高中英语教学论文 欧洲文化入门复习资料
欧洲文化入门复习资料精选
第二章
1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 在西方最具影响力的宗教
2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture： Judaism and Christianity.
3、The Jewish tradition， which gave birth to Christianity. （犹太教是基督教的前身） Both originated in Palestine， which was known as Canaan.
4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews. 犹太人的祖先是希伯来人
5、They called “Hebrews”，which means “wanderers”。商旅
6、About 1300 B.C.， the Hebrews came to settle （定居） in Palestine.
7、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.
8、The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament.
9、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝与上帝的教义
10、The New Testament is about the doctrine （教义） of Jesus Christ
11、The New Testament is， in essence （实质上）， the four accounts （四福音书）， written by the four disciples.弟子
12、The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.
13、Bible is representative of Christianity and 新旧约
14、The Old Testament名词解释
The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.
15、The New Testament名词解释
The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine （教义） of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.
16、The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch.摩西五经
17、Pentateuch名词解释
The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis （创世记）， Exodus （出埃及记）， Leviticus（教义记）， Numbers （逃亡记）， Deuteronomy （摩西遗言记）。
18、Genesis名词解释
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells about a religious account （描述） of the origin of the Hebrews people， including the origin of the world and of man， the career （经历） of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.
19、Exodus名词解释
Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch， it tells about a religious （宗教的） history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt， the period when they began to receive God‘s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to canaan.
20、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis， Pentateuch， the Old Testament，The Bible.
21、Noah‘s Ark was recorded in Genesis， Pentateuch， the Old Testament， The Bible.
22、The Historical Books was divided into seven sections：
①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings
⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.
23、The content of historical Books： 1200B.C. 586 B.C.
Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C.， till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.
24、The History Books的内容
① The development of system of landed nobles.
② The development of monarchy. 君主专制
③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成
④ （略看） The settlement in the highlands
⑤ （略看） Age of great prosperity under Saul， David and Solomon.
25、Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.
26、The first king to unite the Hebrews was Saul.
27、David established religious capital， Jerusalem to Palestine.
28、The Prophets （先知）名词解释宣传教义并受神灵庇佑的人
For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets” or the spokesmen of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.（分为大小先知）
29、The Book of Daniel名词解释
The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.
30、The former body of church was known as Synagogues. 犹太教的会堂是教堂的前身
31、The Pentateuch is the book of Daniel is also called torah. 摩西五经的别称
32、The story about God‘s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis， Pentateuch， the Old Testament， the Bible，whic h was known as Noah’s Ark.
33、By 300 A.D.each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as a priest.
34、Several parishes were grouped together into a large unit called diocese，which was headed by a bishop.
35、The most important bishops were called archbishops. （红衣大主教）
36、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament， which tells the beginning of Christianity.
37、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew （马塞福音书）
38、All the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations.为什么十四在西方吉利
39、The Last Supper was recorded in John.
40、The Last Supper was put into an oil painting by Da Vinci in the high renaissance in Italy.
文艺复兴以人为本的标志——蒙娜丽莎
41、The Last Supper adapted from St.John， the New Testament， the Bible.
42、The story about Jesus being betrayed by Judas was known as The Last Supper.
43、The story about Jesus being pinned （钉死） in the cross to death was known as The Last Supper.
44、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers （改革者） led by John Wycliff.
45、Wycliff 与 Tyndale 的区别是：语言来源不同
Reformation （宗教改革）为了 against the Latin language.
46、William Tyndale‘s version was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources
论述简答
一、What difference between Christianity and the other religions？
（What are the forceful beliefs of Christianity？）
答 Christianity based itself on two forceful （强烈的） beliefs which separate it from all other religions.
1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God， and that God sent him to earth （世界） to live as humans live， suffer as humans suffer， and die to redeem mankind.（挽回人类）
2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son （唯一的儿子）， so that whosoever （whoever的强调型） believes in him should not perish， but have everlasting life. （获得永生）
加尔文主义也有这样的观点
二、How did Christianity originate and develop in the European continent （洲）？
☆ （How was Christianity spread to Europe and became the official religion？统治性宗教）
答 1、The disciples of Jesus tried to spread his gospel， first among the Jews in Palestine and then in the Mediterranean region.
2、During a time of great unrest and upheaval动荡不安 in the European continent， the poor and humble found comfort in the Christian Gospel.福音（书）
3、Christianity began to draw men and women from all classes in Europe. The Romans grew tired of war and feared （害怕） the collapse （崩溃） of the empire. And they admired the courage of the Christian missionaries.传教士
4、Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle （战役） and issued （发出） the Edict of Milan米兰特令（选择） in 313. It granted （许可） religious freedom to all， and made Christianity legal.合法化
5、In 392 A.D.， Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.其他宗教不合法
6、Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression （压迫） to a weapon in the hands of the ruling （管理） class to crush their opponents （粉碎对手）。 The Latin language became the official language
三、What are the different translation editions of the Bible？
答 1、The oldest extant （现存的） Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.
