英语基础语法知识

英语基础语法知识

三．现在完成时

第一章语法 1.表示动作现在刚完成：

-His son has finished his homework. 第一节时态

2. 表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响：一．

-It's so cold in here. Who has broken the window? 一般 + s; 在以ch, sh, s, x 或 o 结尾的词后 + es (teaches, goes, washes, fixes, guesses);

3. 过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和since 或for 短语连用）

在以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的词后，变y为i后再加-es (studies, tries) -Li has studied English for twenty years. 1. 表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的

状态，常与every day, once a week, often, -Collecting dolls as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years. always, usually, sometimes, seldom等时间状语连用： b -We go there twice a month. [注] 1.副词用：just, before, already, often, never, ever, always, not...yet或now, today, this -Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an week等；不用过去的时间状语。organization required for its operations. (d. required - requires) 2.-

His grandmother ______ for thirty years. 2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等： a. died b. had died c. has been dead d. has died -He has great concern for others. -He has been in the army for two years. (不能说He has joined the army for ...) -Matter exists in three states. -I ______ a college student for more than a year. 3. 表示客观事物或普遍真理： a. became b. have become c. was d. have been -Light travels faster than

sound. -It is three years since he sent to the U.S. -Japan lies to the east of China. (不能说He has gone to the U.S. for three years.) 4. 表示安排或计划好的将来的动作：四．一般过去时 -The plane takes off at five.

时间状语有: yesterday, ago, in 1978, once, last week (month, year), at that time, 5. 在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when, after, before, as soon as, until;

just now等，以及由when等引导的句子。 if, unless):

1. 表示某一确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态： -If it is fine tomorrow, we will have a football match.

-A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rain -Oberlin College awards degrees to both sexes in 1837, but coeducaion in American

will come. (will come - comes) a

colleges did not spread until the second half of the century. (awards - awarded) 二．现在进行时

2. 表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作： study-studying; come-coming; sit-sitting (forget-forgetting); die-dying

-From 1910 to 1927 Corra Harris ______ out an average of a novel a year. 通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下：

a. has brought

b. were bringing

c. had brought

d. brought see, hear, smell, taste, know, find, forget, notice, suggest, be, love, like, want, hope,

3. used to: wish, prefer, hate, understand, remember, believe, have, consist, seem.

-We used to get up at five every morning when we were in the countryside. 1. 表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作：

五．过去进行时 -The students are running to the sports-field.

表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。 2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行：

-Bill said that he ______ his homework at half past seven yesterday evening. -He is writing a novel this year.

a. did

b. was doing

c. is going to do

d. has done 3. 可表示将来发生

的动作，这一用法常用于go, come, leave, start等动词，后面也六．过去完成时常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如tomorrow, tonight, this coming Friday等，表

1．结束性动作--即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动

作。示安排或计划好的事情：

常有by, before, until, as soon as, when, because等引导的短语或从

句，表示过去 -Those visitors are leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.

的时间。 4. 用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：

-By the end of last year, he had learned about 1,000 words. -The boy who is sitting beside me is always asking me a lot of whys and hows.

-He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.

Preposition (G) 5. At the far side of the yard there was a kitchen garden (菜园), and ______ that was

1. in, on, at yesterday morning in the morning tomorrow morning the orchard (果园). (再过去是果园) yesterday afternoon in the afternoon

tomorrow afternoon a. apart from b. except c. except for d. beyond yesterday evening in the evening tomorrow evening 6. The compositions by the freshmen class are well-written ______ a few errors in this morning spelling and grammar. this afternoon at dawn a. unless b. except that c. except for d. besides this evening at noon at night

Before 'day' we use 'on': on Sunday (Monday..) on Sunday morning

on Oct. 1 on the afternoon of Oct. 1

on May Day on the morning of May Day

on National Day on the evening of National Day

on Christmas on Christmas eve

on a cold winter morning, on a hot June afternoon, etc.

