初中英语语法三大从句宾语定语状语表语同位语从句汇总及练习题

初中英语语法三大从句宾语定语状语表语同位语从句汇总及练习题
初中英语语法三大从句宾语定语状语表语同位语从句汇总及练习题

从句

在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、

形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、

地点、方式等)。

定语从句

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:

先行词主格宾格所有格

人who whom whose

物which which

人、物that that —

(一)关系代词who, whom和whose的用法

who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。

An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。

whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。

Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗?

whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。

The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。

Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗?(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which,意思是:the window of the hotel。)

(二)关系代词which的用法

which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。

I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.

我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。(which可以换成that)

(三)关系代词that的用法

that既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。:Is she the girl that sells newspapers?

她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗?(that可以换成who)

Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?

放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了?(that可以换成which)

Is this the book that you want to buy?

这是你要买的那本书吗?(that可以换成which,在定语从句作宾语,还可以省略)

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

常用的关系副词只有三个:when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。

(一)关系副词when的用法

关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。

In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.

北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行词是months)

(二)关系副词where的用法

关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。

During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.

春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡。(where的先行词是town)

(三)关系副词why的用法

关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。

The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.

我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。(why先行词是reason,当代英语里why可以用that替代,这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词,还可以将why省略)

三、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句

(一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引导定语从句

You may take as many books as you want.

你想要拿多少书就拿多少。(第一个as是副词,修饰many的;第二个as才是关系代词,代替先行词books,在定语从句中作宾语)

(二)独立于主句之外,as引导定语从句

As we know/ As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球围绕太阳旋转。

(As we know和As is known to us均为定语从句,as分别作宾语和主语,替代后面的主句。)Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.

你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(关系代词as指代整个主句,在定语从句中作宾语。)

四、关系代词who, which与that的区别

(一)关系代词who与that的区别

1. 当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格who。He who loses hope loses all.

失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时,多用who)

I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.

我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。(在非限制性定语从句中,用who)

2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom,不用that。

The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.

我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。(介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾格whom,不可用主格who)

注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格who,也可用that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:

(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

3. 当关系代词泛指人时,多用that。

He is a man that is never afraid of failure.

他是个从不怕失败的人。(that用来泛指人)

4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时,应用that。例如:

Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?

用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁?(避免重复使用who,以免造成误解或语义含混不清)

(二)关系代词which与that的区别

1. 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时,关系代词多用that。

All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金。

She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。

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