2021 板块2 第3讲 构词法

第3讲构词法[全国卷考情分析]

题型典题试做命题解读

语

法

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1.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ) When they were free from work，

they invited us to local events and let us know of an

interesting competition(compete)to watch，together with

the story behind it.

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)To avoid knee pain, you can run

on soft surfaces, do exercises to strengthen (strength)

your leg muscles(肌肉), avoid hills and get good running

shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it's always

energetic(energy)．

3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ) A taste for meat is actually(actual)

behind the change: An important part of its corn is used

to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.

1.给出形容词

提示词，填写副

词或名词；

2．给出动词提

示词，填写名词

或形容词；

3．给出名词提

示词，填写形容

词或动词。

合成法和转化法

[题组试做]

单句语法填空

1．(2019·湖北七市联考)Flowering in May, peonies' large petals and strong colors are linked to prosperity and________ (rich) in traditional Chinese culture.

richness[考查名词。空前and一词决定其前后单词词性相同，and前prosperity(繁荣)是名词，所以空处应该也是名词，形容词rich的名词是richness。] 2．(2019·武汉武昌区调研)In fact, it must have a hard struggle to get its ________(free) from the cocoon.

freedom[考查名词。空处前面是形容词性物主代词its，形容词性物主代

词后面要接名词，所以填名词freedom。]

3．(2019·合肥第一次教学质量检测)Senior experts from UNESCO were amazed at its unique natural scenery, near perfect biological system, and creative ________(combine) of nature and humanism.

combination[考查名词。由前面的形容词creative和后面的of可知，此处应用combine的名词形式。]

4．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)The United Nations agency reported this week the12superbugs are a threat to human ________(healthy)．health[考查名词。介词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语。human health意为“人类健康”，作介词to的宾语。]

5．(2019·河南豫北名校质量评估)Lanzhou beef noodle has a history of102 years and is known for its _______(taste) beef, soup and noodles.

tasty[考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作定语，修饰名词beef，故应填形容词tasty“美味的，可口的”。]

[要点解读]

(一)合成法

合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方式(有的合成词中间需加连字符)。合成词的词义可以根据各个组成部分的意思加以推断。构成合成词的几个词可以是词性相同的词也可以是词性不同的词。高中阶段常见的合成形式有：

不增加任何成分，不改变词形，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另外一种词性的构词法叫转化法。高中阶段常见的转化形式有：

考点一形容词加ly变为副词的规律

[题组试做]

单句语法填空

1．The boy ran quickly(quick)to school.

2．“What's that？”Father shouted angrily(angry)．

3．The little girl is extremely(extreme)eager to know the result of the exam.

4．Your composition is badly(bad)organized.Please do your writing exercise more attentively(attend)next time.

[要点解读]

1．一般情况加ly。如：real→really；careful→carefully；polite→politely；quick→quickly

2．“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，将y改为ily。如：angry→angrily；busy→busily；heavy→heavily

3．以ble结尾的，将ble改为bly。如：probable→probably；possible→possibly 4．个别单词，去掉e再加ly。如：true→truly

5．以ic结尾的，加ally。如：basic→basically；energetic→energetically

[注意] 有的名词＋ly→形容词，如：friend→friendly；day→daily

考点二动词/名词变形容词的常见后缀

[题组试做]

单句语法填空

1．He is rather selfish(self) so that nobody prefers to have a talk with him. 2．The good working condition in the factory is attractive(attract)．3．He is reliable(rely) so you can depend on him.

4．They are nervous(nerve) about their first trip abroad.

5．The flower is harmful(harm) to our health.

[要点解读]

考点三动词变名词的后缀

[题组试做]

单句语法填空

1．Annan will be remembered for his ability and his warmth(warm)．

2．Without hesitation(hesitate)，I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.

[要点解读]

考点四形容词变名词的后缀

[题组试做]

单句语法填空

1．I'm doing Tom's job in his absence(absent)．2．He has the ability(able)to do the job.

[要点解读]

考点五表示人的后缀

[题组试做]

单句语法填空

1．The famous actress(act)is dancing with her fans.

2．We should respect everyone，even a beggar(beg)．

3．My boss is not here.Do you like to speak to one of his assistants(assist)?

[要点解读]

考点六 表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀

[题组试做]

单句语法填空

1．As they couldn 't play outdoors ，they were unhappy (happy )，and some even got into fights from time to time .

2．People on welfare are wrongly seen as lazy or dishonest (honest )．

3．Informal (formal ) clothes are suitable for wearing at home or in ordinary situations

.

[要点解读]

考点七 变动词的前缀和后缀

[题组试做]

单句语法填空

1．Travelling abroad can broaden (broad )our horizons .

2．The clever boy

has the ability to simplify (simple ) that dull story .

3．He eventually realized (real )his ambition to become a scientist .

[要点解读]

-ify class→classify把……分类just→justify证明……正确

simple→simplify简化

-ize

apology→apologize道歉

emphasis→emphasize强调

考点八-ed形容词和-ing形容词

[题组试做]

单句语法填空

1．The frightening shout frightened the boys.＝The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened．(frighten)

2．His surprised(surprise) look suggested that he knew nothing about it.

3．The story sounds interesting and we are interested in the story.(interest) [要点解读]

一些动词，如excite，disappoint，encourage，puzzle，surprise，confuse，interest，satisfy，please，shock，astonish，disturb，bore等，其现在分词(ing)和过去分词(ed)都能转化为形容词。

The story was very moving and we were deeply moved.