In the concept of space: arrive in New York; arrive at the station in London, Tokyo, etc. but at the bus stop

2. over on above 超过（或低于）某高度、标准。

under beneath below e.g. above the sea level (海拔)

直上，直下（接触表面的）上下 below O degree

3. except 1. They all went to sleep except the young Frenchman.

2. He rarely went anywhere except to his office.

3. The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes

in the morning.

besides Besides English, he has to study German and French.

except for 1. The room was bare of furniture except for a few chairs.

2. The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

except that (when, after, etc.)

1. This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long.

2. It's a satisfactory hat, except that it doesn't fit me.

3. Mr. Smith used to go fishing every weekend except when he was ill.

1. The art exhibition was well designed, ______ the disarrangement

of a few pieces of

photos.

a. except

b. besides

c. except for

d. in addition to

2. She hurried when she knew that everybody was ready ______ her.

a. except

b. except for

c. beside

d. besides

3. ______ being used in industry, laser can be applied to operations

in the hospital.

a. Except for

b. Except that

c. In addition to

d. Beside

4. ______ coal, the most important natural fuels are gas and oil.

a. Except for

b. Except

c. Besides

d. Beside

(Apart from)

Nouns (G)

1. Uncountable nouns:

advice, anger, applause, baggage (luggage), cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth, clothing, bread,

damage, equipment, evidence, food, fruit, furniture, gold, homework, housework, information,

ink, jewellery, knowledge, machinery, mail (邮件), money, music, news, paper, personnel,

postage (邮资，邮费), protection, rice (salt, sugar, tea), scenery, soap, sugar, toothpaste, traffic,

transportation, weaponry, weather, work.

2. 有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时，其含义会发生变化。

Ten years had passed, I found she had ______. (81)

a. a little white hair

b. some white hair

c. much white hair

d. a few white hairs

-I found a long black hair in my soup.

-He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. (多种水果)

communication (通讯) ?communications (通讯系统，通讯工具); content （内容）?contents (目录); necessity (需要) ? necessities ( 必需品); ruin (毁灭) ? ruins (废墟，遗迹);sand

(沙子)?sands (沙地); wood (木材)? woods (树林); work ? works ( 工

厂，著作) Fossils (化石) of plant that have been extinct (灭绝) for

fifty million years have been

a b c

found near the Baltic Sea.

d

deer, fish, sheep

Agreement (G) 六．复合主语。

1.由and 或both ... and ...连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。一．1.

在There be 结构中：但：His friend and manager of the company was cool to his suggestion. -There is a box of matches in the kitchen. a French and Chinese dictionary; a French and a Chinese dictionaries -There seems

to be little time left. 单数名词前有两个并列的形容词修饰时，谓语常用复数。 2. 在主谓倒装结构中： -Social and political freedom are limited there. (=Social freedom and political freedom) -After the exams is the time to relax. 2.当or, either ... or, neither ... nor或not only ...

but also连接一个单数主语和一个复 -Here come the nine noisy children

from next door. 数主语时，谓语用“毗邻一致”原则。 -Here comes the bus. 但 Here they are. -Neither the quality nor the prices have changed. -Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper in the drawer.（邻近一致）Neither the prices nor the quality has changed. 二．主语与谓语之间有修饰语时，主语的数不受修饰语的影响：七．集体名词用作主语： -Unemployment as well as taxes influences votes. -The family is the basic unit of our society.

以下均不影响主语的数： The family are always quarreling.

accompanied by, along with, together with, as well as, but, except,

in addition to, 常用的集体名词有：army, audience, band, board, class, club, committee, crew,

including, instead of, like, more than, no less than, not to mention, rather than (而不是). crowd, family, firm, flock, gang, government, group, jury, majority, minority,

-John, together with his family, is flying to London. orchestra, party, public, staff, swarm, team, troop等。 -Taxes, not to mention unemployment, influence votes. 八．在定语从句中的主谓语一致：三．单数主语。 -That is one of those remarks that are intended to start arguments.

