托福模拟考试及答案解析(2)

托福模拟考试及答案解析（2）

(1~13/共54题)阅读理解

Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set.

WATER IN THE DESERT

Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part of the landscape.

Arid lands, surprisingly, contain some of the world's largest river systems, such as the Murray-Darling in Australia, the Rio Grande in North America, the Indus in Asia, and the Nile in Africa. These rivers and river systems are known as "exogenous" because their sources lie outside the arid zone. They are vital for sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world. For centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, have brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for international river-basin agreements. The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.

The flow of exogenous rivers varies with the season. The desert sections of long rivers respond several months after rain has fallen outside the desert, so that peak flows may be in the dry season. This is useful for irrigation, but the high temperatures, low humidities, and different day lengths of the dry season, compared to the normal growing season, can present difficulties with some crops.

Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment.

Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle—feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, ground-water has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.

of water may also be stored in limestones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sand-stone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain groundwaters that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as "fossil" waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged.

Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) groundwaters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquifers can be highly saline.

第1题

PARAGRAPH 1

Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?

A.Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains.

B.Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.

C.Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only a few are deserts.

D.Annual rainfall has no impact on the groundwater resources of desert areas.

第2题

PARAGRAPH 2

The word "drastically" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.obviously

B.unfortunately

C.rapidly

D.severely

第3题

In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey?

A.To contrast the Euphrates River with other exogenous rivers

B.To illustrate the technological advances in dam building

C.To argue that dams should not be built on the Euphrates River

D.To support the idea that international river-basin agreements are needed

第4题

According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the Nile River?

A.The Nile's flow in its desert sections is at its lowest during the dry season.

B.The Nile's sources are located in one of the most arid zones of the world.

C.The Nile's annual floods bring fertile silts and water to its lower valley.

D.The Nile's periodic flooding hinders the growth of some crops.

第5题

PARAGRAPH 5

Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle—feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled)through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, ground-water has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.

The word "dwellers" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.settlements

B.farmers

C.tribes

D.inhabitants

第6题

Paragraph 5 supports all of the following statements about the groundwater in deserts EXCEPT:

A.The groundwater is consistently found just below the surface.

B.A small part of the groundwater helps maintain lake levels.

C.Most of the groundwater is not recharged through surface water.

D.The groundwater is increasingly used as a source of freshwater.

第7题

PARAGRAPH 6

Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering. The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an "aquifer." Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in limestones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain groundwaters that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as "fossil" waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged.

The word "fractures" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.streams

B.cracks

C.storms

D.earthquakes

第8题

According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements about aquifers in deserts is true? A.Water from limestone and sandstone aquifers is generally better to drink than water from sand and gravel aquifers.

B.Sand and gravel aquifers tend to contain less groundwater than limestone or sandstone aquifers.

C.Groundwater in deep aquifers is more likely to be recharged than groundwater in shallow aquifers.

D.Sedimentary rocks, because they are porous, are not capable of storing large amounts of groundwater.

第9题

According to paragraph 6, the aquifers called "fossil" waters

A.contain fossils that are thousands of years old

B.took more than 10,000 years to become saturated with water

C.have not gained or lost any water for thousands of years

D.have been collecting water for the past 10,000 years

第10题

PARAGRAPH 7

The word "immobile" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.enclosed

B.permanent

C.motionless

D.intact

第11题

PARAGRAPH 1 2 3 4 5 6 ＆7

centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, have brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for international river-basin agreements. The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.

Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal AI-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment.

Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. But only a small fraction of ground-water enters the hydrological cycle—feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.

The passage supports which of the following statements about water in the desert?

A.The most visible forms of water are not the most widespread forms of water in the desert.

B.Groundwater in the desert cannot become a source of drinking water but can be used for irrigation.

C.Most of the water in the desert is contained in shallow aquifers that are being rapidly recharged.

D.Desert areas that lack endogenous or exogenous rivers and streams cannot support life.

第12题

PARAGRAPH 4 ＆5

Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal AI-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. (A) Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. (B) Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment. (C)

Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. (D) But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle—feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.

Directions: Look at the part of the passage that is displayed above. The letters (A), (B), (C), and (D) indicate where the following sentence could be added.

These sudden floods provide important water supplies but can also be highly destructive. Where would the sentence best fit?

A.Choice A

B.Choice B

C.Choice C

D.Choice D

第13题

Directions: Select from the seven sentences below, the two sentences that correctly characterize endogenous rivers and the three sentences that correctly characterize exogenous rivers. Write your answer choices in the appropriate column of the table. You can either write the letter of your answer choice or you can copy the sentence. Two of the sentences will NOT be used. Endogenous Rivers Exogenous Rivers

●●

Answer Choices

A. Their water generally comes from groundwater springs.

B. Their water is saltier than the water of most other rivers.

C. They include some of the world's largest rivers.

D. They originate outside the desert.

E. They often drain into inland basins and do not reach the sea.

F. They contain too much silt to be useful for irrigation.

G. Their water flow generally varies with the season of the year.

下一题

(14~26/共54题)阅读理解

Directions: Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set.

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.

People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.

Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.

Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the

larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.

Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.

第14题

PARAGRAPH 1

The word "complex" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.delicate

B.elaborate

C.private

https://www.360docs.net/doc/9d6775472.html,mon

第15题

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?

A.It is a structure of associations with many people.

B.It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.

C.It places great demands on people.

D.It develops gradually over time.

第16题

PARAGRAPH 2

The word "endowing" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.leaving

B.exposing

C.providing

D.understanding

第17题

Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?

A.Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.

B.Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.

C.Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.

D.Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.

第18题

PARAGRAPH 3

A.Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.

B.In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.

C.Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.

D.Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.

第19题

Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?

C. Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.

B. A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.

C. Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.

D. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

第20题

PARAGRAPH 4

The phrase "size up" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.enlarge

B.evaluate

C.impress

D.accept

第21题

PARAGRAPH 5

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.

B.Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.

C.Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.

D.Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.

第22题

PARAGRAPH 1 2 3 4 5 6 ＆7

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