:沙漠是十分干旱的地区。那里降雨量很少,植物也很稀少,只生存着一些特殊的动物.有些沙漠的表面是沙,沙常常被风刮成沙丘.另一些沙漠的表面则是石头或岩石.

原文的主题是deserts,语篇中的they, there, others都代表着这一主题,译者要注意将主题贯穿译文成为篇章中连接各句的纽带.

例2:∮一边走着,似乎道旁有一个孩子,抱着一堆灿白的东西,驴儿过去了,∮无意回头一看---他抱着花儿赤着脚儿向着我笑.

——冰心,:《笑》(《中国翻译》1995年第2期)

译:As I passed along, I somewhat sensed the presence of a child by the roadside carrying something snow white in his arms. After the donkey had gone by , I happened to look back and saw the child , who was barefoot , looking at me smilingly with a bunch of flowers in his arms.(张培基译)

由于中国人常采取整体思维方式,强调篇章整体意义,只要主题明确主语有无关系不大,上例

中符号∮代表常规省略的主语,虽然缺了两个主语,句子的整体意义仍然十分明确,翻译若不从语篇的层次去考虑的话就会出现主题模糊的现象.

二、只有在语篇的层次上进行翻译,才能准确把握词语的涵义

英语中有许多词有一个以上的涵义,称多义词。对多义词的理解,只有在语篇的层次上进行斟酌、推敲才能准确把握其涵义。

例1:“How old was I when you first took me in a boat?”

“Five and you nearly were killed when I bought the fish in too green and nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?”(E.Hemingway: The Old Man and the Sea)

译:“你头一趟带我上船,那时我多大岁数?”“五岁。当年我把一条生龙活虎的鱼拖上船的时候,那家伙险些儿把那只船撞得粉碎,你也险些儿送了命,还记得吗?”

在这一例句中,green 为多义词,此处译者将其义选定为“vigorous和 active”,如果孤立地看是无法做出以上选择的,只有从语篇出发,着眼于语境,根据上下文来分析,才能选定符合原意的汉语对等语。

又如吴霞辉在《论翻译中的词义与语境》所给出的一个范例:

例2:Beg quickly returned to his office and filed an urgent story to his newspaper in London---The editor on duty read the story---once, twice and then he spiked it! “Damn fool Beg,” he said, according to the legend, “That block must be drunk. Really Kissinger goes off to China! Ridiculous.”

这段话选自基辛格自传,书中写道基辛格当年秘密出访中国,在伊斯兰堡登机前被英国记者Beg认出,Beg当即给伦敦报社发出快讯,但是值班编辑根本未予理睬,---he spiked it!此处译者译为“他把稿子一下子插到了废稿签上!”译文准确无误,生动形象。

如果在词典上查找spike的词义,我们发现列举的用法很多,此时只有根据上下文的语境,从语篇的角度来考虑才能找到合适的定义:“pointed rod standing upright on base and used e.g. to hold postponed matter in newspaper office.”

由此可见,当你遇到一个多义词,你必须先从它在上下文中所处的地位以及与其他词的搭配关系去理解,以求得到其正确的涵义。

三、只有在语篇的层次上进行翻译,才能把握住特定语境中的语用意义。

特定语境指使用词语的环境、场所、时间、上下文等。语用意义指的是符号与符号使用者之间的关系,词语的语用意义是指词语在实际运用时所蕴涵的意义。

例如:我听了他的话,试着站直了身子,抬头一看,突然视野开阔了,天地变大了,只见身前是水,身后是水,水连着天,天连着水。

——竹林:《远去的红伞》(《英语沙龙》1995年第10期)“站直了身子”中的“站”常用的译法是stood up或 stood straight,但这两个词在这里显得很平淡,与文章的主题脱节。散文“远去的红伞”讴歌了一位不知名的山里人,他举着一把红伞在风雨中挽救了一位欲轻生的女知识青年。原文的大语境是:在一次回村的路上,

女知青突遇暴风雨,小桥也给山洪淹没了,这位历尽坎坷、心灰意冷的女知青竟下意识地朝河中间走去。正在这时,一声大喝,一位举着红伞的山里汉子阻止了她,并冒着生命危险,在水中摸索着过桥,山里人没有留下姓名便离去了。这把红伞深深的印在女主人公的脑海中。山里人叫她站直了身子别害怕,女知青看到了人与人之间的真诚,她开始挺起腰杆,勇敢地面对人生。将“站直了身子”一词放入语篇中,译者选用了“erected myself”。erect意为“竖立、挺立、建立”,与反身代词连用既可表现“挺直了身子”,又可暗示主人公走出了精神的低谷,建立了新的人生信念,较全面地把握了语境中的语用意义。