1．不定式短语、动名词和名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数： -She is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.

-To become doctors is their ambition. 九．表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等以总量计时，谓语用单数： -Reading without comprehension is no good. -Eight hours of sleep is enough. -What that country needs is more jobs and lower taxes. -Five hundred thousand dollars is quite a large sum of money.

2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时，谓语用单数：-Three thousand miles is to far to travel.

-The United Nations was formed in 1945. Cf. -Their last four years have been full of surprises.

-The Daily News says it's going to rain. -There are two silver dollars in each of the stockings.

3. 下列或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数：十．以 -ces或s结尾的名词作主语，谓语一般用单数。

every, each (of), everyone (everybody), one of (+复数), either, neither. physics, economics, electronics, mathematics, civics (公民学), ethics (伦理学)，

-Every silver knife, fork, and spoon has to be counted. politics, statistics, etc.

-Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalog. 但用来表示“活动”或“个别、具体”事实时，谓语用复数： -Neither (one) is satisfactory. -Statistics is a field of study. Cf. The statistics in that report are not accurate. (-Many a college student wishes to return

the easy days of high school. 十一．+ the 与不+the 意义不同时： -A great / good many books have been written on the subject.) -Chinese is a difficult language. The Chinese are kind and friendly. 四．复数主语。 -French is spoken in many countries. The French are famous for their good wines.

下列不定代词作主语时，谓语用复数：十二．“The +形容词/-ed 分词"作主

语时，谓语用复数： both (of), few (of), many, several -The injured were taken to hospital. -Several of the regular members were absent. 代词一致：-Neither Lynne nor Bess has her keys with her. 五．一些表示数量的短

语作主语。 -Neither the Browns nor the Greens like their cars. (邻近原则) 1. a lot of, all of, any of, most of, some of, none of 谓语取决于of 后

名词的数。 somebody...,anyone...,something...,either(neither),each, one, no one作主语时，代词一般 -The number of students in the class is

fifteen. 用单数。性：无法确定时用阳性.-A person needs to see his

dentist twice a year. -A number of students were late.

Comparison (G)

(-y, ow, le, r, st + er, est: narrower, busier, noblest) b. a wooden, gray, gloomy-looking house 一.排斥问题： This room is ______ in the building. c. a gloomy-looking, gray, wooden house a. biggest than any other one b. bigger than any one d. a gloomy-looking, wooden, gray house c. bigger than any other one d. bigger as any other one 八. 某些源自拉丁语以 -or结尾的形容词，没有原级，只有比较级。如： Herbert studies ______ student in the class. superior to, inferior to; senior (年长的、较高级的), junior (年幼的，较低级的); a. hardest than any other b. harder than

any prior (先于、更重要的), posterior (较后的、后于), 全都跟"to" 不用than c. harder than any other d. harder as any (equal, similar) e.g. He is taller than anyone else in our class. -Mr. Johnson is superior to him in ability. -He is three years senior to me. 二.替代问题：九．准关系代词than的用法： The weather of this year is better than that of last year.(that 代不可数名词，指物) 1. Children should not have more money than is needed. A necklace made of glass is far cheaper than one made of diamond. 2. There were more casualties than was reported. (than, not

that or who) (one 只可代可数名词，可指人、物) 1. The task was far more difficult than had been expected. 三.倍数问题：倍数后现不用more than,

要用as much (or many) as 1. The new model costs twice as much as last year's model.

2. Staying in hotel costs ______ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.

a. twice more than

b. as much twice as

c. twice as much as

d. as much as twice

四.同级比较：肯定用: as + 原级 + as 否定用: not so (as) + 原级 + as

五.修饰比较级的状语有：

still, even; much, far, a lot, a great deal; a little, a bit; five years 等。

1. My brother is 5 years older than I.

2. He studies far better than you (do).

六.The more ...... the more

1. The harder you study, the better you will serve the people.

2. The better people are able to communicate, the greater the

chances are of achieving

an enduring peace in the world.