这个故事非常感人，我们都被深深地感动了。

[易错提醒]此类形容词作定语修饰表情和声音时，动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed的区别：

动词的-ing形式用来说明主语的特性，表示该表情或声音令人怎么样，因此译作“令人……的”；动词的-ed形式用来说明发出该表情或声音的人所处的一种状态。

单句语法填空

1．(2019·武汉武昌区调研)Driven by the________ (curious) in my heart, I decided to go to the cinema to see the cartoon film Ne Zha.

curiosity[考查名词。curious为形容词，由前面的冠词the可知，此处应用名词；driven by the curiosity意为“受好奇心驱使”。]

2．(2019·重庆西北狼教育联盟第一次联考)Nothing I did seemed to make any ________ (different). “It can't be the fuel，”I thought.

difference[考查名词。make any difference为固定搭配，意为“有任何影响”。]

3．(2019·昆明质量检测)Erica Kenney，a ________(science) at Harvard T．H.Chan School of Public Health，originally planned to look into the amount of sugary drinks that kids were consuming in schools.

scientist[考查名词。根据该句中的不定冠词a可知，该处用名词，表示“一位科学家”。]

4．(2019·赣州联考)She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world：a world of smiles，love and ________(warm)．warmth[考查词性转换。根据空前的内容可知，空处与smiles和love构成并列关系，故此处用名词形式，故填warmth。]

5．(2019·成都第二次诊断)When you do go for hot pot, you will often be asked to make a________(choose) of broth in which you cook your raw ingredients(食材)．

choice[考查词性转换。根据空前的a和空后的of可知空处应填名词的单数形式。]

6．(2019·福建六校联考)Staying________(health) while traveling can help to ensure your trip is a happy and enjoyable one.

healthy[考查词性转换。句意：在旅行的过程中保持健康有助于确保你的旅途开心、愉快。stay为系动词，意为“保持”，其后常接形容词作表语。故填healthy。]

7．(2019·河南信阳高中第二次大考)At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very ________(anger) about it.

angry[考查词性转换。句意：起初，许多人不喜欢这种绘画风格，并对此感到很生气。系动词became后面应用形容词作表语，故填angry。be angry about sth.意为“对某事感到生气”，为固定短语。]

8．(2019·郑州第二次质量检测)On New Year's Day, we visited every neighbor in the village and were greeted ________(warm) at each house.

warmly[考查副词。根据空前的were greeted可知，空处修饰动词，故用副词形式。]

语法填空

(2019·安徽省示范高中试题)Proper exercise is beneficial to our health.As the experts say，swimming is an excellent way to work your entire body.An hour of swimming1.________(burn) almost as many calories as running.There are a host of benefits you may gain from swimming2.________(regular)．One of3.________ biggest benefits of swimming is that it truly works well from head to toe.It can not only increase your heart rate without4.________(stress) your body，but also build up your muscles and5._______(strong)．Besides，swimming makes your heart and lung strong.It is so good for you that researchers say it may even reduce your risk of death. 6.________(compare) with inactive people，7.________(swim) have about half the risk of death.Some other studies have shown that swimming may help lower blood pressure and control blood sugar.

The number of persons8.________ experience some level of insomnia(失眠症) is increasing，so this is excellent news—the researchers conclude that

swimming is a potentially powerful way to relieve stress quickly and promote deeper sleep.

Swimming is safe for most people.As with any work out there are certain risks associated with swimming.If you9.________(injure) or have certain medical conditions，be sure to check with your doctor before swimming.10.________ general，it's a good idea to check with your doctor whenever you start a new exercise program.

1．burns[考查时态和主谓一致。句意：游泳一小时几乎和跑步一小时燃烧的卡路里一样多。根据句意可知，该句陈述的是一般事实，故用一般现在时；且该句主语为“An hour of swimming”，属于第三人称单数，故谓语动词用burns。] 2．regularly[考查副词。句意：经常游泳你将获益良多。空处修饰动名词“swimming”，故用其副词形式。]

3．the[考查冠词。根据空后的“biggest”可知，空处应用定冠词the。]

4．stressing[考查非谓语动词。根据空前的介词“without”可知，空处应用动名词形式。该处是说，游泳可以让身体在不紧张的情况下提高心率。] 5．strength[考查名词。该处是说，游泳还可以增强肌肉和力量。根据空前的“your muscles”可知，空处用名词形式。]

6．Compared[考查非谓语动词。该句的主语和动词compare之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示“与不活跃的人相比”，故用其过去分词形式。] 7．swimmers[考查名词的单复数。句意：与不活跃的人相比，游泳者只有大约一半的死亡风险。分析句子结构可知，空处为该句的主语，表示“游泳者”，故用其名词形式；且swimmer为可数名词，而该处表示群体，故用其复数形式。]

8．who/that[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，空处

应为引导词，在从句中作主语，先行词为persons，故用who/that引导该定语从句。]

9．are injured[考查被动语态。句意：如果你受伤或患某种疾病，在游泳前一定要咨询医生。分析句子结构可知，该句主语和动词injure之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。]

10．In[考查固定搭配。in general为固定搭配，意为“总的来说，通常”。句意：通常，无论何时在开始新的锻炼项目之前，向医生核实一下是一个好方法。]