2、The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition， which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people‘s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.
3、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers （改革者） led by John Wycliff.
4、After John Wycliff‘s version，appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.来源
5、The Great Bible （大圣经）ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale‘s work.
6、The most im portant and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized”（官方版圣经）or “King James” version， first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple， majestic （高雅的） Anglo-Saxon tongue， it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.
7、The Revised Version appeared in 1885， and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. （美国英语版）
8、The Good News Bible and the New English Bible
四、What is the great significance of the translations of the bible？
（What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature？）
答 1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs （水库） of Modern English.
2、Mi ltion‘s Paradise Lost （失乐园），Bunyan’s Pilgrim‘s Progress，Byron’s Cain， up to the contemporary （同时期的）Hemingway‘s The Sun Also Rises，and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.
最新欧洲文化入门复习资料
Part I Directions: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. ****** 1 ****** 1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans 2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________ A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. 476 4. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought. A. Jesus B. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Martin Luther 5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. A. Michelangelo B. Raphael C. Shakespeare D. Leonardo Da Vinci 6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. A. Don Quixote B. Hamlet C. Leviathan D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. A. The Praise of the Folly B. As You Like It C. Divine Comedy D. Utopia 8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West. A. Machiavelli B. Dante C. Bacon D. Locke
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游
欧洲文化入门小论文范文
Renaissance’s influence on Europe Introduction The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism. Basic origin of Renaissance On 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy，capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system. In the aspect of politics，feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness. The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation. Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period. Thus here came the Renaissance. Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century，then extended to western European countries and
欧洲文化入门复习资料
1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the
欧洲文化入门论文范文参考
欧洲文化入门论文范文参考 欧洲高等教育质量文化检查探析 摘要：欧洲在高等教育质量保障方面处于世界领先地位。由欧洲大学联合会于2021-2021年实施的“质量文化检查”是欧洲高等教育质量管理的新项目。此次检查通过对欧洲高校质量保障现状以及高校质量文化的调研，得出一系列重要结论，并以“质量文化”作 为一种反思性分析工具，对欧洲高校质量保障的“战略与政策”“工具与实践”“原则与 假设”等方面进行了审视，从而为欧洲高校质量文化的进一步建构奠定了较好的基础。 关键词：欧洲;质量保障;质量文化检查 一、“质量文化检查”项目实施背景 20世纪80年代和90年代被誉为欧洲高等教育的“质量时代”。在这段时间，欧洲各国开始探索和建立高等教育质量管理机构和评估制度，并逐步形成了以英国为代表的“中 介式”、以法国为代表的“中央集权式”、以比利时为代表的“二元结构型”、以瑞典为 代表的“委员会制”等各具特色的高等教育评估与质量保障制度[1]。成立于2001年的欧 洲大学联合会The European University Association更是欧洲高等教育质量运动纵 深发展的引领者。这些都使欧洲成为在国际高等教育质量管理方面具有重要影响的地区。 尽管20世纪90年代欧洲各国逐步建立了质量保障机构，但是人们认识到，高校在质 量保障方面承担着更重大的责任，应当通过内部质量文化的建立来促进战略性的管理。在 此背景下，欧洲大学联合会于2002-2021年实施了“质量文化项目”[2]，以便在大学建 立系统的质量文化保障体系，强化学校对构建内部质量文化和推进内部质量管理的必要性 的认识。 该项目选择“文化”一词作为核心词，是想表明“质量”这一概念既是一套共享的价值，也是高校所有人包括师生与管理人员的集体责任。在此，质量文化成为一种组织文化，它同时具有文化、心理因素以及结构、管理因素[3]。文化、心理因素指向一套共享的价值、信念、期待与奉献，这是高校每个成员的责任;结构、管理因素指向个体行为间的协调，这是学校的责任。质量保障程序是质量文化的结构性组成部分。相对于用以应对公众 绩效问责的外部评估程序而言，质量文化保障程序则用以促进院校自身的发展。 经过对40个国家近300所高校的三轮调研，欧洲大学联合会对质量与质量文化的概 念进行了大范围讨论，从战略、结构、内部评价程序与反馈回路、高级领导、学术与行政 人员、学生、外部利益相关者、数据收集与分析等方面讨论了质量文化的建设，得出了一 系列有价值的结论：质量是一个多层面的概念，必须在特定情景中予以理解和构建;院校 高度自治有助于形成成熟、有效的质量文化，将“质量”定义为持续提高，而自治度不足 的高校视野比较狭窄，往往把质量保障限定于“认证”，从而陷入服从性、官僚化等低效
欧洲文化入门复习资料第七部分
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