3. The longer you work, the more you will learn.

七. 限定词?数词?描述性形容词?大小、长短、形状的形容词?年龄、新旧?色

彩形容

词?类属形容词（国籍、地区、出处）?用途类别?表材料形容词?被修饰名词

the first two books; the two rather beautiful pictures;

some beautiful little red flowers; an expensive blue Chinese vase;

a rather beautiful green Chinese woolen carpet

an expensive new Japanese sports car(

一辆昂贵的新型日本跑车)

that beautiful slim young foreign lady (那位漂亮、苗条的年轻外国小姐) Mrs. Brown has ______ car.

a. beautiful new American

b. a new American beautiful

c. a new beautiful American

d. an American beautiful new

There is ______.

a. a gray, gloomy-looking(幽暗), wooden house

when to start. Infinitive (G)

-He does not know who(m) to visit.

which one to choose. 一．作主语

3. 形式宾语： -To get high marks in the entrance exam of

postgraduate in a short time is a hard nut.?

-We find it difficult to get everything ready before the time you require. It is really a hard nut to get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a ......

-I don't think it necessary to argue with the on this problem. -To learn English is very important? It is very important to learn English. -All these noises ______ with the work. -When to start hasn't been decided.? It hasn't been decided when to start. a. made me impossible to go on b. made me impossible going on -It is possible for us to get there before dark. c. made it impossible for me to go on d. makes it

impossible for me to go on -It is quite important for us to read good books during the period of general review. 在某些形容词（如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly wrong, right, foolish, 五．作宾补：stupid careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等）作表语时，不定

式前常可加of 1. -I expect you to come early. -The teacher left us to solve the hard problems. 引出逻辑主语。 -He asked us not to go there tomorrow. -It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal. (他们拒绝采纳

这个建议是不明智的.) 可以跟不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hate, get, intend, invite, like, order, permit, persuade, 二．作表语： remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn等表示“致使”等意义。 -His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future. 2. 表示感觉的动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at和have, let, -The purpose of inductive (归纳) logic is to infer general laws from

particular make后的宾语可接不带to的不定式。 occurrences. -I often hear

them sing this song. 三．作定语： -We heard someone come up the stairs. (Someone was heard to come up the stairs.) -She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. -The teacher assigned us two exercises to do at home. 六．作状语： -She was the first person to think of the idea. 1．表示目的： -That girl has nothing to worry about. -He has a lot of trifles to deal with. -Thousands of people go to south to earn money. (or in order to...) -Let's first find a room to put the things in.. -To save time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of the characters with only 一些表示企图、努力、倾向的名词后面需接不定式作定语： three fingers and a thumb. ability, ambition, attempt, determination, decision, effort, intention, need, opportunity, 2. 表示结果： reason, right, tendency, way, wish, etc. so ...(+a.) ...as to;

such ...(+n.) ...as to; enough to ...; too ... to...; only to .... -This book is an attempt ______ English and recognize how it is used. (82) -We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests. a. helping you to use b. helping you use c. to help you use d. to help you using -Is that room big enough to seat all of us? {-He is too angry to speak. 四．作宾语： -One is not too old to learn. 1．用不定式做宾语的动词有: agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, -He is too angry not to so that. 他在盛怒之下才说出这样的话来。} continue, decide, decline (谢绝), demand, desire, determine, endeavor (努力，竭力)， 3．表示原因： expect, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, -I'm sorry to interrupt you. refuse, seek, swear (发誓), threaten, undertake (从事，着手), wish等。 -I am pretty pleased to hear

the news that you are elected as the president of the club. -I can't afford to buy that luxury piece of furniture. 2. 动词 + 疑问代（付）词 + 不定式。