又如,汉语中的“上哪儿去啊?”、“到哪儿去啦”和“吃了吗?”译成英语就是“Where are you going?”,“Where have you been?”及“Have you eaten yet?”。放在汉语的语境中,这些都是中国人常用的招呼语。但是若用这几句英语来打招呼,大部分讲英语的人听了都会不高兴或是感到莫名其妙。因此我们在翻译类似语句时,一定要放在语篇中去考虑,反映其在语境中的语用意义。

四、只有在语篇的层次上进行翻译,才能实现译文与原文语篇风格意义的一致性

例1:There were only crying crocodile tears at the old man’s funeral because nobody had really liked him 。(Longman Dictionary of English idioms)。

译:在老头的葬礼上,他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪,因为在老人生前没人真的喜欢他。例2:没良心的!狗咬吕洞宾——不识好歹。(《红楼梦》第25 回)

译:You ungrateful thing ! like the dog that bit Lv Dongbin ---you bite the hand that feeds you. (杨宪益译)

例3:“心里正想他,他就来了!”秦守本搓着手掌说。“嘴说曹操,曹操就到!”熟悉戏文的安兆丰接着说。(吴强:《红日》第45节)

译:“I was just thinking about him and here he is!” said Chin Shou-pen,rubbling his hands together,”Talk of Tsao Tsao and he is sure to appear !”added An Chao –feng ,who knew all the operas. (A.C Barnes 译)

语篇与情景语境是相联系的。语用学要求篇章须与情景相一致或相称,反映在翻译中要求译者将原语译成目标语时不仅要实现基本语义的等值,还必须做到文体相符,即译出原文语篇或话语的风格意义。例1中“crocodile tears”在《韦氏新世界美国英语词典》中的解释为“insincere tears or a hypocritical show of grief”但作者将之直译为“鳄鱼的眼泪”,不但能为中国读者所了解接受,而且能较好地体现原文语篇的风格意义。例2与例3中的“狗咬吕洞宾——不识好歹”与“说曹操,曹操就到”具有浓厚的中国文化特色,对这两个习语的处理是整个语篇的关键点所在。从译文中我们可得知,译者在翻译时不仅实现了基本语义的等值而且保持了原文的风格特点。

五.只有在语篇层次上进行翻译,才能实现译文的通顺优美。

由于汉族人的思维模式呈螺旋型,而英美人的思维模式呈直线型,因此,汉英篇章在谋篇布局上自然有所不同。汉语的造句不注重空间构架的完整,而是线形的流动转折,追求流动的韵律节奏,不滞于形,以意统形,自上而下是一个形散意合的系统。西方人重形式分析和逻辑推理,“由一到多”的思维传统,英语是典型的形合语言,因此英语语言具有高度的形式化和严密的逻辑性,这使英语句子的限制和修饰成分叠加,造成长句比比皆是的现象。

例1:The boy wanted to say something other than “Thank you, m’am”, but he could not even say that, although his lips moved as he looked up at the large woman at the door way. then she shut the door. (Langston Hugh’s: Thank You M’am)

译1,除了“谢谢您,夫人”外,那男孩想说点什么,但就连那句话也没能说出来,尽管当他抬头看门口那个身材高大的女人时,他的嘴唇动了几下。随后,她关上了门。

译2:男孩想说句把“谢谢太太”之类的话,他抬头看看门口那个大个儿妇人,嘴唇虽努动了几下,结果连声谢词也没能说出来。随后,她关上了门。

从两种译文的比较可以看出,如果完全按照源语的句法结构,译成中文之后,译文晦涩难懂(如译1),其实稍作调整,用译入语的句法结构去诠释,便有了“通达”的效果。

例2:I lingered round them, under that benign sky, watched the moths fluttering among the heath and hare-bells; listened to the soft wind breathing through the grass, and wondered how anyone could ever imagine unquiet slumbers, for the sleepers in that quiet earth.(Wuthering Heights)

译1,我在那温和的天空下面,在这三块墓碑前留连!望着飞蛾在石楠丛和兰铃花中扑飞,听着柔风在草间吹动,我纳闷有谁能想象得出在那平静的土地下面的长眠者竟然有并不平静的睡眠。