这类动词常见的有：advise, decide, discuss, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn,

regard, remember, see, settle, teach, tell, think (=consider), understand, wonder等。

疑问代（付）词有what, when, where, which, how, whether等，但不包括why:

1. remember: I remember seeing John yesterday. (I remember posting

the letter today.) Gerund (G)

Please remember to post the letter today. 1.作主语：Telling lies is wrong. There is no accounting for tastes. (嗜好是说不出道理

2. forget: I forgot to post your letters. 的. --- 人各有所好。)

There is no joking abut such matters. (这种事开不得玩笑。) I'll never forget finding that rare old coin in the garden. no use 3. regret: I regret to say I haven't given you enough help. It is { no good + doing He never regretted doing it.(He regrets not having worked harder at school.) worth (while) 4. try: They will try to finish the work within a week. waste Try cleaning it with petrol. e.g. 1. It's no use crying over spilt milk. 5. need (want, require) 2. It's a waste of time arguing

about it. The house needs repairing. *只有当表语为no use, no good,

worth (while)时作主语的动名词才可后置，前用形式 The house needs to be repaired. (Cf. You don't need to answer the question.) 主语it. 6. mean:

Failing this exam means waiting for a year. I mean to leave tomorrow. 2.作表语：1. Seeing is believing. 7. stop Stop smoking, please. They stopped working. 2. His aim is mastering English in the shortest time possible. (leave off) Let's stop to chat a while. They stop (talking) to work. *动名词和不定式都可作主语或表语。一般说来，表示比较抽象的一般行为

时多用 8. go on They went on discussing the problem. Go on reading.

动名词；表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。 Having

read Lesson One, I went on to read Lesson Two.

Smoking is prohibited here. It is quite necessary to read it many times.

Their job is building houses. Our task now is to increase food production.

3. 作宾语：在admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape,

excuse, finish, include, keep (on), mind, miss, postpone, practise, quit, resist, risk,

suggest, understand, 以及be accustomed to, approve of, be opposed to, be used to,

can't help, give up, go on, insist on, look forward to, object to,

put off, succeed in, think

about (of), feel like, 等动词或动词短语后，用动名词作宾语。

e.g. 1. Do you enjoy playing tennis?

2. Would you mind filling out this form? (请填一下这份表格好吗？)

3. She has been looking forward to meeting her parents.

4. 动名词的逻辑主语用名词所有格（或物主代词）表示。

e.g. 1. I don't like your being late.

2. John's going there himself saved us a good deal of trouble.

当名词所有格不在句首时，可用“名词通格（或人称代词宾格）+动名词”的

结构

来表示。

1. There is no hope of Tom becoming an architect.

2. I should thank you instead of you thanking me.

5. be busy; feel like; What (How) about; spend + time + (in)-ing; have difficulty (trouble, a

good time, fun)+(in) + -ing

Participle (G)

He wishes ______.

e.g. an interesting book broken glass a. to have cut his hair b. to cut hair c. to have his hair cut d. his hair to cut

an exciting news (story) the excited audience You'd better ______.

a. to have your TV set repaired

b. to have your TV set repair 一. 作定语:

c. have your TV set repaired

d. have your TV set repairing Barking dogs seldom bit

e. [谚] 爱叫的狗很少咬人。 Why do you stand and watch the milk ______ over? The girl driving the car is his sister. Have you read the letter written by Mr. John? a. boiling b. boiled c. from boiling d. being boiled We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. The pen ______ belongs to me.

四．作状语：可作时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、伴随等。 a. which it

is on the table b. lying on the table

Walking through the forest, we found many strange animals. c. is on the table d. that on the table

Walking through the forest, a lot of animals are there. (wrong) Many things ______ impossible in the past are common today.

Given better conditions, every student in this school could go to college. a. considered b. to consider c. considering d. being considered Exhausted by the hard work, he slept 18 hours without having any food. We appreciate your efforts bringing about a comprehensive (全面

的、全部的) Not having had any letter from Tom, Mary was worried. a b Having been caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. (80) solution of the existing problems. （82） Per capita (首，人均) income is a nation's entire income dividing by the number of c d a b 注：表示企图，努力，倾向等名词，e.g. ability, ambition, attempt, effort 等后面需接 people in

that nation. 不定式，以及表示能力、愿望、倾向等语义的形容词后面也要接不

定式，例：able c d (但其同义词capable + of + 动名词), anxious, eager, glad, inclined (倾向于), ______ by the decision, the lawyer quickly left the court room. liable, likely, pleased, ready等。 a. Angering b.

Having angered c. Being angered d. Angered

Cf. 与动名词作定语作比较: After seeing the movie, ______.

a waiting car a waiting-room a. the book was read by him b. the book made him want to read it

a sleeping child a sleeping-car c. he wanted to read the book d. the reading of the book interested him

flying fish flying-suit (飞行服)

a writing table, a swimming pool 五．分词独立结构:

working people working method The story exciting, we were all absorbed in it told by the old man.

Weather permitting, we will go to Summer Palace tomorrow. 二．作表语: Last year, the work finished, he went to Qingdao about a month for a holiday.

e.g. The situation is encouraging. The cup is broken. Her eyes

filled with tears, she did not notice his coming.

The food smells inviting. (这个菜香味怡人.)

She looks disappointed.

三．作宾补:

e.g. I'm sorry t have kept you waiting.

When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud.

She was glad to see her children well taken care of in the nursery.

-- Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

-- Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.

They want the job ______ by the end of the week.

a. to do

b. done

c. did

d. to be doing

He didn't use to answer impolitely. Model Verb (G)

1 2 We ______ go to the movies quite frequently. Can He can speak English without much difficulty. He can't be working at this hour. a.

use not to b. used to c. were used to d. are used to May May I smoke here? She may be in the dormitory. Had better You had better start to do it right now. Must We must study hard. They must be playing basketball. Would (had) rather I would rather go at once.

Must we hand in our exercise books today? She had rather die than yield.

No, you needn't. I would rather he was not here.

"That must be a mistake." "No, it ______ a mistake."

a. must not be

b. needn't be

c. can not be

d. would not be

Shall 用在问句中征求对方的意见和指示，可用于第一和第三人称。

What shall we drink? Shall he come to se you?你说要不要他来看你？

Shall those books be sent over to you at once?那些书要不要马上给你送来。

Will 表示意愿

A man who won't work is no good.

None so blind as those who won't see. [谚]不愿看的人眼最瞎。

If you will allow me, I'll see you home. 如果你愿意的话，我可以送你

回家。 Should 表示劝告或建议。You should get everything ready before the examination.

Ought to 表示责任、义务。You are his father. You ought to take care of him.

Must 表示必要、必须要做的事。

We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须按部就班做。

Must > ought to > should

Must (主观想法) -I must tidy up the room. (Cf. I have to tidy up the room.)

Have to (客观需要) -You ______ be more careful next time.

a. have to

b. may

c. must

d. had to

-He had to do everything all by himself during those days.

Need 需要。主要用于否定句及疑问句。

You needn't think of anything else. ..不必..

Cf. The child needs to be taken good care of.(实义动词)

-You ______ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.

a. needn't to come

b. don't need come

c. won't need come

d. needn't come

-He ______ to the farm yesterday.

a. needs go

b. needed go

c. need to go

d. needn't to go

-You ______ afraid of any difficulties.

a. need not to be

b. need not

c. don't need be

d. need not be

Dare He ______ go there.

a. dare not

b. dares

c. dares not to

d. does not dare

Used to Lu Xun used to write at night. Cf. They are used to hard work.

Used he always to walk in the garden after dinner?

Did he always use to walk in the garden after dinner?

He usedn't to answer impolitely. 他过去回答别人总是很有礼貌的。