译2,在那晴和的天空下,我围着三块墓碑留连徘徊,望着飞蛾在石楠丛和兰铃花中扑扑飞舞,听着柔风在草间瑟瑟吹过,不禁感到奇怪,有谁能想象在如此静谧的大地下面,那长眠者居然会睡不安稳。

译文1的最后一句完全照原文直译,句子较长,不符合汉语的篇章习惯,“翻译腔”较重,而译文2则有所改进,对长句进行了必要的分割,结构工整,读起来朗朗上口。

衔接是将语篇不同部分联系在一起的语法、词汇和其他手段的统称。(Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text.)根据韩礼德和哈桑(1975)的划分,衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接手段(lexical cohesion)两种。前者包括照应(reference)、省略(ellipsis)、替代(substitution)和连接(conjunction),后者包括词汇重述(reiteration)、同义(synonymy)、下义(hyponymy)和搭配(collocation)等。

英汉衔接手段的对比

译者不同于一般读者,他承担着对原作进行传达的任务和义务。不同语言的衔接手段各有不同,对原文衔接手段的认识,并不必然导致译文衔接手段的得体,因此译者对原语和目的语的衔接手段都要有深入的了解。

从语句衔接方式来说,英语多用“形合法”,即在句法形式上使用连接词语将句子(分句)衔接起来,而汉语多用“意合法”,即靠意义上的衔接而不要一定依赖连接词语。因而,英语多连接词语,而且这些连接词的出现频率也非常高。这些连接词语不仅有连词and ,or , but副词therefore, hence代词another, this, that 关系代词或副词which,that 还有短语in short, for example等。汉语中虽然也有一些连接词,但在表达中,人们常常表现出一种少用或不用连接词的趋势。

在语法上,英语语法是显性的,而汉语的语法则属隐性。汉语在表达上富有弹性,许多逻辑关系靠意义来表达,语法处于次要地位。汉语的省略只求达意,不考虑语法甚至不考虑逻辑(潘文国;1997:349)汉语最常用的省略是主语的省略,谓语的省略较少。英语中的省略多数伴随着形态或形式上的标记,可以从形式上看的出来(潘文国;1997,343)。它可以借助时态标记或情态标记以及极性等语法手段将适宜动词省略,而汉语则通过原词重复或其他词汇手段来表达意义。英语中的形合司或形态标记是英语中省略的现象的重要语法手段。英语有词的曲折变化形式,所以名词性替代词有单复数形式的区别,动词性替代词有时态的形式变化。汉语替代的频率低于英语,汉语往往用原词复现的方式来达到语篇的衔接。英语的照应多用人称代词,指示代词,而汉语常用零式指代和名词的重复。

There as I, straight as a young poplar, wi’my firelock, and my hayonet, and my spatter dashes, and my sock sawing my jaws off, and my accoutements sheening like the seven stars!

译文:我那时候腰板象小白杨树那麽直,带着火枪和刺刀,硬领差点儿把我的下巴颌儿据掉,我的装备如同北斗星一样闪亮!

在这个例子中,英文原文中使用and 衔接句子,既达到语法结构上的完整性,又显示“语言使用者在说完或写完的一句话,意犹未尽,又补充了一些新的情况”(胡壮麟,1995:96)。而汉语注重语义,翻译时并未使用连词,却同样传达出原文的意思。因为翻译过程中,译者常常会使用衔接手段的转换,以达到异曲同工的成篇效果。

The sacred cows in India are well known. Cows can go everywhere they want to in the street of India, and they can eat anything they want to from the supplies of the food sellers on the street. As a result, the cows are a problem. However, no one in India will kill them or eat them. It is taboo to do so. This custom seems strange to other people, but anthropologists believe that there are reasons for it. First, cows are valuable because the farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as fertilizer on the fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the cow manure can be dried and burned to make cooking fires. Therefore, farmers that kill their cows for meat soon find that they cannot plow or fertilize their fields or make a cooking fire.

汉语语篇往往相当精炼,虽然句与句之间没有什么明显的、外在的粘连形式,但由于概念内容是完整统一的,语篇照样前后连贯,这正体现了汉语重“意合”(parataxis)而轻“形合”(hypotaxis)的特点。汉语语篇的句际之间主要靠“意合法”达到语义上的前后贯通,语段以语义为中心,语义连贯或靠内容层次来衔接或靠前后意思的照应,只要意义相关,语篇就会自然流畅。例如:

父亲是革命家,也是诗人。他的诗,非文人墨客的谴兴之作。诗言志,父亲的诗中的一题、一景、一人、一事,无不记述着中国革命发展的英雄业绩。古往今来,有史诗一说,父亲的诗篇,连贯起来,可谓中国革命的不朽史诗。

英语语篇语义连贯是通过语法等手段的合理组合来实现的,这就是学者们常说的“形合法”。英语语篇语义理解主要靠“形合”。因此,翻译时就必须进行适当的补充,在语义和结构上加以调整,使译文通顺、流畅。下面是许渊冲先生的译文:

Father is a poet as well as a revolutionary. However, his poetical writings are unlike those of some men of letters which involve private concerns. As the saying goes, “Poetry expresses genuine feelings”. There is not one line or one episode in Father’s poems but portrays some soul-stirring heroic deeds of the Chinese people in their revolutionary struggles. In the West, there is the word “epic”. Father’s poetical writings, in their entirety, deserve to be called a spectacular epic of the Chinese revolution.

:增加了连接副词“However”,以表达此句与上句的转折关系;原文的“诗言志”一句似乎与上下文没有多大联系,读起来显得突兀。为了达到通畅并与下句关联,译者增添了“as the saying goes”,这样就非常自然、合理地引出了下句,并且没有把“言志”按字面意义译为“志向”(aspiration)而是调整为“感情”(feelings),即“诗言情”,相应地,把“革命发展的英雄业绩”调整为“中国人民革命斗争中的英雄业绩”,这样,上文的“言志”和下文的“业绩”便很自然地连接起来了。此外,原文的“古往今来”并没有照字面译为“through the ages”,而处理成“in the West”,这是便于在结构上与上文的“As the saying goes”衔接,而在语义上也产生了比较对照的效果(张明林,1999)。纵观译文,既忠实于原文又符合英文的篇章特点。

小时侯居住在辽西的乡村,院子里有一块不大不小的园子,里面种植着黄瓜、豆角之类的蔬菜。奶奶是园子的绝对主人,她一天到晚在园子里转,洒水施肥,并掌握着采摘的时机。In my childhood/ while/when I was a child, I lived in a village in Liaoxi. In the courtyard there was a moderate-sized garden, with cucumbers, runner beans and other vegetables planted. The garden being her domain, Granny was busy in it the whole day, watering and fertilizing it, and waiting for the right time/moment of harvesting,

为了逃避那一双双熟悉的眼睛,释放后,经人介绍,他来到湖南南县一家木器厂做临时工。

In order to avoid those familiar eyes, he came to Nan County, Hunan Province and found an odd job in a furniture factory through introduction after released.

2016中考英语语篇翻译题型专练一

Week One Class________ Name________ Score________ Sunday 阅读下面的短文,将划线部分译成英文或中文。(共5小题,计10分) Months ago, 1. 梁博还是个在大学学音乐的学生。Now he becomes “the V oice of China”. The lucky young man is the winner of the Voice of China, the most popular TV show of last summer. People think Liang Bo’s voice is natural, c lear and touching. The 22-year-old boy was born in Changchun, Jilin. 2. 像很多其他年轻中国人一样,通过弹吉他,他爱上了音乐。Liang Bo got his first guitar as a birthday gift when he was in middle school. 3. 他日夜练习。“4. I can’t live without my guitar.” He said. Many people think Liang Bo is just like famous Chinese rock singers such as Xu Wei, Wang Feng and Zheng Jun. 5. But the young man doesn’t want to stand in others’ shadows (影子). “I like them, but I’m not going to copy (复制) them. I will be who I am.” He said. 1. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Monday 阅读下面的短文,将划线部分译成英文或中文。(共5小题,计10分) Skin-diving (潜水) is a new sport today. This sport takes you into a wonderful new world. It is like a visit to the moon! When you are under water, 1. it is easy for you to climb big rocks, because you are no longer heavy. Here, under water, everything is blue and green. 2. 在白天,有足够的光线。When fish swim nearby, you can catch them with your hands. 3. When you have tanks (箱) of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. But you must be careful when you dive in deep water. 4. 捉鱼是这项运动最有趣的部分之一。Besides, there are many other uses of skin-diving. 5. You can clean ships without taking them out of the water. You can also get many things from the deep sea. 1. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________________________________

英语新闻翻译的研究方法

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